entrepreneurship and competency

7/30/2019 Entrepreneurship and Competency

1/29


2/29

Table 4.1

Profile of the Entrepreneurs in the Sample

Profile Number ofRespondents

% to Total

Gender

Male 146 96.7

Female 5 3.3

Age (in years)

Up to 30 40 26.5

31 40 57 37.7

41 50 38 25.2

> 50 16 10.6

ReligionHindu 129 85.4

Non-Hindu 22 14.6Community

SC/ST 24 15.9

MBC 28 18.5

OBC 77 51.0

Others 22 14.6

Marital Status

Married 120 79.5

Single 31 20.5Family Type

Joint 62 41.1

Nuclear 89 58.9

Nature of Education

Technical 45 29.8

Non-technical 106 70.2

General Education

SSLC 69 45.7

HSC 28 18.5

Degree / Diploma 39 25.8Post Graduate 15 9.9

Origin

Native 98 64.9

Migrant 53 35.1Previous Occupation

Yes 107 70.9

No 44 29.1

All Sample 151 100.0

Source: Primary Data.

2


3/29

It can be seen from the table that 96.7 per cent of the entrepreneurs in

the sample are male entrepreneurs. The respondents with age between 31-40

years are maximum at 37.7 per cent followed by 26.5 per cent, 25.2 per cent

and 10.6 per cent of the respondent group with age up to 30 years, 41-50

years and above 50 years respectively.

By religion, the Hindu group is much higher at 85.4 per cent. By

community, OBC (Other backward community) is major group followed by

MBC (Most backward). The entrepreneurs belong to SC/ST (Schedules

caste / Scheduled tribe) and Other community is 15.9 per cent and 14.6 per

cent respectively. Married entrepreneurs (79.5%) outnumbers the

unmarried/single counterparts (20.5%). More than 50 per cent of the

entrepreneurs in the sample belong to nuclear family (58.9%) and non-

technical persons (70.2%) are much higher than the technical counterparts

(29.8%).

The general education of the single largest group of entrepreneurs is

SSLC (45.7%). Following this, 25.8 per cent of the respondents are degree /

diploma holders while 18.5 per cent and 9.9 per cent of the respondents are

educated up to higher secondary level and post graduate level respectively.

As far as the origin of the respondents is concerned, it is understood that

64.9 per cent of the respondents are natives and 35.1 per cent of them are

migrants. Out of total 151, 107 entrepreneur respondents had occupation

previously.

3


4/29

Table 4.2

Nature of Previous Occupation

Nature of Occupation Number ofRespondents

% to Total

Employed 37 34.6

Self Employed 32 29.9

Profession 11 10.3

Business 27 25.2

Total Sample 107 100.0


Note: Only cases with Yes opinion for previous occupation

According to Table 4.2, 34.6 per cent of entrepreneurs in the sample

was employed before starting their business. While 29.9 per cent were self-

employed, 25.2 per cent were running business earlier. Only 10.3 per cent

of the respondents are found with profession as their occupation before

becoming entrepreneurs.

Table 4.3

Usefulness of Previous Experience to Present Business

OpinionNumber of

Respondents% to Total

Not at all use 1 0.9

No use 6 5.6No Opinion 6 5.6

Useful 36 33.6

More useful 58 54.2



Note: Only cases with Yes opinion for previous occupation

4


5/29

As reported in Table 4.3, the previous occupational experience is

more useful to present business for 54.2 per cent, and it useful for 33.6 per

cent of the respondents. That is, for more than 85 per cent of the

respondents, the previous occupational experience are useful for successful

running of present enterprises.

The relationship between nature of previous occupation and its

usefulness to present business is analyzed and the results of the analysis are

reported in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4

Relationship between Nature of Previous Occupation Vs Usefulness

Nature of

Previous

Occupation

Usefulness

TotalKruskal

Wallis HNot atall use

No useNo

OpinionUseful

More

useful

Employed1 3 2 6 25 37

(2.70) (8.11) (5.41) (16.22) (67.57) (100.00)

Self

Employed0 2 0 11 19 32 5.35NS

(0.00) (6.25) (0.00) (34.38) (59.38) (100.00) (3, 107)

Profession0 1 0 7 3 11

(0.00) (9.09) (0.00) (63.64) (27.27) (100.00)

Business0 0 4 12 11 27

(0.00) (0.00) (14.81) (44.44) (40.74) (100.00)

All Sample1 6 6 36 58 107

(0.93) (5.61) (5.61) (33.64) (54.21) (100.00)

Figures in brackets are percentage to row total; NS Not Significant.

The statistics significance of the relationship between two factors is

ascertained by Kruskal Wallis ANOVA H test. This test calculates H values

after ranking the perceptions and summing the ranks by groups. The

5


6/29

statistical significance of the H value is tested with chi-square distribution.

This test is used in place of Chi-square test, where chi-square test is not

appropriate (when cell frequencies is zero or below 5). It can be observed

from the table that the previous occupation is more useful for 67.57 per cent

of the employed, 59.38 per cent of self-employed and it is useful for 63.64

per cent of professionals, and 44.74 per cent of business persons. From

Kruskall Wallis ANOVA H value of 5.35 is insignificant. Hence, from the

results, it is found that there is no association between nature of previous

occupation and usefulness to present business.

Table 4.5

Undergoing Entrepreneurial Development Programme

OpinionNumber of

Respondents% to Total

Yes 40 26.5

No 111 73.5



From table 4.5, it can be seen that 73.5 per cent of the present

entrepreneurs have never undergone any entrepreneurial development

programmes. Only 40 out of 151 respondents in the sample have stated that

they have undergone entrepreneurial development programme.

Between entrepreneur group with technical and non-technical

qualification, undergoing for developmental programmes is compared in

6


7/29

order to ascertain the relationship between two factors. Table 4.6 present the

results.

Table 4.6

Undergoing entrepreneurial development Programme Comparison

between Technical and Non-Technical Educated Entrepreneurs

Nature of Previous

Occupation

Undergoing ProgrammeTotal

Chi Square

ValueYes No

Technical13 18 31 5.62**

(41.94) (58.06) (100.00) df=1

Non-Technical15 61 76

(19.74) (80.26) (100.00)

All Sample28 79 107

(26.17) (73.83) (100.00)

Figures in brackets are percentage to row total; **Significant at 5% level

It can be observed from the table, 41.94 per cent of the technically

qualified respondents against 19.74 per cent of non-technical respondents

have undergone entrepreneurial development programme. That is, attending

entrepreneurial development programme is found to be more among

technically qualified respondents. As the cell frequencies are more than

five, the chi-square test is used to find out the statistical significance of the

association between two factors. The calculated chi-square value, 5.62 is

significant at 1 per cent level, in turn revealing the fact that there is

significant difference in undergoing entrepreneurial development

programme between entrepreneurs with technical and non-technical

qualification.

7


8/29

Table 4.7

Family Members and Friends in Business

Opinion Number ofRespondents

% to Total

Yes 98 64.9

No 53 35.1



It can be noted from Table 4.7 that 64.9 per cent, that is, 98 out of

151 respondents family members and friends run the business. Only 53 out

of 151 respondents have said no to running business by family members

and friends.

In order to know how the entrepreneurs fell about the performance of

their present business, they were asked to give their level of satisfaction

ranging from fully dissatisfied to fully satisfied, in between

dissatisfied, no opinion (neither dissatisfied nor satisfied), and

satisfied. The opinion are then converted into to numeric values as

follows: 1 for fully dissatisfied, 2 for dissatisfied, 3 for no opinion, 4

for satisfied and 5 for fully satisfied. The opinion of a group of sample

or entire sample is considered to be fully dissatisfied, dissatisfied, no

opinion, satisfied and fully satisfied when mean score is < 1.50,

>=1.50 < 2.50, >=2.50 < 3.50, >=3.50 < 4.50 and >=4.50

respectively.

8


9/29

Table 4.8

Feeling about business performance

Comparison by Status of Entrepreneurs

Profile N Mean SDTest

Stat

Test

Value

Age (in years)

Up to 30 40 4.33 0.76 F 1.62NS

31 40 57 4.25 0.91 (3, 147)

41 50 38 4.53 0.51

> 50 16 4.63 0.81

Religion

Hindu 129 4.44 0.71 t 2.50**

Non-Hindu 22 4.00 1.07 (149)

Community

SC/ST 24 3.79 0.93 F 7.02***

MBC 28 4.50 0.64 (3, 147)

OBC 77 4.42 0.75

Others 22 4.73 0.55

Marital Status

Married 120 4.41 0.78 t 0.95NS

Single 31 4.26 0.77 (149)

Family TypeJoint 62 4.34 0.89 t 0.51NS

Nuclear 89 4.40 0.70 (149)

Nature of Education

Technical 45 4.22 0.88 t 1.60NS

Non-technical 106 4.44 0.73 (149)

General Education

SSLC 69 4.51 0.63 F 2.23*

HSC 28 4.46 0.74 (3, 147)

Degree / Diploma 39 4.13 0.86Post Graduate 15 4.27 1.10

Origin

Native 98 4.43 0.77 t 1.09NS

Migrant 53 4.28 0.79 (149)

Previous Occupation

Yes 107 4.48 0.73 t 2.47**

No 44 4.14 0.85 (149)

All Sample 151 4.38 0.78

Source: Primary Data. Figure in brackets are degrees of freedom

9


10/29

As presented in Table 4.8, mean perception of the respondent group

with age up to 30 years and between 31-40 years is satisfied (Mean scores

are >= 3.50 and < 4.50, the satisfied range) whereas that of respondent

group with age between 41-50 years and above 50 years is fully satisfied

(Mean scores are >=4.50, the fully satisfied range). When compared by

community, the MBC and Other communities are fully satisfied while

SC/ST and OBS are just satisfied. The level of satisfaction is significantly

less among SC/ST groups (F value = 7.02, p < 0.01). Both Hindu and Non-

Hindu groups are satisfied but the level of satisfaction is remarkably less

among non-Hindu groups compared to that of their Hindu counterparts (t

value = 2.50, p < 0.01). The scenario is very similar to that of above

between respondent groups by previous occupation (t value = 2.47, p = 2.50

and < 3.50, the remained constant range). On the other hand, social status,

business network and competition to this business tend to increase (Mean

values are >= 3.50 and < 4.50, the increased range). Hence, it is found

that sales, profit and net worth, economic status and problem to the business

are remained constant while there has been an increase in social status and

business network of the entrepreneurs and also an increase in competition to

the business.

4.3 Attitudinal Competency and Socio-Economic Characteristics

The attitudinal competency of the entrepreneurs, which consists of

seven dimensions, namely Concern for High Quality, Self Confidence,

Locus of Control, Dealing with Failures, Tolerance for Ambiguity, Self

Esteem and Performance, are related to socio-economic characteristics of the

entrepreneurs. To compare the attitudinal competency dimensions between

two respondents groups by religion, marital status, family type, technical

education, origin and previous occupation, t-test is used. For the comparison

of the attitudinal competency dimensions across more than two respondent

14


15/29

groups by age, community and general education, one way ANOVA (also

called F test) is used.

Table 4.12

Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs Comparison by Age

Attitudinal

Competency

Age (in Years)

F Value21-30 31-40 41-50Above

50

n = 40 n = 57 n = 38 n = 16

Concern for High Quality

17.73 17.84 18.00 16.44 2.99**

(1.71) (1.68) (1.82) (2.58)

Self Confidence17.83 17.37 17.89 19.06 2.84*

(1.82) (1.88) (1.93) (3.32)

Locus of Control16.40 16.53 16.58 17.50 1.41

(1.98) (1.64) (1.87) (2.34)

Dealing with Failures15.83 15.53 14.74 15.19 1.28

(2.21) (2.56) (3.10) (2.04)

Tolerance for Ambiguity19.13 18.98 18.97 20.19 1.28

(1.77) (2.36) (2.48) (2.64)

Self Esteem17.13 17.19 17.18 17.31 0.04

(1.74) (1.80) (1.96) (1.58)

Performance16.38 15.54 15.71 16.44 1.91

(1.63) (1.88) (1.96) (2.92)

Figures in brackets are standard deviation; **Significant at 5% level.

From the examination of the table, it is apparent that the concern for

high quality is less among the respondents with age above 50 years (Mean =

16.44) and it is high for 41-50 years age group (Mean = 18.00). The

difference in the concern for high quality among age groups is found to be

significant at 5 per cent level (F value = 2.99, p < 0.05). Similarly, self

confidence is significantly more among respondents with age above 50 years

(Mean = 19.06) compared to those in other age groups (Mean scores are

15


16/29

between 17.37 and 17.89) (F value = 2.84, p < 0.01). However, from

insignificant F values, it is apparent that the locus of control, dealing with

failures, tolerance for ambiguity, self esteem and performance are found to

be at similar extent among entrepreneurs of all age groups. It is summed

that concern for high quality and self confidence differ by age whereas

other dimensions of attitudinal competency is independent of it for

entrepreneurs in the sample region.

Table 4.13

Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs

Comparison by Religion

Attitudinal Competency

Religion

t ValueHindu Non-Hindu

n = 129 n = 22

Concern for High Quality17.75 17.41 0.79

(1.92) (1.56)

Self Confidence17.71 18.32 1.25

(2.09) (2.17)

Locus of Control16.74 15.86 2.03**

(1.91) (1.55)

Dealing with Failures15.36 15.45 0.16

(2.60) (2.54)

Tolerance for Ambiguity19.21 18.77 0.83

(2.36) (1.82)

Self Esteem17.21 17.05 0.40

(1.81) (1.68)

Performance15.90 15.91 0.02

(2.06) (1.57)

Figures in brackets are standard deviation. **Significant at 5% level.

It can be seen from Table 4.13 that the attitudinal competencies, such

as concern for high quality, self-confidence, dealing with failures, tolerance

16


17/29

for ambiguity, self esteem and performance have been at similar level

between Hindu and non-Hindu religious group. However, the locust of

control among Hindu entrepreneurs (Mean = 16.74) is significantly higher

than that of Non-Hindu counterparts (Mean = 15.86) (t-value = 2.03, p

entrepreneurship and competency

Documents