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Integrated Pest Management Program

IPM




Table of Contents

Page 3 IPM Basics

Page 4 Site Assessment

Page 6 Objectives

Page 7 Site Categories

Page 8 Monitoring and Treatment

Pest Profiles and IPM Plan

Page 9 Clover

Page 10 Algae

Page 12 Dandelion

Page 14 Fairy Ring

Page 16 Grey Snow Mold

Page 18 Horse Tail

0 Localized Dry Spot

Page 21 Moss

Page 22 Pink Snow Mold

Page 24 Broad Leaf Plantain

Page 26 Poa annua

Page 28 Pythium Blight

Page 30 Pythium Root Rot

Page 32 Red Thread

Page 34 Pearlwort

Page 35 Summary

Appendixes

Page 36 Daily Report

Page 37 Weekly Inspection Form

Page 38 Fertilizer/ Amendments/ Pesticide Record Form

Page 39 Pest Profile and IPM Plan Template

Page 40 Notice of Pesticide Use

Page 41 References

Hole maps are available in file IPM ver 2.0




Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Basics

IPM is an approach that uses a combination of techniques in an

organized program to suppress pests effectively, economically and in an

environmentally sound manner. IPM is a pest manager’s best tool for:

Planning and managing ecosystems to prevent organism from

becoming pests;

Identifying potential pest problems;

Monitoring populations of pests and beneficial organisms, pest

damage and environmental conditions;

Using injury threshold in making a treatment decision;

Reducing pest populations to an acceptable levels using strategies that

may include a combination of biological, physical, cultural,

mechanical, behavioral and chemical controls;

Evaluating the effectiveness of treatments

In the short-term, developing an IPM program may cost more for labour,

equipment modification and site design, however the long-term benefits

will include:

1. Long-term solutions to pest problems.

2. Protect the environment and human health by reducing pesticide

usage.

3. Reduce cost and liabilities associated with pesticide use.

4. Prevent pesticide resistance from developing.

5. Enable pest managers to control pesticide resistance.

6. Give good results where pesticides cannot be used.

An IPM program for turf needs to have site categories according to their

esthetic value, site usage and maintenance levels. For this program the

categories are the following:

Class A – Greens, tees and approaches.

Class B – Fairways and rough.

Class C – Hazards, ponds and undeveloped areas.

The term “pest” includes weeds, diseases and insects.

The term “pesticide” includes herbicide, fungicide and insecticides.

Site Assessment




A site assessment allows us to distinguish the characteristics of our site and

how it will interact with the surrounding environment.

Opened

Local Environment

Elevation

Climate

Soil

Turf Species

Front nine greens are Creeping Bentgrass, Agrostis palustris, cultivar

Providence, and have been over seeded with Pen G-1 and Century

cultivars.

Back nine greens were seeded with Creeping Bentgrass, Agrostis

palustris cultivars Pen G-1 and Century

All fairways, tees and rough are a combination of Kentucky Bluegrass

(Poa pratensis), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Creeping

Red Fescue (Festuca rubra).

Out of play and reclaimed areas were seeded Crested Wheatgrass

(Agropyron cristatum)

Water

Source is spring and summer, surface run-off and stored in retention

ponds

The quality is good, slightly high in salts and calcium but pH is 7




Landscapes

This department maintains many landscape areas within Sun Peaks. Pest

management plan is as follows:

Landscape beds containing ornamentals, will only be treated for

parasitic insects with domestic insecticidal soaps. Weeds and diseased

plants will be removed by hand.

Turf areas will fall under the same categories as Class C

(Fairways/Rough) due to their similarities and customers’

expectations.

Hard Surfaces, i.e. paving stones, asphalt and areas where weed seeds

can germinate will be treated annually with glyphosate at the height of

the growing season to help control these species and protect the hard

surfaces from disturbance.




IPM Objectives

For a successful IPM program we must understand the objectives of

the program. IPM is not meant to eliminate pesticides but use them as part of

sound growing practices.

The objectives of our IPM program are:

1. To prevent pests though proper fertility, irrigation and drainage,

regular cultural/mechanical maintenance, and the use of amendments

for turf health.

2. To protect the environment.

3. To reduce, not eliminate pesticide use and reduce the opportunity for

pesticide resistance to develop.

4. To identify and record each pest on the site and ways to control it,

using a combination of cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and

chemical controls.

5. To recognize pests in the early stages so spot treatments can be used

before an outbreak occurs.

6. To use and understand monitoring methods and adhering to our injury

threshold levels.

7. To reduce liability and protect bystanders.

8. Follow all laws that apply to us in the IPM act and follow all labels on

products we use.

These eight objectives must be achieved in order for a successful

program to work. With proper training, monitoring, and effective diagnosis

we will meet all of our objectives.




Site Categories

In order to have an effective IPM program we must categorize each area on

the course based on their aesthetic value, amount of usage and maintenance

levels. These categories will allow us to set injury thresholds and monitoring

frequency.

Class 1: Greens: these are our most valuable surface and must be

considered pest free. Injury threshold 1 – 5% and monitored

daily and recorded weekly

Tees: maximum room is needed to distribute wear evenly.

Injury threshold 1 – 5%, monitored daily and recorded weekly.

Approaches: changing demands in golf require higher standards

for these areas. Injury threshold 5 - 10% and monitored and

recorded weekly.

Class 2: Fairways: more area will allow for higher threshold, 10 – 20%.

The lower height of cut is the limiting factor.

Rough: higher height of cut and large area will increase the

threshold significantly, 15 – 35%.

Landscaped Areas: This includes all landscaped areas currently

maintained by SPR LLP. Threshold will be 10 – 25%

depending on use and aesthetic value.

Monitored and recorded weekly.

Class 3: Bunkers/Hazards: most control methods will be mechanical but a

level should be imposed in case of a weed outbreak. 5 – 15 %.

Ponds: most control methods will be mechanical but a level

should be imposed in case of a weed outbreak. 30 – 50%

Undeveloped/Natural Areas: action only to be taken if pest

threatens to infect the playing areas

Monitored and recorded weekly.

Ponds, creeks, streams and natural-native areas are subjected to a no-

treatment zone as descried in the product’s Label. These zones are identified

on the site maps.




Monitoring and Treatment

In order for IPM to work effectively we must monitor and treat areas that are

infected, treated areas then need monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness.

Monitoring pest problems shall be based on an estimated percentage

of an area in one or more classes.

Areas to be monitored by staff daily while commencing maintenance

in specified area and reported to supervisors who then will record on

Daily Report sheet.

Weekly Golf Course Checklist will also identify and record any/all

pests reported and will be visually monitored until problem is

resolved.

Treatment will be based initially on cultural methods (where possible)

and the allowable threshold for each class.

Treatments will be recorded in the Fertilizer/Amendment/Pesticide

Record Form

Treatment will also be monitored for effectiveness.




Pest Profiles and IPM Plan

Pest Name (Common / Scientific) White Clover

Trifolium repens

Plant Characteristics This perennial, broad-leaf weed and will tend

to grow in patches, and will out-compete turf.

Environmental Conditions Clover prefers the same conditions as turf

however it can handle compacted soil better

than most grass species. Some seed mixes

contain clover as companion plant as seen in

the mix used for erosion control on the ski hill. Clover also has creeping root system and

can spread fast. It will be unlikely to see Clover on the greens because it can’t handle the

low height of cut.

Monitoring This weed can be found in most areas.

Class 1 – in this area we use a grid method; a one meter square is laid down in a

minimum of ten random locations on the site. Measure the area in the square that Clover

is present and calculate the percentage of the weed compared to turf in all ten locations.

Example, if 3 m² of Clover is found in 10 m² (30%) is found, treatment should be taken.

Class 2 – because of the sizes of these sites a transect method will be used. A ten meter

string is laid out in a straight line in ten random areas, walk along the line and record the

weed or turf seen in a 10cm² at ten points along the line. Create an average from all ten

plots and a percentage can be formed.

Examples, if averages of 35 weed areas are found from all ten plots, we get a 35%

infestation rate and treatment should be taken.

Class 3 – for bunkers only, use the grid method as in class 1, however regular

maintenance will keep this weed in control. Spot treatments may be used if conditions

persist.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Blue Green Algae

Single-celled, tread-like microscopic plants

Symptoms Appear as an olive green colour growing on exposed soil

or turf. When conditions are wet it appears slimy and

when dry it appears to have crust. Algae interfere with

gas exchange and photosynthesis and turf appears

chlorotic (yellowish brown).

Environmental Conditions Will usually occur any time of year, on compacted soil, wet soils, poor air movement,

high nitrogen levels, and thin or weak turf.

Host Species All species are susceptible.

Monitoring Look for the slimy green spots when wet or dry-crusty spots during dry periods. During

grow in of the back-nine this disorder was seen on greens 13 to 16 and 15 and 16 fairway,

it also has been present on the 8th and 9th greens.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Improve drainage, air movement, avoid light watering, vertical mowing, reseed, maintain

pH and fertility. Two applications of wettable sulpher at 1.25lb / 1000 ft² one month apart

in the spring. For Agrostis sp. use .5lb / 1000 ft² with applications in spring and fall.

Biological Controls None at this time.

Chemical Controls There are no algicides registered for algae control, however the use of chlorothalonil has

shown some control when it has been used to treat other diseases. Also, 1 part household

bleach to 50 – 100 parts water used a spot treatments of small areas, apply in run-off.

DeMoss has shown some reaction on algae.




IPM Plan For all site classes except class 3, proper fertility and pH, and improved aeration and

drainage will be the main focus for prevention. When disorder is noticed, heavy vertical

mowing and reseeding will be done. Applications of sulpher will be conducted on greens

in the spring and fall and the use of diluted bleach will be used for spot treatments on

fairways and tees. Regular cultivation and aeration in class 3 sites should control any

algae that may develop in these areas.

We will not attempt to use chlorothalonil, unless severe outbreak occurs and only in

conjunction with other disease control.

Since the compleation of the grow in of the back nine most of the algae on exposed soil

has been replaced with turf.

Scarification, overseeding, soil testing and proper fertility and watering has allowed the

turf to out compete algae.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Dandelion

Taraxacum officinale

Plant Characteristics A tap-rooted perennial that is spread by seed and

can flower any time during the season, but have

noticed twice per year on this site. First in late June

and early July and again in late August. Creates a

slippery playing surface and changes the aesthetic

quality and value of our turf.

Environmental Conditions This perennial grows best in moist, full-sun areas

but can grow in most conditions once established.

Dandelion will grow in all site classes; however it

will not survive on greens because of the low height of cut.

Monitoring Class 1 – in this area we use a Grid method; a one meter square is laid down in a

minimum of ten random locations on the site. Measure the area in the square that

Dandelion is present and calculate the percentage of the weed compared to turf in all ten

locations. Example, if 3 m² of Dandelion is found in 10 m² (30%) is found, treatment

should be taken.

Class 2 – because of the sizes of these sites a Transect method will be used. A ten meter






Class 3 – for bunkers only, use the Grid method as in class 1, however regular


persist.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls

Although fertility, water and air movement is important to turf health, it also assists

Dandelion growth. Most cultural and mechanical controls on turf have proved to be futile

because of its prolific nature.




Biological Controls The use of corn glutten meal has shown to act like a selective-organic herbicide, as the

product and information becomes more available we may consider this as a control.

Chemical Controls 2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop are three of many selective herbicides registered in

Canada, and likely the only ones we will use.

IPM Plan Maintain healthy turf with proper soil fertility, deep irrigation, regular aeration and

topdressing will help to encourage turf growth. We will sod or seed any damaged areas

and use spot treatments with a back pack sprayer to avoid spreading. If a serious

infestation occurs a selective herbicide will be used at the labels recommended rates.

Clover, Dandelion and Broad-Leaf Plantain can be controlled together.

Steep slope on 6th fairway proves to be a challenge, early spring conditions in this

particular area gives this pest a chance to establish before we can maintain it, also very

labour intensive to treat this area.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Fairy Ring

Marasmius, sp.

Symptoms Three types:

Type 1 – Dead patches or rings in turf in

conjunction with one or two green stimulation

zones and mushrooms.

Type 2 – Stimulation zones and mushrooms in

rings.

Type 3 – Mushrooms growing in a circle but

no effects to turf.

Rings can be 7 to 120 cm wide and type 1 can

be the most serious to turf.

Environmental Conditions Usually occur in spring and summer, dead zones begin to appear in warm periods or

drought conditions. The entire plant can die from hydrophobic conditions caused by

mycelium that prevents water from infiltrating the soil. Turf growing in low fertility, poor

light and sandy soils is more prone to infestation. A thick thatch layer may contribute by

giving Fairy Ring the decaying food source it needs.

Host Species All species are susceptible.

Monitoring Small, dead and dry patches with or without mushrooms are usually the first indicator.

Patches will continue to grow and the area in front will appear lush. Mycelium may be

present in the thatch and in the soils at depths from 30 to 60 cm. Samples from suspect

areas should be collected from inside and outside of the circle and placed in a plastic bag

at room temperature for three to four days, mycelium should then be present in the thatch

layer.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Masking; Aeration, topdressing and wetting agents may allow water to penetrate to

relieve symptoms

Eradicating; Remove sod, till or remove soil up to 20 cm, water thoroughly then reseed or

sod and continue with deep irrigation. If mycelium is noticed below 30 cm remove sod

and soil then reseed or sod.

Biological Controls




Humic acid derived from an organic source (compost tea) may remove mycelium and

improve water infiltration.

Chemical Controls The only registered fungicide is formalin, a fumigant that must be sprayed on cultivated

soil. Liquid fungicides have limited success because it is too difficult to get liquid deep in

the soil.

IPM Plan Class 1: On these sites we will attempt to mask symptoms through aeration and

topdressing, control thatch and attempt to improve soil microbiology from organic

sources.

Class 2: Generally no action will be taken on these sights except through normal cultural

and mechanical maintenance.

Class 3: This will not be a significant problem in these areas.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Grey Snow Mold

Typhula incarnata

T. ishikariensis var. canadensis

Symptoms Most apparent after snow melt has occurred, circular

patches of straw-colour to grayish turf. Patches are

from 5 cm to 1 m in diameter and will form a silvery

crust as mycelium ages. In its dormant stage it

hibernates as sclerotia on the crown and the leaves.

Found in all classes on this site.

Environmental Conditions Typhula is most active under snow cover on unfrozen ground, and as the snow melts in

spring. It prefers temperatures around freezing, excessive thatch, succulent grass and poor

drainage. High fall application of nitrogen and compacted snow are also contributing

factors.

Host Species All grass species are susceptible to grey snow mold.

Monitoring In summer we can look for sclerotia, .2 to 5 mm, they are brown, orange, red or black in

colour. Also as condition permit we can look for water-soaked yellow to brown spots.

When Typhula is diagnosed treatment should be immediate due to it quick spreading

capabilities and damage to the plant tissue.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Continue to cut late into fall and remove clippings. Scheduled aeration and vertical

mowing. Avoid heavy applications of nitrogen in the fall. Remove snow to promote

faster drying and avoid snow compaction. Overseed with resistant cultivars, aerate and

fertilize in the spring to promote new growth.

Biological Controls Fall 2009 biological control called Endophyte was tested on the first half on the 15th

fairway. The 2nd half had a standard fairway application with a 20 foot control area

separating the halves.

Chemical Controls




It is beneficial to treat when temperatures fall below zero at night in areas that have a

history of Typhula, focusing on the greens .The first treatments should be a systemic/

contact fungicide while turf is still growing. When snow cover is expected, treat before

snow fall with a protectant. Because of our high elevation and long winters, it will be

necessary to completely remove snow during warm periods in late winter/early spring

and apply a granular fungicide. Registered fungicides include benomyl, chlorothalonil,

oxycarboxin-thiram-carbathiin mixtures, propiconazole, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, and

quintozene. Grey and pink snow molds are present together and fungicide applications

will be used to control both diseases.

IPM Plan Class 1: The best way to control disease is to have healthy plants with a good root

structure. On these sites we will core aerate in the spring and fall, use vertical mowing to

control thatch every three weeks (greens only). We will maintain a height of cut that is

suitable for the condition and playability. We will maintain proper soil fertility with some

extra focus on potassium levels to aid in the turfs own disease fighting capabilities. The

use of soil and foliar amendments to also aid in there root development and disease

resistance on our greens. We will irrigate these sites in the morning and avoid over and

under watering.

On greens only we will use some preventive-contact fungicides when condition are

favorable or disease is identifies, apply a protectant before snowfall and in

February/March we will begin to remove snow from the greens to promote faster drying

and apply a granular fungicide when snow is completely melted or when conditions

permit.

Tees and approaches will receive two application of fungicide, a contact as soon as

disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable for disease and a protectant

before snow fall.

Class 2: Aeration at least once per year and new for this year, an active top dressing

program to improve turf health. On fairways only we will do two application of

fungicide, a contact as soon as disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable

for disease and a protectant before snow fall. With the higher height of cut on rough the

plant will have enough of it own carbohydrates that no fungicides will be used but we

will continue to cut late into the fall to avoid turf from laying over.

Class 3: This disease is not a significant problem in this site. No treatment will be

required.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Horsetail

Equisetum arvense

Plant Characteristics A perennial weed that reproduces with extensive root

system and produces spores, rather than seeds. This

weed dates back to the dinosaur era and can adapt to

many different sites.

Environmental Conditions Horsetail can grow in many habitats but prefers poorly

drained, sandy or gravel, slightly acid soils that have

highly available potassium levels.

Monitoring Class 1 - continuous mowing at low heights should

keep this weed in control, however in some of the new

areas recently constructed has had horsetail. We will

use the grid method for monitoring this pest.

Class 2 - because of the sizes of these sites a Transact method will be used. A ten meter

sting is laid out in a straight line in ten random areas, walk along the line and record the







persist.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Effective cultural and mechanical practices will allow the turf to out compete Horsetail

over many years, but soil tillage and hand removal alone will produce little success.

Monitor pH levels and adjust soil fertility.

Biological Controls No biological controls are registered in Canada at this time.

Chemical Controls




Amitrole is specifically registered for Horsetail and was used to eradicate it on some sites

during grow-in on the back nine with success. Chlorsulfuron and dichlobenil have shown

to assist in control but are not specifically registered for this weed.

These herbicides are highly toxic and will only be used when all cultural and mechanical

methods have failed.

IPM Plan The main objective will be to grow healthy turf to out compete Horsetail, scheduled

mechanical procedures and improved fertility and drainage will contribute to this success.

Where problems show no improvements, on class 2 areas only, a backpack sprayer

containing amitrole mixed at label specifications, will be used.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Localized Dry Spot (LDS)

(Superficial Fairy Ring) Basidiomycete fungi

Symptoms Irregular shaped, dry patches on turf, soil are

powder dry. In cases of Superficial Fairy Ring,

white mycelium may be noticed in thatch or in

soil.

Environmental Conditions Poor irrigation coverage, excessive thatch, heat

stress, waxy organic substance in soil (fulvic

acid) or mycelium coating sand particles and

compacted soil. Can occur any time but mostly in mid summer.

Host Species All grass species are susceptible.

Monitoring Look for irregular, brown patches on turf, usually during periods of heat stress. Check

soil for moisture content. When hand watering look for water that beads of the surface,

this is an indication of hydrophobic soil, (soil that will not allow water to penetrate).

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Appropriate aeration schedule and spot aeration treatments are beneficial, avoid

excessive thatch and syringe watering will ease the symptoms of this disorder.

Biological Controls Improve soil microbiology through the use of organic fertilizers and amendments.

Chemical Controls Some fungicides have shown improvements for Superficial Fairy Ring, but not needed.

IPM Plan This disorder is easy to control, aeration and wetting agents usually avoid or mend the

problem but if conditions persist, the use of organic mulches or compost tea will create

humic acid and in turn will remove the fulvic acid. Large, healthy root systems will allow

the turf to survive through heat stress periods. Action will only take place on class 1 and

2 areas.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Moss

Symptoms Moss is a primitive plant, usually small and green when

associated with turf.

Environmental Conditions Moss grows on sites with low fertility, poor drainage

and can be associated with acidic soils. Shade,

compaction, and over watering can also be associated

with this condition. Moss will grow in areas of turf

where soil is exposed and will not allow turf to grow in

infected areas until moss is removed.

Host Species All species are susceptible and can occur in all site classes.

Monitoring Look for areas of thin turf in wet conditions with shade. This disorder has been prevalent

on the middle slope of the eighth green

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Improve air movement, check pH, deep vertical mowing, apply high iron fertilizer,

ferrous ammonium sulphate, when moss dies, rake and reseed.


Chemical Controls The use of Quicksilver herbicide has proven effective and is a registered for moss control

on golf course turf.

IPM Plan Class 1: Improve aeration, air movement and check pH and fertility. Excessive vertical

mowing of infected areas with applications of ferrous ammonium sulphate and/or

Quicksilver, reseed and control traffic patterns.

Class 2: Improve aeration, air movement, drainage and check/adjust pH and fertility.

Class 3: No action in these areas.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Pink Snow Mold (Fusarium)

Microdochium nivale

Symptoms Two phases, the first is during cool wet weather,

Fusarium. The second is under snow cover, Pink

Snow Mold. During optimal conditions the first sign

of infection is a small-circular spot, usually copper

colour. Patches can be up to 20 cm and coalescing.

Found in all classes on this site.

Environmental Conditions Can occur anytime of year but usually begins in fall

with frost, dew and cool temperatures, Infection can occur between 0 - 31°c. Slow-

growing grass in humid conditions, unfrozen grass under snow cover, excessive thatch,

succulent grass and poor drainage are all contributing factors. It can be spread by shoes

and equipment.

Host Species Annual Bluegrass, Poa annua

Bentgrass, Agrostis sp.

Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis

Fescues, Festuca sp.

Ryegrasses, Lolium sp.

Monitoring Look for small copper colour patches that become dark brown then turn a light grey.

When Fusarium is diagnosed treatment should be immediate due to it quick spreading

capabilities and damage to the plant tissue.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Scheduled aeration and vertical mowing. Remove dew in the morning, avoid heavy fall

nitrogen applications, provide good drainage and air movement, balanced soil fertility,

ensure appropriate mowing height, remove snow to promote drying and prevent

compaction of snow. Overseed with resistant cultivars and aerate damaged areas.

Biological Controls Fall 2009 biological control called Endophyte was tested on the first half on the 15th

fairway. The 2nd half had a standard fairway application with a 20 foot control area

separating the halves.




Chemical Controls It is beneficial to treat when temperatures fall below zero at night in areas that have a

history of Fusarium, focusing on the greens .The first treatments should be a systemic/

contact fungicide while turf is still growing. When snow cover is expected, treat before

snow fall with a protectant. Because of our high elevation and long winters, it will be

necessary to completely remove snow during warm periods in late winter/early spring

and apply a granular fungicide. Registered fungicides include benomyl, chlorothalonil,

oxycarboxin-thiram-carbathiin mixtures, propiconazole, iprodione, thiophanate-methyl,

thiram, and quintozene. Grey and pink snow molds are present together and fungicide

applications will be used to control both diseases.

IPM Plan Class 1: The best way to control disease is to have healthy plants with a good root

structure. On these sites we will core aerate in the spring and fall, use vertical mowing to

control thatch every three weeks (greens only). We will maintain a height of cut that is

suitable for the condition and playability. We will maintain proper soil fertility with some

extra focus on potassium levels to aid in the turfs own disease fighting capabilities. The

use of soil and foliar amendments to also aid in there root development and disease

resistance on our greens. We will irrigate these sites in the morning and avoid over and

under watering.

On greens only we will use some preventive-contact fungicides when condition are

favorable or disease is identifies, apply a protectant before snowfall and in

February/March we will begin to remove snow from the greens to promote faster drying

and apply a granular fungicide when snow is completely melted or when conditions

permit.

Tees and approaches will receive two application of fungicide, a contact as soon as

disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable for disease and a protectant

before snow fall.

Class 2: Aeration at least once per year and new for this year, an active top dressing

program to improve turf health. On fairways only we will do two application of

fungicide, a contact as soon as disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable

for disease and a protectant before snow fall. With the higher height of cut on rough the

plant will have enough of it own carbohydrates that no fungicides will be used but we

will continue to cut late into the fall to avoid turf from laying over.

Class 3: This disease is not a problem in this site. No treatment will be required.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Broadleaf Plantain

Plantago major

Plant Characteristics A perennial weed that has weak-fibrous root

system and will grow and flower throughout

the growing season.

Environmental Conditions Plantain prefers full sun to partial shade in

moist soil. Its broad leafs will assist in out

competing turf and may grow in all classes.

This is caused by the plants lack of a true

steam and can grow at very low heights of cut.

Monitoring Class 1 – in this area we use a Grid method; a one meter square is laid down in a

minimum of ten random locations on the site. Measure the area in the square that Plantain

is present and calculate the percentage of the weed compared to turf in all ten locations.

Example, if 3 m² of Plantain is found in 10 m² (30%) is found, treatment should be taken.

Class 2 – because of the sizes of these sites a Transect method will be used. A ten meter








persist.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Although fertility and air movement will contribute to Plantain growth, letting the surface

dry and deep irrigation will discourage its growth.


Chemical Controls




2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop are three of many selective herbicides registered in

Canada, and likely the only ones we will use.

IPM Plan Maintain healthy turf with proper soil fertility, deep irrigation, regular aeration and

topdressing will help to encourage turf growth. We will sod or seed any damaged areas

and use spot treatments with a back pack sprayer to avoid spreading. If a serious

infestation occurs a selective herbicide will be used at the labels recommended rates.

Clover, Dandelion and Broad-Leaf Plantain can be controlled together.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Annual Bluegrass (Poa)

Poa annua

Plant Characteristics This weeds name is very deceiving, it is listed as an

annual weed but it seems to have many perennial

qualities. A true annual would die each winter, but this

is often not the case. It spreads vigorously through

seeds, and is also listed as a bunch type grass (no

stolons or rhizomes) but many Poa annua plants have

been found with stolons, these anomalies are usually

found in cultured turf.

Environmental Conditions Poa can grow on any of our site classes; it prefers the same conditions as our desired

grass species but can handle adverse conditions better and will quickly overtake an area.

Eradication of this pest is virtually impossible.

Monitoring Monitoring this weed anywhere other than the greens will be a futile activity, it is just too

prolific to try and control. However, it will be monitored on greens using a grid method,

and the treatment threshold will need to be modified to a higher level of acceptance.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls It may be possible to out compete Poa, but difficult. However, over the years I have seen

a small reduction of Poa with the use of growth regulators to slow seed production and

heavy overseeding. Young grass plants grow vigorously. During aeration, overseed upon

completion and the new growth will out compete and eventually reduce the number of

Poa plants.


Chemical Controls There are many herbicides that can eliminate Poa but nothing selective enough to avoid

injuring the desired turf species, however work in the United States is continuing and we

may see something here in the future.

IPM Plan




This is a strategy that can help to reduce the number of Poa annua plants on a green.

Early spring aeration complete with overseeding and subsequent tarping to promote early

growth of the desired Bentgrass, and again in the late summer aeration program, minus

the tarps. Also the use of a growth regulator to suppress seed heads from forming will

reduce, in theory, the number of new Poa plants germinating.

There will be no attempts made to control this pest on other class sites; it would be an

unrealistic and very costly undertaking.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Pythium Foliar Blight

Pythium aphanidermatum

Many other Pythium species

Symptoms Blight starts out as circular reddish-brown spots that

can be 2 to 15 cm in diameter and coalesce to

damage more area. Initially leaves turn a blackish-

green, appear water soaked and feel slimy. White

mycelium can be seen at the edge of the spots and

when dew is present. As grass tissue dries out the

leaves shrivel and turn a reddish-brown. Damage will often follow drainage and mowing

patterns as the pathogen is transported by water and equipment.

Environmental Conditions Very common on newly established turf. Usually occurs in warm-wet conditions, above

20°c and when relative humidity is 90% for more than fourteen hours. Severe damage

occurs at temperatures above 30°c, excessive watering, poor air circulation and high

nitrogen levels. Pythium species are more closely related to blue-green and red algae than

fungi and are present in the soil, thatch and in water.

Host Species All grass species are susceptible to Pythium.

Monitoring Look for leaf blades that have turned a blackish-green colour and appear water soaked,

later spots should appear as reddish-brown. Also look for white mycelium along the

edges of spots when dew is present. Leafs will then dry out and appear shriveled. As

infection increases distinct patterns along drainage paths or where equipment was present

will appear in a streaky pattern.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Avoid excessive nitrogen, water in the morning only, improve air circulation and

drainage, aerate to avoid compacted turf and maintain thatch levels about 2 cm.


Chemical Controls




The only registered fungicide for Pythium Blight is chloroneb.

IPM Plan Class 1 and 2: Scheduled aeration, vertical mowing, appropriate watering amounts and

timing, balance soil fertility and improved drainage and air movement will aid in disease

control. Pesticides will only be applied when disease is diagnosed effectively.

Class 3: Only cultural and mechanical controls will be applied unless a serious problem

arises from the undeveloped areas.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Pythium Root Rot

Pythium species

Symptoms Thin, brown patches any time of year but more

prevalent in spring and summer, patches are 4 – 7

cm wide and are irregular shaped or follow

drainage patterns. Thinning and browning of turf

usually appear after periods of moisture stress

because the root system can’t cope with the

increased water needs. Tends to occur in the first

warm spell in spring triggering wilt and thinning.

Sometimes small white grass patches develop,

these are early signs of some Pythium, and new

roots will appear light brown and water-soaked. When signs of Pythium occur above

ground, Pythium Root Rot can be suspected. These symptoms were seen on the twelfth

green in early summer 2005

Environmental Conditions Can occur any time of year but most prevalent in spring and summer when plants are

stresses from excessive heat or moisture. Low mowing heights, poor drainage,

compaction, high shade, low pH, heavy thatch and heavy traffic are all contributing

factors for this disease.

Host Species Bentgrass, Agrostis sp are most susceptible but all turf species are to Pythium.

Monitoring Look for the white grass patches, thinning or browning irregular patterns or following

surface drainage. Often starts in the collar of the green, but can occur in any area. Check

roots for colour and turgidity, however no aerial mycelium are present unlike Pythium

Blight.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Avoid excessive nitrogen, water in the morning only, raise mowing height, improve air

circulation and drainage, aerate to avoid compacted turf and maintain thatch levels about

2 cm.





Chemical Controls There are no fungicides specifically registered for Pythium Root Rot, some managers

have noticed good results from chloroneb, however any broad-spectrum fungicide may be

useful.





arises in the undeveloped areas.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Red Thread

Laetisaria fuciformis

Symptoms Can appear as circular to irregularly patches 5 to 50

cm. Infected leaves first become water-soaked then

turn a tan colour. Under wet condition the thread-

like, red fungus is visible and may extend 1cm. past

the leaf tip. May also form pink, cottony flocks of

mycelium.

Environmental Conditions Can occur any time of year but usually in spring and

fall when there is high humidity, excessive

moisture, poor fertility (low nitrogen) and poor air

movement. Spores can be spread by wind, water,

shoes and equipment.

Host Species Annual Bluegrass, Poa annua

Ryegrasses, Lolium sp.

Fescues, Festuca sp

Bentgrass, Agrostis sp.

Kentucky Bluegrass, Poa pratensis

Monitoring This disease is unlikely to be present on greens but can be seen on all other areas. Look

for the threads, white or pink, or the tan coloured dead leaves. Turf may also look water-

soaked.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Maintain mowing and remove clippings in moist conditions. Adjust soil fertility, usually

nitrogen deficiency but will need all macro nutrients and higher calcium levels. Improve

air movement, drainage, avoid over and under watering and test soil pH (6 to 6.5).

Biological Controls The use of an organic based fertilizer at higher rates can be considered a biological

control.

Chemical Controls




Fungicide application should be made when turf growth slows, one or to applications

would be sufficient. Propiconazole is the only fungicide registered for Red Thread,

however chlorothalonil, iprodione and anilazine will provide some control.

IPM Plan For all classes except class 3: Maintaining sufficient nutrient levels, adjust pH if

necessary, aeration, promoting good air movement and efficient watering will keep this

disease subdued. However, if the disease is notice during weekly monitoring, fertilization

of the infected area will be completed. Pesticides are generally not need for spot control

of this disease. Preventative control will take place in conjunction with fall/winter

applications for snow mold.

Class 3: This disease is not a significant problem in this site. No treatment will be

required.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Pearlwort

Sagina procumbens

Plant Characteristics Pearlwort is a perennial mat-forming plant with

narrow leaves and tiny white flowers. Pearlwort can

become a troublesome weed when allowed to

spread and establish in turf. This weed can populate

most soil conditions very quickly by seed. Pearlwort

is a good indicator of moist/wet conditions and is

often mistaken for moss in lawns. Swards that are

maintained at low mowing heights below 6mm

(golf and bowling greens) are susceptible to

invasion from this weed.

Environmental Conditions Pearlwort is commonly found in coastal areas and in areas of moist, frequently irrigated

turf. It can form prostrate to mounding clumps 5cm in height, and has often been sold as

a ground covering plant material for landscaping.

Monitoring This weed is recently infested greens and monitoring results have shown the infestation

initially attacked the front-nine greens. However is has spread to all greens.

This weed has been noticed in disturbed areas that have remained undeveloped.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls It may be possible to out compete Pearlwort by reducing irrigation and improving

drainage however, to date attempts of this have been unsuccessful, due to our wet

climate.


Chemical Controls Using a broad-leaf herbicides at the labels low-rate recommendation to avoid damage to

Bentgrass has been attempted fall of 2009. Application may be required in spring after

run-off is complete.




Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Anthracnose

Colletotrichum cereale

Symptoms Affected areas are first noticed as reddish-brown to bleached patches. As the grass dies, it

becomes light grey. When anthracnose occurs in pure stands of Poa or bentgrass, the

patches start at 5-7 cm in diameter but can increase up to 1 m in diameter. In mixes of

Poa annua and bentgrass, the bentgrass is often unaffected resulting in thinned turf.

Likewise, the fescue may be the only species affected in a lawn mixture.

Individual leaf blades may show reddish-brown leaf spots in the early stages of infection.

As the leaf tissue dies, very small black spore-producing structures with black hair-like

spines (setae) develop on leaves and stems. The entire tiller may die if the infection

occurs near the base of the stem. Infected grass appears yellow in the spring and fall, and

black mycelium can be observed on stems under the leaf sheath. Foliar anthracnose

is caused by the same fungus that causes basal anthracnose.

Environmental Conditions Can occur any time of year but most prevalent in spring and summer when plants are

stresses from excessive heat or moisture. Low mowing heights, poor drainage,

compaction, high shade, low pH, heavy thatch and heavy traffic are all contributing

factors for this disease.

Host Species Annual Bluegrass is the most susceptible however will spread to Bent if environmental

conditions continue and disease is not treated.

Monitoring Look for the black spines on dead leaves or stems. They are 100 microns long and can be

seen with the aid of a strong hand lens (minimum of 20x magnification) or dissecting

microscope. Spores are crescent-shaped, with no cross-septa and are 4-25 microns long.

Colletotrichum will also infect naturally senescing leaves and tillers, so a diagnosis

should be made only in the presence of both symptoms and signs of the fungus.

Cultural/Mechanical Controls High temperatures and inadequate irrigation favor disease development.

Remove excess thatch to prevent drought. Avoid drought stress, but try not to irrigate in

the late afternoon or early evening.

Avoid soil compaction.

Raise mowing heights during periods of

stress (drought or high temperatures).

Keep phosphorus and potassium levels




adequate. Light applications of nitrogen

at 0.25 kg/100 m2 (1/2 lb./1000 ft2 ) every

three weeks have provided control when

anthracnose occurs during cool weather

(Vargas, 1994). However, infections

occurring during hot weather also require

fungicide treatments for adequate control. Biological Controls No biological controls are registered in Canada at this time.

Chemical Controls There are no fungicides specifically registered for Pythium Root Rot, some managers

have noticed good results from chloroneb, however any broad-spectrum fungicide may be

useful.





arises in the undeveloped areas.




Summary

Good turf management is the primary feature of effective pest control;

healthy-vigorous grass can be highly tolerant to pest problems. Where

problems do occur is generally a sign of turfgrass stress, and these adverse

conditions should be rectified.

Once a pest is identified it will be treated, recorded in a pest profile,

located on site maps, and continually monitored to ensure treatments are

working. Treatments will include a combination of cultural, mechanical,

biological, and chemical controls.

We will follow all laws from the Integrated Pest Management Act of

British Columbia that pertain to us and keep up with new developments in

turfgrass science. We will also follow all label recommendations when using

turfgrass products to ensure its effectiveness and avoid pest resistance.

This is a long-term program and will need to be followed diligently in

order to see positive effects in the future. The initial cost of establishing an

IPM program may be high but the cost to control pest in will be reduced

over time.

In conclusion this program is designed to protect human health,

reduce pesticide use, reduce liability, and protect the environment. With this

program we will be able to accomplish these and many other benefits

dealing with pest and pest control.




Appendixes

Sun Peaks Golf Course Daily Report Form

Supervisor____________________________ Date____________

DOC Greens__________ Tees____________ Fairways___________

Employee Tasking

Name Task Name Task

Environmental Concerns

Health and Safety Concerns

Pest Monitoring




Weekly Inspection Form

ITEM Y N N/A COMMENTS / ACTION / LOCATION

OF ISSUE

Safety Requirements

All staff aware of & trained with the Golf Maint. Manual

Signage in order (posts, panels)

Snags/Danger Trees

Fencing in place

Water Quality/Drainage

Drainage structures functioning

Sediment control functioning (silt fence, hay bales, etc.)

Quality of running water in creeks, ditches, cross ditches - Clean

Quality of running water in creeks, ditches, cross ditches - Dirty

Sediment control necessary (specify)

Re-vegetation requirements

Sprinklers system functioning

Pump Operation (if necessary)

Spongy turf

Erosion issues

Dry areas

Equipment damage

Waste Management

Grass clippings disposal

Condition of waste containers

Waste and recyclables properly disposed

Hazardous Materials

Storage area security

Storage area – unusual condition

MSDS Catalogue Available

Pesticide Inventory Done

Integrated Pest Management

Class 1 Percentage of area _____% Location



Monitoring of Pests Treated

Instructions and Completion Date:




Sun Peaks Golf Course Fertilizer, Pesticide and Amendment Record Sheet

Applicators Name____________________________ Date______________

Weather Conditions-Precipitation______ Wind_____ Temperature_______

Product Information

Fertilizer: Ratio___________ Micro-Nutrients______________________

Manufactures Name___________________________________

Label Recommendations_______________________________

MSDS Yes No

Pesticide: Trade Name_____________ Active Ingredient______________

Mode of Action______________________________________

Label Recommendations_______________________________

MSDS Yes No

P.C.P. Reg. Number ________________

Amendment: Ratio________ Micro-Nutrients______________________

Manufactures Name________________________________

Label Recommendations____________________________

Mode of Action____________________________________

MSDS Yes No

Actual Per 1000 ft²_____________ Total Product Used_________________

Equipment

Back Pack Sprayer: Nozzle______________

Manual Broadcast Spreader: Setting__________ Cone_______________

Mechanical Broadcast Spreader: Setting___________________________

Boom Sprayer: Nozzles_______ Speed_______ PSI______GPM_______

Other:

Area Treated-

Comments-




Pest Profile

Pest Name (Common / Scientific)

Symptoms

-

-

Environmental Conditions

-

-

Host Species

-pest id

-life cycle

-info on when how, where it lives and stages to treat and classes it

may fall under

Monitoring

-methods

-threshold levels

-predictions

Cultural/Mechanical Controls

-

-

Biological Controls

-

-

Chemical Controls

-




Notice of Pesticide Use Treatment Area:

Pest(s) to be controlled:

Pesticide Name:

Active Ingredients:

Registration Number (PCP):

Time and Date of Application:

Pesticide User Licensee Name:

License Number:

Contact Person and Phone Number:

Reentry Time and Date:

Precautions to Limit Exposure Do not remove this sign before:

B.C. Drug and Poison Information Centre 1-800-567-8911




References:

Gail Schumann, Patricia Vittum, Monica Elliot, Patricia Cobb IPM

Handbook for Golf Courses 1998

Leslie MacDonald, P.Ag. Dr. Henry Gerber, P.Ag. Turfgrass Disease and

Pest Management for Professional Turfgrass Managers in B.C. 1997

L.A. Gilkeson, R.W. Adams, Integrated Pest Management Manual for

Landscape Pests in British Columbia 2000

Richard Smiley, Peter Dernoeden, Bruce Clarke, Compendium of Turfgrass

Disease 1996

Robert Adams Handbook for Pesticide Applicators and Dispensers 2005

Karl Danneberger Ph.D, Turfgrass Ecology and Management 1993

Roy Cranston, David Ralph, Brian Wikeem, Field Guide to Noxious and

Other Selected Weeds in British Columbia 1996

Brian Holl Ph.D, Integrated Pest Management – Monitoring, Mapping and

Management October/November 2004

The Turfgrass Information Center, http://www.guelphturfgrass.ca

Pests in Landscapes and Gardens, www.ipm.ucdavis.edu

Integrated Pest Management Act of British Columbia,

http://www.guelphturfgrass.ca/

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/

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