ENTRANCE SLIP

Why did the English Civil War start?

(Hint think about King Charles I and Parliament)

THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Also known as “The Age of Reason”

Scientific Revolution paved the way

Reached its height in the mid-1700s

KEY IDEAS

Enlightenment philosophers admire scientists’ use of reason to understand the natural world.

These philosophers promote the use of reason to understand government, religion, education, and economics.

They advocate government reform and social improvement.

ENLIGHTENED PHILOSOPHERS AND WRITERS

THOMAS HOBBES Believed people always acted in their own self interestGovernment needed to keep order, Monarchy is best

JOHN LOCKE Believed people were reasonable beings with the natural ability to govern themselvesPurpose of government was to protect their natural rights of life, liberty, and propertyIf they failed you should overthrow them

JOHN LOCKE

“…The Declaration [of Independence] included another of Locke’s ideas: people had the right “to alter or abolish” unjust governments – a right to revolt. The principle of popular sovereignty, which states that all government power comes from the people, is also an important point in the Declaration. In it, Thomas Jefferson carefully detailed the colonists’ grievances against Britain. Because the king had trampled colonists’ natural rights, he argued, the colonists had the right to rebel and set up a new government that would protect them. Aware of the risks involved, on July 4, 1776, American leaders adopted the Declaration, pledging “our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor” to creating and protecting the new United States of America.”

MONTESQUIEU

Advocated separation of powers and checks and balances to keep any individual or group from gaining complete control of the government

ROUSSEAU Committed to individual freedomViewed government as an agreement (a social contract) among free individuals to create a society guided by the “general will”

VOLTAIRE Tolerance, reason, and freedom of thought, expression, and religious beliefFought against prejudice and superstition

MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT

Argued for women’s right to become educated and to participate in politicsBelieved women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful

DENIS DIDEROT

Spread enlightened thinking in all areas by publishing the Encyclopedia

HOW DID ENLIGHTENMENT WRITERS AND THINKERS SET THE STAGE FOR REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS?

Encouraged people to judge for themselves what was right or wrong in societyRely on human reason to solve social problems

MAJOR IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

• Natural Rights – life, liberty, property = Locke

• Separation of Powers = Montesquieu

• Freedom of Thought and Expression = Voltaire

• Abolishment of Torture = Beccaria• Religious Freedom = Voltaire• Women’s Equality = Wollstonecraft

THE ARTS DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN

“Father of the Symphony”

He broke from traditionally ornate musical forms and developed the sonata and symphony

WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART

Set a new standard for elegance and originality with his varied and numerous musical compositions

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVENExhibited great range in his works

Moved from the classical style of Mozart to begin new trend that carried music

into the Age of Romanticism

ENLIGHTENED LEADERS

FREDERICK THE GREATRuler of Prussia, he granted many religious freedoms

Reduced censorship

Improved education and the justice system

Abolished torture

Thought rulers were to be “the first servant of the state”

JOSEPH II

Austrian King, he abolished serfdom

Initiated legal reforms

Introduced freedom of the press

Supported freedom of religion

CATHERINE THE GREAT

Tried to modernize and reform Russia according to the writings of the philosophes, accomplished limited reforms

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:

Voltaire is credited with saying: “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend your right to say it.” What does this statement indicate about Voltaire’s views on free speech? How is it similar to beliefs about free speech in the U.S.?

What individual rights do U.S. citizens give up in exchange for other guaranteed rights?

HobbesPeople are selfish, self-serving, and brutal.

Without control, society would be chaotic

LockePeople are reasonable and able to make decisions.

People should be able to rule themselves.

WHO’S IDEAS ARE MOST LIKE YOUR OWN?

FOR EACH SLIDE

1.TELL ME WHAT ENLIGHTENMENT THINKER WAS MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR THE IMAGE OR QUOTE.

2.EXPLAIN YOUR REASON FOR PICKING THE PERSON FROM NUMBER ONE.

CONNECTIONS T

O THE

ENLIGHTE

NMENT

IMAGE #1

IMAGE # 2

IMAGE # 3

IMAGE # 4

IMAGE #

QUOTE # 1

Don't interfere with anything in the Constitution. That must be maintained, for it is the only safeguard of our liberties. Abraham Lincoln

QUOTE # 2

Discrimination is a hellhound that gnaws at Negroes in every waking moment of their lives to remind them that the lie of their inferiority is accepted as truth in the society dominating them. Martin Luther King, Jr.

QUOTE # 3

A wise and frugal government, which shall leave men free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned - this is the sum of good government. Thomas Jefferson

QUOTE #4

 

Evil is not to be traced back to the individual but to the collective behavior of humanity.” Reinhold Niebuhr

ENLIGHTE

NMENT

CHARACTER C

OLLAGE

DIRECTIONS

Each group of 2 will be given an important figure of the Enlightenment at random.

The pair will have one class period to create a “Character Collage” of that person showcasing what the person feels, thinks, believes, has accomplished, written, etc. You may use your phones to research your assigned person.

•Key ideas are accurately represented by words, phrases and visuals•Visual elements help viewer understand key ideas•Layout of collage helps viewer understand belief system•Color and creative touches mane collage visually appealing•ALL directions followed including 5 elements, name, life dates, country and creators’ names on the bottom front. •Group members worked consistently and purposefully•Group used cooperative skills to complete the project•Individually worked consistently and purposefully

How will you be graded?

ENLIGHTENED THINKERS LIST

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Voltaire

Baron de Montesquieu

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Mary Wollstonecraft

Denis Diderot

Franz Joseph Haydn

Wolfgang Mozart

Ludwig von Beethoven

Frederick the Great

Joseph II

Catherine the Great

THE END