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Ensure yourAnimals are Healthy

Guidelines toGuidelines to

Produced by KZN DAEARD and MRDT 2011

22 Guidelines to Ensure your Animals are Healthy

Guidelines to Ensure your Animals are Healthy

July 2007 (Revised 2011)

Produced by KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture, Environmental

Aff airs and Rural Development (DAEARD) and Mdukutshani Rural

Development Trust (MRDT)

Contributors:

Rauri Alcock (Mdukutshani Rural Development Trust)

Hannes de Villiers (DAEARD)

Trevor Dugmore (DAEARD)

Sibongiseni Gcumisa (DAEARD)

Sibusiso Gumede (DAEARD)

Donna Hornby

Brigid Letty (INR)

Joanne Mann (DAEARD)

Gugu Mbatha (MRDT)

Sikhumbuzo Mbizeni (DAEARD)

Keith Perret (DAEARD)

Alan Rowe (DAEARD)

Cover photographs: Rauri Alcock, Sibongiseni Gcumisa and Brigid Letty

Edited by: Yves Vanderhaeghen

Illustrations: Stefan de Vos (DAEARD), Kathy Arbuckle

Design and layout: Tangerine Design

Acknowledgement:

The following reference was used in the compiling of this manual:

Handbook on Stock Diseases (1989) Monnig and Veldman, Tafelberg

Publishers Ltd, ISBN 0 624 02819 4

33Guidelines to Ensure your Animals are Healthy

Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

What is this manual about? ................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Content of the manual ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5

How to use the manual ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6

1. Animal Health ................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

Why keep animals healthy? ................................................................................................................................................................ 7

Why is herd health important? ......................................................................................................................................................... 7

How can you tell if an animal is healthy? ..................................................................................................................................... 7

What keeps animals healthy? ............................................................................................................................................................ 8

Why is food important? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9

What is the importance of good hygiene practices? ............................................................................................................10

To stop the spread of worms.....................................................................................................................................................11

To stop the spread of disease ...................................................................................................................................................13

2. Sicknesses/Diseases ............................................................................................................................................................15

Why do I need to understand what causes diseases? ..........................................................................................................15

What causes sicknesses/diseases? ...............................................................................................................................................15

Germs ................................................................................................................................................................................................15

Parasites that live inside and on the outside of your animals .......................................................................................16

How can I control parasites? .............................................................................................................................................................17

Controlling parasites with stock remedies and medicines ...........................................................................................17

Preventative management to control worms .....................................................................................................................18

Preventative management to control ticks .........................................................................................................................19

What kinds of symptoms of diseases are there? ..................................................................................................................20

How do I take my animal’s temperature? ...................................................................................................................................21

How do I check for anaemia? ...........................................................................................................................................................21

How do I check for anaemia in cattle, dogs and horses? ................................................................................................22

How do I check for anaemia in goats and sheep? ............................................................................................................22


3. Treatment of Sicknesses/Diseases .....................................................................................................................23

What kinds of treatment are available? .....................................................................................................................................23

What must you think about when treating an animal?.......................................................................................................24

What medicine should I buy? ...........................................................................................................................................................27

How do I store medicine? ...................................................................................................................................................................28

How do I know which animals keep getting sick? .................................................................................................................29

How should I handle and use vaccines? .....................................................................................................................................29

General tips when vaccinating cattle, sheep and goats .................................................................................................29

General tips when vaccinating chickens ..............................................................................................................................29

How do I transport vaccines? ....................................................................................................................................................30

What basic medicines and equipment should I always have on hand? ......................................................................30

Essential equipment ....................................................................................................................................................................30

Key medicines ...............................................................................................................................................................................31

4. Information About Specific Sicknesses/Diseases ............................................................................32

Sicknesses/diseases that aff ect many diff erent types of livestock ...............................................................................32

Sickness/diseases mainly aff ecting cattle .................................................................................................................................38

Sickness/diseases mainly aff ecting cattle and goats ...........................................................................................................47

Sicknesses/diseases aff ecting mainly goats and sheep ......................................................................................................48

Sickness/diseases aff ecting pigs ....................................................................................................................................................54

Sickness/diseases aff ecting poultry .............................................................................................................................................56

Sickness/diseases aff ecting horses ...............................................................................................................................................62

Sickness/diseases aff ecting dogs ..................................................................................................................................................63

5. Vaccination Programmes for Livestock ........................................................................................................65

6. Dosage Guideline Table .................................................................................................................................................67

7. Glossary ..............................................................................................................................................................................................69

References for Photographs ...............................................................................................................................................74


Introduction

What is this manual about?This manual gives livestock owners and people who help them information about

how to keep animals healthy and how to deal with animals that are sick.

Content of the manual • Animal health

• Sicknesses/diseases

• Treatment and prevention of sicknesses/diseases

• Information about specifi c sicknesses/diseases

• Vaccination programmes for livestock

• Dosage guidelines.

The section on animal health deals with improving the animal’s natural capacity

to fi ght disease. It asks what is a healthy animal and how does one keep an

animal healthy? It looks at how we need to feed animals properly so that they

stay healthy as well as why good hygiene practices are important to prevent the

spread of disease and parasites.

The section on sicknesses/diseases deals with diff erent causes of sickness. It

gives information about diff erent parasites and how to control them. It also looks

at symptoms and factors that help the farmer to identify the diseases aff ecting

livestock – including how to take an animal’s temperature or check for signs of

anaemia.

The section on treatment deals with things to consider when a farmer wants to

treat livestock. This includes the kinds of treatments that are available, deciding

which treatments to use, how much to use and how to give it as well as how to

store medicines. This section also describes what it is useful to keep in a medical

kit so that the farmer is always ready to treat his or her animals. It also provides

information about handling and using vaccines correctly.

The section on specifi c sicknesses/diseases deals with a range of diseases and

sicknesses that animals can suff er from. The symptoms of each disease as well as

methods of prevention and treatment are described.


Introduction

How to use the manualStart by reading the fi rst part of the manual, which tells you why it’s important

to keep your animals healthy and gives you basic information about how to do

this. The next sections will help you to understand what causes your animals to

get sick as well as providing you with general information about treating sick

animals.

The next section of the manual gives more detailed information about how to

recognise and treat diseases/sicknesses that your animals may be suff ering from.

For each disease/sickness there is a picture that shows what types of animals are

aff ected as well as a picture to help you recognise the disease.


Animal Health

Why keep animals healthy?A healthy animal is more able to resist diseases and can recover more easily when

it does get sick. A sick animal costs a farmer money and time. A farmer with a

sick animal has to buy medicines, syringes and needles. It is therefore better for a

farmer if animals stay healthy and do not get sick.

Treatment is also more successful if it is given early, before the animal is so sick

that the medicine can’t help it. This means that a farmer must be able to tell very

quickly if he or she has a sick animal, what sickness it has and what he or she can

do about it.

Why is herd health important?One sick animal can sometimes contaminate other healthy animals and cause

them to get sick too. This can also result in the sick animal getting re-infected

after it has recovered.

Sometimes when a farmer has many sick animals, or a neighbour has sick animals,

it means that the amount of disease in the area is very high. It is very diffi cult to

keep individual animals healthy when there is a lot of disease around.

This is also true of parasites that cause diseases, like ticks and worms. If some

animals have a lot of ticks or worms, then it is diffi cult to stop the ticks and worms

spreading to all the animals in a herd.

So before we consider how to treat diseases, it is best to think about how to

recognise healthy animals and how to keep them healthy.

How can you tell if an animal is healthy?Being able to tell if your animal is healthy will help you monitor your animals and

therefore to keep them well.

Most experienced farmers can tell very quickly if their animals are not well. It’s

important to describe what a healthy animal looks like so that you can describe

what the animal looks like when it is not well. This helps to identify what is wrong

with the animal because diff erent types of diseases have diff erent symptoms.

1This section deals with the health of individual animals as well as the health of the herd.


Animal Health

A healthy animal is one that:

Eats its food in the normal quantities that it usually eats.

Moves around during the day in order to fi nd food, water and shelter.

Moves with the other animals if it is a fl ock or herd animal and does not

stand or lie alone in a corner.

Is chewing its cud (ruminating)

Is breathing easily and not panting or struggling to breathe.

Does not limp or hunch its back while it’s walking and standing.

Has no patch of missing feathers or fur.

Has feathers or fur that are not lumpy, greasy or unpleasant to touch and

smell.

Has eyes that are shiny and clear.

Has mucous membranes that are pinkish and not white

Has a nose that is slightly damp for cattle and dry for goats.

Has nostrils and/or eyes that are not runny with mucus.

Has faeces and urine that are a normal colour and texture and the animal is

defaecating/urinating normally.

This list could be added to depending on the animals you keep. For example, if

you have pigs, you will be able to recognise that they are healthy if they are lively

and inquisitive. You will know that they are not healthy if they have a thick, rough

and dull coat. Take notice of how your animals look when they are healthy so that

you can easily describe what is wrong with one when it gets sick. This will help

you to know what is causing it to get sick.

What keeps animals healthy?The immune system keeps the animal healthy. All animals and people have

immune systems.

The job of the immune system is to fi ght germs that invade the animal and could

cause it to get sick. The immune system is like the animal’s own army, ready at all

times to fi ght invaders that put the animal’s life at risk.

The immune system is found everywhere in the animal’s body. It is made up of

millions of little cells that are too small for people to see with their eyes. When

germs enter the animal’s body, these immune cells come from all over to attack

the germs. If the cells win the battle, the animal stays healthy. If they lose the

battle, the animal may get sick and need treatment. The cells reproduce in bone

marrow and spread around the body in the blood.


Animal Health

The immune system can recognise diseases if it has fought these diseases

before. With some diseases, like contagious abortion (CA), this recognition lasts

the animal’s whole life. With other diseases, however, the immune system can

recognise the disease when it is present often but stops being able to recognise

it when the animal hasn’t had it for a long time. Common diseases of this kind

are those that ticks cause. This is one reason why animals often get sick in early

summer when there are a lot of ticks after there have been so few in winter. Once

the animal’s immune system is used to the ticks again, then the animal can often

fi ght the tick diseases.

Livestock owners who come from areas where the disease Heartwater occurs

must be very careful about buying animals from other places, because if they

come from areas that do not have Heartwater, the animals’ immune systems will

not recognise the disease and cannot protect them and they will get sick and

may even die.

It is also important to know that, like an army, the immune system is divided into

diff erent sections, each one of which has its own germs to fi ght. For example,

one section fi ghts Redwater but it cannot fi ght Heartwater. Only the Heartwater

section of the immune system can fi ght Heartwater. This means that just because

the immune system can recognise one disease does not mean it can recognise

all diseases.

One way of getting an animal to have contact with a weakened form of the

disease without killing the animal is vaccination. Some vaccinations must be

given every year while others need only be given once in an animal’s life. Another

way for the animal to develop its immune system is through the infant animal

being born with some of its mother’s immune cells. Infant livestock also develop

stronger immune systems if they suckle their mothers very soon after birth to

drink the fi rst milk called colostrum, which is fi lled with the mother’s immune

cells (antibodies).

Animals that do not spend too much of their energy on getting warm or staying

cool are more able to recover from disease. It is therefore wise to provide sick

animals with shade and shelter from wind and rain to keep the animal warm and

comfortable. Chickens especially need to keep warm because they have a high

normal body temperature.

Why is food important?No matter how good your animal’s immune system, if it is constantly hungry and

very thin, it will eventually become sick. This is because a thin animal’s immune

system cannot successfully fi ght all the diff erent diseases trying to attack it. One

or more of these diseases will eventually defeat the immune system of the hungry


Animal Health

animal, making it weaker and more susceptible to all the other diseases waiting

to attack.

It is better to try to feed an animal properly so that it is generally in good condition.

If it gets sick, such an animal is more likely to recover from illness than a hungry,

thin one. A well-fed animal that gets sick can sometimes recover by itself without

treatment.

It is therefore important that animals have enough food so that they are able to

maintain their immune system and to fi ght disease. A well-fed animal is usually a

healthy animal with a strong immune system. In winter when there is not enough

good quality food, animals can get sick very easily.

Animals that are fed properly are also generally more productive, producing

more milk, growing faster and getting back in calf quicker after calving.

Vitamin and mineral defi ciencies in the diet (e.g. calcium and phosphorus) limit

animal performance (For example, they might not conceive or they might grow

slower or produce less milk). Some defi ciencies actually cause health problems

and diseases (for example abortions). Sometimes animals chew bones or eat soil

or plastics to try to fi nd the mineral they are missing.

Farmers need to make sure that their animals are not suff ering from such

defi ciencies and provide supplements, especially in winter. Supplementation is

the practice of supplying those nutrients, minerals and vitamins that are missing

in the animal’s diet. Diff erent types of licks should be provided at diff erent times of

year to address the defi ciencies that exist at that time. Generally, supplementation

requires that animals have adequate amounts of grass or hay as a basic food, in

addition to the supplement. Supplementation can be provided in the form of

licks. Licks can be supplied in blocks or in a ready mixed meal. Licks often contain

salt, which makes the animals thirsty, so it is important to make sure that they

have access to water.

Animals that are fed properly are also generally more productive, producing

more milk, growing faster and getting back in calf quicker after calving.

What is the importance of good hygiene practices?Hygiene or cleanliness is an important part of keeping your livestock and yourself

healthy. Germs and organisms that cause disease and illness can spread between

sick and healthy animals if you are not careful. Some of the key cases where

hygiene is important are discussed below.


Animal Health

To stop the spread of worms

Worms can spread between your animals so that those that are healthy become

infected with worms from other animals that are already infected. There are some

worms that can pass between diff erent types of animals and even some worms

that can pass between people and animals and the other way round. Tapeworms

are one of the types of worms that spend diff erent parts of their lives in diff erent

types of animals. There are two main types of tapeworms, fi rstly, those that pass

between pigs or cattle and people, (see Figure 1) and secondly, those that pass

between sheep or goats and dogs (see Figure 2).

Figure 1: The life cycle of the tapeworm that passes between people and cattle or pigs

If we start by looking at tapeworms that pass between pigs or cattle and people,

we will see that free-range pigs or cattle can pick up the tape worm eggs while

scavenging for food if they eat human faeces that are contaminated with

tapeworm eggs. People in turn can pick up tapeworms if they eat undercooked

pork or beef from infected pigs or cattle. From this it is clear that we must do two

things to control the tapeworms and prevent infection:

Make sure that we cook meat very well so that we will not become infected

with any tapeworms.

Make sure that we use toilets and/or confi ne pigs or cattle so that they

cannot have access to human faeces.


Animal Health

Figure 2: The life cycle of the tapeworm that passes between dogs and sheep or goats.

We also need to fi nd ways to prevent tapeworms from moving between dogs

and sheep or goats. If dogs are given uncooked meat, especially the heads and

brains of sheep or goats, they sometimes become infected with tapeworms. They

then contaminate the environment with eggs when they defaecate. Grazing

sheep and goats then become infected when they graze contaminated grass and

become infected with the tapeworm eggs, which develop into round, fl uid-fi lled

bags called bladder worms. The bladder worms sometimes lodge in the sheep’s

or goat’s brain and this causes them to show brain damage (such as walking in

circles).

In order to prevent this happening to your sheep and goats:

Never feed the undercooked/uncooked brain or head of sheep or goats to

dogs

Deworm your dogs regularly (at least twice a year).


Animal Health

To stop the spread of disease

Many diseases are caused by germs that can spread the disease if we are not

careful. For example, if we treat an abscess on an animal then we need to

take action to dispose of the pus by burning or burying it so that it does not

contaminate the environment and cause abscesses in other animals.

It is also important to remember that foetuses and afterbirth from animals that

have aborted could be full of the germs that caused them to abort, and if we

leave them lying on the ground they can contaminate the environment and aff ect

other animals. It is important that aborted foetuses and afterbirth are disposed

of by burning.

In order to stop the spread of diseases between animals you should also wash

your hands with soap and water after handling a sick animal. In the same way,

you should also wash your hands between each cow that you are milking in order

to prevent the spread of mastitis.

Even more importantly, you need to stop the spread of germs and disease from

the animals that you handle to yourself. If you are handling sick animals or

aborted foetuses, you should wear gloves or cover your hands in a plastic packet

to prevent yourself from touching the infected item. To prevent further spread of

the disease, you should burn the gloves once you have fi nished your task.

If you do not have gloves, then you should at least make sure that you wash your

hands with water and soap once you have fi nished handling the animal and

defi nitely before you handle any food or shake hands or touch someone else.


Animal Health


Sicknesses/Diseases

Sicknesses/Diseases

Why do I need to understand what causes diseases?A farmer who knows what has caused an animal to get sick will also know how

to treat that animal correctly or will fi nd it easy to get advice on how to treat the

animal.

By knowing what causes a disease, the farmer is better able to know what risk

there is for his or her animals. For instance, if animals are infested with lots of ticks

they are more likely to encounter diseases that are caused by ticks – although

even a single tick bite from an infected tick can cause a disease such as Redwater.

Knowing what causes disease also helps a farmer to decide whether a sick animal

will put his or her other animals at risk. A cow that has diarrhoea, for example,

has probably been infected with a germ that will come out in the faeces and

can contaminate other cows. Knowing this, a farmer may want to treat diarrhoea

early in his or her herd and isolate aff ected animals to prevent the spread of the

disease and the loss of young animals especially.

What causes sicknesses/diseases? An animal can only get sick if something causes it to get sick. There are three

main causes of disease in animals: germs such as bacteria and viruses, parasites

such as ticks, lice and worms, and diseases of body functions, such as Milk Fever

and Rickets.

Germs

There are millions of diff erent kinds of germs that can cause many diff erent kinds

of disease. These germs live all around us in the air, water and soil but are so small

that we are not able to see them with our eyes. The immune systems of animals

work most of the time to stop these germs from causing disease but they cannot

fi ght them eff ectively when there are a lot of one kind of germ in the area where

the animals stay or if an animal’s immune system has been weakened. Under

these conditions, the animals have a greater chance of becoming sick with the

disease that the germs cause.

Sick animals and people have many germs inside them, which is what has

caused them to become sick. They can spread these germs to other animals and

2This section looks at different causes of disease and how you can tell what might be causing the animal to get sick.


Sicknesses/Diseases

sometimes people through saliva, breath, faeces or pus, depending on the kind

of germ. With some diseases, like those caused by ticks, the disease spreads when

a tick from an infected animal bites another animal.

Some diseases caused by germs can be treated easily with medicines if the farmer

is able to identify what is wrong with an animal. However, there are some kinds of

diseases that Western medicine is not able to treat once the animal is contaminated.

With some of these, the animal can develop an immune response once it has the

sickness that prevents it from getting too sick in the future. However, it is best

with many of these diseases to prevent the animal from becoming sick by using

a vaccination. Some of the germs causing these diseases are so dangerous that

if an animal becomes sick from these germs, government says the farmer should

slaughter that animal (for example Foot and Mouth Disease). Indeed, some are

so serious that the carcasses of these animals should not be eaten but burnt and

buried to prevent the germs from spreading to more animals or even to people,

which is the case with diseases such as Anthrax.

Parasites that live inside and on the outside of your animals

There are parasites that live on the outside of animals, such as ticks and lice –

they are known as external parasites. There are also parasites that live inside the

animal, such as worms – these are known as internal parasites.

Parasites such as ticks, worms and lice are not the same as germs as they are

generally big enough for us to see. There are some parasites that are too small

to see, such as the mites that cause skin diseases such as mange and sheep scab.

Parasites cause animals to get sick in many ways, including:

• They feed off the animal’s blood causing anaemia.

• They cause damage to the animal when they bite it. Ticks biting a cow’s udder

can cause damage to the udder, sometimes destroying it so that the cow

cannot feed her calf. Diff erent types of ticks cause diff erent levels of damage.

For example, Bont ticks, have very long mouth parts that cause abscesses,

while Brown ear ticks infest livestock very heavily, resulting in extreme

damage. Mange mites cause skin irritation, which results in a loss of hair.

• Some parasites carry germs that go into the animal as the parasite is feeding.

It is then these germs that cause the animal to get sick. Ticks are like a taxi for

the germs that cause Redwater, Heartwater and Gall-sickness in cattle and

goats.

See Figure 3 on the facing page for pictures of some ticks.


Sicknesses/Diseases

Figure 3: Bont ticks (left) transmit Heartwater while Blue ticks (right) transmit

Redwater.

(Source: Jenny Turton (1999) Tick borne diseases in ruminants) – http://www.nda.agric.za/

docs/Ticks/ticks.htm)

How can I control parasites?Parasites can be controlled with:

• Stock remedies and medicines (for example tick dips and dewormers)

• Preventative management.

Controlling parasites with stock remedies and medicines

Parasites can be controlled by treating your animal with stock remedies. There

are diff erent products available – they include dips for ticks, dewormers for

worms and other internal parasites and injectable products that kill both ticks

and worms.

If you do not use the remedies correctly, they stop working properly and do

not kill the ticks or worms that they are supposed to control. This is because the

parasites build up resistance to the product. You must prevent this happening by

using them at the correct strength – so always follow instructions carefully and

do not underdose or use weak dip mixture. If you see that the dip or dewormer is

becoming less eff ective at killing the parasites, you should change to a product

that contains a diff erent active ingredient.

It is recommended that in order to prevent worms becoming resistant to

chemicals, you should only treat animals that show symptoms of being infected.

There are fi ve key signs of worms that you can look for in sheep and goats:

• Pale eye membranes (e.g. Wireworms)

• A swelling below the jaw (e.g. Flukes)

• Diarrhoea (any worms)

• Poor condition (e.g. Bankrupt worm)

• A nasal discharge (e.g. Nasal bot)

• Segments in the dung (e.g. Tapeworms).


Sicknesses/Diseases

Use a broad-spectrum product if you see one of these signs in your animal. You

should also check your animal after a few days to see whether the treatment has

been eff ective.

Stock remedies are useful to treat animals in order to get rid of parasites, while

medicines can be used to treat animals that are sick with diseases that are carried

by parasites. If an animal does become ill from a tick-borne disease, it must be

treated otherwise it will die.

Preventative management to control worms

Medicines by themselves cannot control all parasites. It’s also important to

prevent by using measures such as breaking their lifecycle. With worms in cattle,

sheep and goats, you can break the lifecycle by rotating grazing camps to prevent

worm infestation.

Worms lay eggs that pass out in the faeces and hatch. If you dose your animals

and prevent them from grazing on areas where the worm eggs have just hatched,

they will not become re-infected. Once you have dosed them, you should always

try to move them to a “clean” area where they will not be re-infected. Other ways

of preventing worm infection in cattle, sheep and goats include deworming dogs

and people regularly. See Figure 4 for diagram of lifecycle.

Figure 4: Life cycle of a round worm.


Sicknesses/Diseases

Preventative management to control ticks

Understanding the life cycles of diff erent ticks also helps you understand not only

how to control them more eff ectively, but the risks that they pose. For example,

some ticks spend most of their lives on one animal (e.g. Blue ticks), while others

move from one animal to another during their lifespan (e.g. Bont ticks) – they are

said to have more than one host. Such ticks can spread disease from one animal

to another. With ticks that move from one animal to another, it is important that

your neighbours also control ticks on their animals. See Figure 5 for some key tick

control measures.

Try to use dips that do not

kill oxpecker birds as they

help control ticks

When mixing dips make

sure that they are the

correct strength because

weak dip will not work and

dip that it too concentrated

could burn the skin or even

kill the animal

Try not to dip or use pour-on dips on young

calves (less than 6 months old) because

they need to be bitten by ticks in order to

be protected against the diseases that ticks

carry.

Rather apply tick grease to parts of the

calf that are heavily infested with ticks,

especially the udders of heifers.

Make sure that you use

the correct dose when

applying a pour-on dip –

Do not underdose or the

dip will stop working and

do not overdose as this

could damage the skin or

make the animal sick!

If ticks are a big problem in your area, then you should dip all your livestock in late July, again in

October and then again in November. This will prevent an ‘explosion’ of ticks. You will still need to dip

if you see lots of ticks on your livestock.

Don’t let this happen to

your animals! The udder

of an animal in this

condition will be severely

damaged, it is likely to become

sick and it might even die!

!A

RC

-On

de

rste

po

ort

Ve

teri

na

ry I

nst

itu

te

Figure 5: Key tick control measures.


Sicknesses/Diseases

It is also important to apply dip to cattle that have died from a tick-borne disease

because all the ticks on that animal will be infected with the disease. By dipping

the animal, the farmer will prevent these infected ticks from biting other cattle

and infecting them with the disease.

Animals can also develop an immune response to some of these tick-borne

diseases over a period of time. This happens with livestock when they are allowed

to have some ticks on them but not so many that they become very ill. To help

develop this immunity, the farmer should not dip young calves until they are 6

months of age except for the udders of heifers or other heavy tick infestations.

Livestock owners should also not dip their animals too often as it is better for

them to have some ticks, but not so many that they cause damage.

Indigenous breeds of livestock are hardier and less susceptible to ticks and tick-

borne diseases. However, if moved into a new area with diff erent challenges,

even indigenous animals may still get sick and die.

What kinds of symptoms of diseases are there? Symptoms help us to identify what is causing our animal to get ill. Symptoms

of disease could for example be a high temperature, red urine and anaemia. A

farmer will look at the symptoms as well as other factors to help assess the cause

of illness.

These factors can include:

• The number of ticks

• The time of year (when there are suddenly a lot of ticks or very green grass)

• Whether the animal has suddenly become ill or has been slowly getting sick

over time

• Whether the neighbors have had any sick animals

• The state of the dung or faeces.

Some diseases cause animals to have symptoms that are visible and easily

recognisable. For instance, an animal with Redwater will produce red urine.

However, some diseases do not show visible or easily identifi able symptoms.

Sometimes an animal just doesn’t want to eat and is lazy to move around. This

animal might be sick but it is diffi cult to know what is causing it to get sick because

its symptoms are not specifi c. This is when factors help the farmer to decide what

the symptoms might mean. Over time, farmers will learn more and more about


Sicknesses/Diseases

using symptoms and factors to help determine what disease an animal has and

will get better at diagnosing diseases in time.

Many farmers and vets can tell very quickly what caused an animal to get sick

once the animal has died. They can cut open the animal and look at the brain or

liver or stomach and identify the type of disease that killed the animal. This helps

confi rm a diagnosis.

Warning!

Anthrax is one disease where vets advise farmers not to cut

open the animal and just to bury the carcass. By cutting open

the carcass of an animal that has died of anthrax, the farmer is

allowing all the anthrax germs in the carcass to escape onto the ground

ready to contaminate other animals and humans at another time.

!

How do I take my animal’s temperature?If you think your animal is sick, you should take its temperature. The normal

body temperature for most animals is between 38 and 39.5°C. If the animal’s

temperature is higher than this, then it shows that the animal is sick and you will

need to treat it appropriately. If the temperature is lower than normal, it shows

that the animal is very sick and likely to die.

You need to have a digital thermometer in

order to take the animal’s temperature. For

most animals, you take the temperature by

inserting a thermometer into the animal’s

rectum. You must wait a minute before

reading the thermometer. Remember to

be gentle when inserting the rectum so as

to prevent causing any wounds that can

result in infections.

How do I check for anaemia?A number of diff erent diseases and parasites cause anaemia. Anaemia is a

condition where the blood of the aff ected animal is not as thick as it should be.

Some diseases break down cells in the blood, leading to anaemia. Some worms

in the animal’s intestine feed on the animal’s blood resulting in a loss of blood,

which in turn causes anaemia.

Figure 6: How to take my

animal’s temperature.


Sicknesses/Diseases

How do I check for anaemia in cattle, dogs and horses?

Anaemia is a symptom of a number of tick-borne diseases that aff ect horses and

dogs (e.g. Biliary) as well as cattle (e.g. Redwater or Gall-sickness). It is possible

to check the animal’s eye membranes and gums to see if it is anaemic. In female

animals, you can also check the colour of the membranes of the vulva.

How do I check for anaemia in goats

and sheep?

In goats and sheep especially, anaemia is often

caused by a certain type of roundworm called

wireworm. Heavy infestations of wireworm

can result in the death of the animal (It is

important to know that there are other types

of worms that do not cause anaemia, but

which still need to be controlled).

You can look at the inner membranes of the

eye to see whether the animal is anaemic

(Figure 7). If they are bright pink or red, the

animal is healthy, but if they are pale pink or

even white, then it is anaemic and needs to be

treated for worms (Figure 8). Figure 7: Checking anaemia by looking in the eyes.

1 2 3 4

Figure 8: The colour of the membranes of the eyes shows the level of anaemia – totally white (1) and slightly pink (2), which

require treatment, and pink (3) and very red (4), which do not require treatment

(Malan F.S., Van Wyk J.A. and Wessels C.D., 2001. Clinical evaluation of anaemia in sheep: Early Trials. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 68, 165-174.).


Treatment of Sicknesses/Diseases


What kinds of treatment are available? Some treatments prevent the animal from ever getting the disease while others

treat the disease once the animal is already sick.

Vaccinations prevent animals from getting the disease by giving the animal a

small and weakened amount of the germ that causes the diseases. This allows the

animal to develop its own immunity to fi ght the disease in the future but does

not put the animal at any risk of getting too sick. Some vaccines must be given

every year, like the vaccine for Black quarter and Lumpy Skin. Others can be given

once only and the immunity lasts for the animal’s whole life, such as the vaccine

for Contagious Abortion.

Farmers can enquire from the state veterinarian what vaccines are provided by

government for free to assist them in controlling certain diseases. For example,

the vaccine Blanthrax vaccinates against Black Quarter and Anthrax, while the CA

vaccine vaccinates against Contagious Abortion.

Some diseases can be prevented through prevention management. For example,

a farmer can reduce the risk of cattle getting Redwater by dipping them regularly

with the right quantities of dip before, during and after the tick season. Prevention

management can also be used together with other treatments. For instance, a

farmer can move his or her cattle to new grazing areas where there are no worms

and dose them for worms every few months to prevent the poor condition worms

cause, or they can check

the colour of the inner

membrane in the eye, in

order to treat only those

animals aff ected.

Figure 9: Some simple

equipment that you can use

to dose your goats for worms.

3 This section looks at different kinds of treatments that Western medicine can offer. Many farmers use traditional medicines very successfully. Western medicine can contribute to the health of these farmers’ livestock. New farmers must make sure they understand how traditional and Western medicine works, how much medicine should be given and how to give it before using any medicine.

This section gives advice about how to use Western treatments and why they must be used only in the way directed.



If a disease cannot be prevented by vaccination or preventative management, it

can usually be treated with medicine. There are many diff erent kinds of medicine

and it is important that the farmer knows what is wrong with his or her livestock

before buying and using medicine. A very commonly used medicine that is not a

vaccine is an antibiotic, such as Terramycin. These are used for illnesses that will

come back from time to time, like Mastitis or sores that have a lot of pus in them.

What must you think about when treating an animal?You will either be preventing your animals from getting sick or you will be treating

an animal that is already sick. If you are treating a sick animal, you must have

some ideas about what is wrong with it in order to treat it eff ectively. Once you

have some ideas about what is causing your animal to get sick, you need to think

about the following issues:

• What drugs are required? Make sure you buy or obtain the correct

medicines to treat the animal. The incorrect medicine will not help the

animal.

• How much medicine must be given? Most medicines are given according

to the weight of the animal. A small animal is given a small amount and a big

animal is given more. It’s important to know the approximate weight of the

animal you are treating so that you can work out how much medicine the

animal needs. Too much of some medicines, like the treatment for an animal

with Redwater, can very easily kill your animal while other types of medicines

will stop working if you don’t give the animal enough

to kill the germs.

A farmer can purchase a weight band that

will give him or her a way of measuring

how heavy the animal is. Weight

bands are available for cattle, goats,

pigs and horses. The band is placed

around the body of the animal

behind the shoulders (heart girth)

and the measurement is read from

the band, like a tape measure.

At the end of this manual is a

guideline table that will give you an

idea of how much animals weigh and

how much medicine you need to give

to a particular animal.

Figure 10: Reading a weight band to see how heavy your goat is.

that

g



Figure 11: Using a cattle weight band to

determine the weight of the animal.

• How is the medicine given? Diff erent

medicines are given in diff erent ways.

Some medicines can only be given in

the mouth, others require injections

and others must be placed on the

outside of the animal’s body. It’s very

important to know how the medicine

is given because some medicines that

can help your animal if they are put

on the skin can poison your animal if

it is put in its mouth.

• Where do I inject my animal? There are three types of injections that can

be given depending on the medicine you are using.

The fi rst type of injection is an intra muscular injection, which must be given

deep into the muscle of the animal. If more than 20ml is needed at once,

the animal must be injected in two diff erent places. This injection is usually

given on the rump of the animal away from the spine near the back where

there is a lot of muscle.

Figure 12: Where and how to give an intramuscular injection – this is an injection right into the muscle.



The second kind of injection is one

that is given just below the skin.

This is known as a subcutaneous

injection. The needle can be bent

slightly and the skin squashed

between the fi ngers to raise it so

that the needle can slide under the

skin without going into the muscle.

This is usually given on the neck of

the animal where some loose skin

can be found.

Figure 13: How to give a subcutaneous

injection – this is an injection just under the

skin.

The third type of injection is intravenous, which is given straight into a vein. This

method gets the medicine all over the body very fast. However, it is a diffi cult

injection to give because veins are diffi cult to fi nd in a sick animal and you must be

very careful not to push the medicine in too fast. This can kill the animal. However,

if the animal is so sick that it is already lying down, then the farmer should give

an intravenous because the other injections may take too long to work. There are

big veins on the animal’s neck and near a cow’s udder (Farmers can ask a state vet

for demonstration or assistance with regard to this type of injection as it can be

deadly if not done properly – it is also only suitable for certain types of medicine).

• What kind of needle and syringe should I use? Always use very sharp

needles and syringes that are either new or have been boiled in water

to sterilise them. A dirty needle will give the animal you are injecting the

disease of the animal it was last used on. A dirty syringe could contaminate

the medicine you are trying to give your animal. In this way, instead of

treating your animal, you could make it even sicker. Boiling needles and

syringes allows the farmer to re-use them safely. However, they should be

boiled immediately after being used. The farmer must also watch that the

needle does not get rusted, which happens after it’s been boiled more than

three times. A needle that is rusted must be thrown away carefully so that

children and other animals cannot touch it.

Vaccinations should be given with a new needle so that the rust does not

aff ect the vaccine.

• When injecting cattle, use a 20cc syringe and an 18 gauge needle.

• When injecting goats, use a 10cc syringe and an 18 gauge needle.



• When injecting chickens, use a 2cc syringe and a 20 gauge needle.

• When injecting pigs a 20cc and an 18 gauge needle for sows, boars and

gilts.

• When injecting pigs a 10cc or 2cc and an 18 gauge needle or 20 gauge

needle for piglets, porkers and baconers (Dependent on size of pig).

The best needle and syringe for vaccinations, which are usually subcutaneous,

is a steel half inch needle with a 15 gauge Roux syringe. This makes

vaccinating a much easier task. However, vaccinating can be done with the

needles and syringes suggested above.

What medicine should I buy?There are many things to think about when buying medicine. The following are

important questions to ask: Which medicine do I need for the diseases my animals

get? Is the cheapest medicine the best one to buy? Does this medicine have to

be kept in a fridge? When will this medicine expire? How many doses does this

bottle have in it?

There are two types of antibiotics. The fi rst type is known as a short-acting

antibiotic. It enters the blood quickly but does not remain in the blood for much

time and requires an injection to be given every day for at least three days. Short-

acting antibiotics must be given to animals sick with diseases that develop very

fast, like Heartwater. The second type is known as a long-acting (LA) antibiotic,

which enters the blood very slowly and works for longer. In some instances, a

single injection may be enough, in other cases it may be necessary to repeat the

injection after 3 days. Long-acting antibiotics can be given to animals that are

sick with diseases that get worse slowly, such as Pneumonia or Mastitis.

Sometimes when a farmer buys medicine like a vaccine, the shopkeeper will give

him or her a packet of ice in which to take the medicine home. This means that

the medicine cannot be kept out of a fridge for more than a few minutes at a

time. If the farmer does not have a fridge to store this medicine, it must be given

to the animal that same day. Medicine that needs to be kept cold cannot be kept

in a freezer or it will stop working.

Many shops sell bottles of medicine that can treat many cattle but have to be

used within a fairly short time after opening. The farmer will realise that he or she

may be wasting money buying such medicine knowing that there are few cattle

to treat. In this situation, the farmer must ask the shop if it can sell a portion of

the medicine. However, most shops will not do this. Another option is to share a

bottle of medicine with enough neighbours so that it is all used before it expires.



Therefore, when buying medicine, consider the following:

• How much medicine must be given in one injection?

• How long does one injection last?

• Which type of medicine is needed?

• Can the medicine be stored in a cupboard or does it need a very cold place

e.g. a fridge?

• How many animals can be dosed with the medicine in this bottle?

• When will this medicine expire?

Sometimes a disease will not be cured by the kind of medicine that you can

buy at the cooperative and you may need to visit a vet to get a diff erent kind of

medicine that only a vet can sell.

How do I store medicine?The most important thing about storing medicine is that the farmer must make

certain that small children cannot go anywhere near the bottles and containers.

Some of them are very dangerous poisons and they will cause children to get

sick and even die. They should therefore either be stored in a cupboard out of the

children’s reach or in a cupboard or room that is kept locked at all times.

The next most important thing to remember about storing medicines is that too

much light or sun will destroy that part of the medicine that works to treat the

animal. Medicine should therefore be stored in a place like a cupboard in a room

where no sun can shine on to it, e.g. Ivomec.

It is also important for the farmer to check expiry dates so that he or she does not

give animals medicine that can no longer help them.

However, there are some medicines that require cold storage, especially live

vaccines or vaccines that must be mixed with water. These must be kept either

in a fridge or surrounded by ice in a cooler bag (Note: They should not be kept in a

freezer!). They must also be kept in the shade and not in the sun on the day the

farmer is preparing to use them if he or she is not ready to inject immediately.

It is also important that containers containing medicine are clearly marked,

especially if you buy small amounts of medicine from someone and they are not

in the original container. They need to be marked with the name of the product as

well as the date when it will expire, which you will get from the original container.



How do I know which animals keep getting sick?Some form of identifi cation of individual animals is important to check if treatment

has worked, so that you can keep a record of which animals you have treated and

to see if the medicine is working. If your records show that you are spending a lot

of money on a particular animal, you might decide to sell it.

How should I handle and use vaccines?

General tips when vaccinating cattle, sheep and goats

Make sure that the vaccine you buy has been transported and stored

correctly or it will not work properly or at all

Use the correct method of administration

Once mixed, use the vaccine immediately

Check withdrawal period (i.e. recommended time between vaccination and

slaughter of the animal)

Sterilise syringes and needles by boiling in water for 15 minutes before use

Ideally you should use a separate needle for each animal to prevent spread

of disease

If vaccinating pregnant animals, check the vaccine directions carefully

because it might result in abortion

Do not vaccinate animals that are sick

Always give full set of injections where applicable (African Horse Sickness,

Bluetongue) and at recommended intervals

Store vaccines in a refrigerator – do not freeze!

Do not use after expiry date printed on the bottle

For vaccinations that come as a freeze dried pellet, use only the supplied

liquid to dissolve them – do not use tap water as the chlorine will kill the

vaccine

Make sure vaccine is not exposed to high temperatures or sunlight

Administer vaccine as instructed (subcutaneous or intramuscular injection).

General tips when vaccinating chickens

In addition to the tips above, you should also follow the following rules:

Vaccinate all chickens on the same premises at the same time

Do not open and mix vaccine until you are ready to vaccinate



Do not use metal dishes for mixing vaccine – use plastic dishes

Use cold, clean, unchlorinated water (not tap water) for mixing vaccines

Provide suffi cient containers so that all of the birds can drink at one time

Take water away from the chickens the night before you plan to vaccinate

them so that they become thirsty – then vaccinate them in the morning

Open the vaccine bottle under the water

Avoid exposing the vaccine mixture to sunlight

Do not provide any other drinking water until all of the vaccine mixture has

been consumed

Add non-fat dry milk (skim milk powder) to the water if you are using

chlorinated water.

How do I transport vaccines?

Vaccines need to be kept cold but can also be damaged by freezing. If you are

carrying a vaccine home from the shop then it is best to wrap it in newspaper, put

it in a plastic bag and then put it in a cool box with a frozen ice pack.

What basic medicines and equipment should I always have on hand?It is important that you have easy access to the basic medicines and equipment

so that you can keep your fl ock healthy and treat a sick animal promptly so as to

prevent death.

Essential equipment

The following equipment is essential for healthcare of your animals:

• Knapsack sprayer – to spray animals to control external parasites, mainly ticks

• Scale or weight belt – to determine how much your animals weigh

• Rectal digital thermometer – to take your animal’s temperature in order to

diagnose infection

• Syringes (5cc, 10cc, 20cc) – size depending on animals you are injecting

• New needles – for giving injections (18 gauge for cattle, 20 gauge for goats/

sheep)

• Plastic gloves or plastic packets – for handling aborted foetuses or abscesses

• Dosing nozzle.



The following items are recommended for general management:

• Burdizzo – to castrate male animals

• Elastrator – to castrate young lambs and kids (less than 10 days of age) or

dock the tails of young lambs

• Ear tag applicator – to insert ear tags

• Hoof trimmers – to trim overgrown hooves

• Tattoo applicator – to tattoo pigs, sheep and goats

• Branding tool – to brand cattle

• Dosing gun – to give de-wormers to cattle, sheep and goats

• Large syringe for drenching/dosing sheep/goats (20cc, 50cc)

• Long plastic gloves for assisting sows or cows having diffi culty calving/

farrowing

• Soft tube – for emergency feeding of animals mainly kids and lambs

• Feeding bottle – for feeding orphans or weak lambs, kids or piglets.

The following items are needed specifi cally by pig farmers:

• Teeth clipper – to cut piglets’ teeth

• Tail docking scissors – for tail docking in pigs

• Colostrum (e.g. Immulin P) for assisting in cases where some piglets did not

receive any from the sow.

Key medicines

The farmer should always have these medicines on hand:

• Antibiotic eye powder (can also be used as a wound powder)

• Broad-spectrum de-wormer

• Dip (pour-on or conventional one to be mixed with water)

• Wound spray with fl y repellent – to treat wounds, ears after tagging, etc

• Injectable antibiotic such as Terramycin or Hi-Tet

• Redwater injectable treatment

• Sulphur-based injectable drug – to treat Coccidiosis, Pneumonia or foot-rot

• Iodine spray – for external treatment of Fowlpox, wounds, footrot and navels.


Information About Specifi c Sicknesses/Diseases

In

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nta

inin

g w

hit

e o

r ye

llow

clo

ts o

r p

us.

Ca

n c

au

se t

he

de

ath

of

the

qu

art

er

or

eve

n t

he

an

ima

l if

no

t

tre

ate

d.

On

ce a

co

w h

as

ha

d M

ast

itis

, it

is m

ore

su

sce

pti

ble

to

ge

ttin

g it

ag

ain

.

Re

me

mb

er

tha

t to

o m

an

y ti

cks

on

a c

ow

or

he

ife

r’s

ud

de

rs c

an

als

o r

uin

th

e u

dd

er.

Th

e u

dd

ers

of

cow

s a

nd

he

ife

rs m

ust

be

dip

pe

d e

spe

cia

lly r

eg

ula

rly

wh

en

th

ere

are

a lo

t o

f ti

cks.

Infe

cte

d q

ua

rte

rs a

re a

se

rio

us

sou

rce

of

infe

ctio

n f

or

oth

er

qu

art

ers

an

d c

ow

s. S

o, m

ilk

the

co

w/s

wit

h M

ast

itis

aft

er

all

the

oth

er

cow

s h

ave

be

en

milk

ed

. Als

o, m

ilk t

he

infe

cte

d

ud

de

r a

fte

r m

ilkin

g t

he

oth

ers

.

Th

is h

elp

s st

op

Ma

stit

is f

rom

spre

ad

ing

.

Wa

sh h

an

ds

an

d u

dd

ers

care

fully

eve

ry t

ime

yo

u m

ilk.

Alw

ays

milk

co

ws

tha

t h

ave

mo

re m

ilk t

ha

n t

he

ca

lf c

an

dri

nk

. A s

wo

llen

ud

de

r w

ith

to

o

mu

ch m

ilk w

ill c

au

se m

ast

itis

.

Tre

at

wo

un

ds

on

th

e u

dd

er

wit

h

Iod

ine

sp

ray.

Allo

w t

he

ca

lf t

o s

uck

le a

fte

r

milk

ing

as

this

he

lps

pre

ven

t

Ma

stit

is.

Inse

rt a

n in

tra

-ma

mm

ary

inje

ctio

n li

ke P

en

dic

lox

Blu

e

into

th

e in

fect

ed

te

at.

To in

sert

me

dic

ine

into

th

e t

ea

t:

Milk

th

e c

ow

ou

t co

mp

lete

ly.

Cle

an

th

e t

ea

t o

f th

e a

ff e

cte

d

qu

art

er

we

ll w

ith

me

thyl

ate

d

spir

its

or

ho

t w

ate

r. U

se o

ne

tub

e p

er

tea

t. P

ush

me

dic

ine

de

ep

into

th

e u

dd

er

by

ma

ssa

gin

g t

he

qu

art

er

up

wa

rds.

Tre

atm

en

t ca

n b

e r

ep

ea

ted

fo

r

thre

e c

on

secu

tive

milk

ing

s if

ne

cess

ary

.

You

ca

n a

lso

inje

ct t

he

co

w w

ith

a lo

ng

act

ing

an

tib

ioti

c su

ch a

s

Terr

am

ycin

LA

or

Hi-

Tet

20

0 L

A.

Hi-

tet

20

0 L

A d

osa

ge

:

• In

tra

mu

scu

lar

inje

ctio

n.

• 1

ml/

10

kg li

vem

ass

• R

ep

ea

t in

ject

ion

aft

er

3 d

ays

if

ne

cess

ary

.

• R

em

em

be

r to

inje

ct n

ot

mo

re

tha

n 2

0m

l in

to o

ne

sit

e a

nd

the

oth

er

ha

lf in

a n

ew

sit

e.

WA

RN

ING

! D

o n

ot

dri

nk

the

mil

k f

rom

co

ws

tha

t

ha

ve

be

en

tre

ate

d –

ad

he

re

to t

he

re

com

me

nd

ed

wit

hd

raw

al

pe

rio

d.

W t h

!



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Sco

urs

or

dia

rrh

oe

a

Fig

ure

17

: Si

gn

s o

f d

iarr

ho

ea.

Dia

rrh

oe

a c

an

be

th

e s

ymp

tom

of

a d

ise

ase

.

Th

ere

are

ma

ny

diff

ere

nt

cau

ses

of

sco

urs

an

d e

ach

on

e c

an

ca

use

a d

iff e

ren

t k

ind

of

run

ny

sto

ma

ch. T

he

y ca

n

incl

ud

e:

• S

mo

oth

, ye

llow

dia

rrh

oe

a

• S

mo

oth

, wh

ite

dia

rrh

oe

a

• W

hit

ish

dia

rrh

oe

a w

ith

lum

ps

of

thin

sk

in in

it

• R

ed

or

bro

wn

dia

rrh

oe

a,

wh

ich

may

me

an

blo

od

in it

.

Re

gu

lar

tre

atm

en

t fo

r w

orm

s

will

pre

ven

t sc

ou

rs c

au

sed

by

wo

rms.

Co

nsi

de

r v

acc

ina

tin

g a

ga

inst

pa

raty

ph

oid

. Th

is w

ill h

elp

pre

ven

t d

iarr

ho

ea

in s

ligh

tly

old

er

calv

es,

1-2

mo

nth

s o

ld.

Alt

ern

ati

vely

, va

ccin

ate

mo

the

r

wit

h E

-Co

li v

acc

ine

a m

on

th

be

fore

ca

lvin

g t

o h

elp

pre

ven

t

calv

es

of

less

th

an

on

e m

on

th

ge

ttin

g d

iarr

ho

ea

.

In h

an

d-r

ea

rin

g c

alv

es,

kid

s

an

d la

mb

s, c

lea

n b

ott

les,

bu

cke

ts e

tc w

ell

an

d k

ee

p

go

od

ge

ne

ral h

ygie

ne

me

asu

res.

A g

oo

d g

en

era

l tre

atm

en

t is

a m

ix

of

on

e s

po

on

sa

lt, 8

sp

oo

ns

sug

ar

in o

ne

litr

e o

f cl

ea

n, w

arm

wa

ter.

For

you

ng

an

ima

ls t

ha

t h

ave

no

t

be

en

we

an

ed

, fe

ed

th

is m

ixtu

re

twic

e a

day

inst

ea

d o

f m

ilk (

bu

t

no

t fo

r m

ore

th

an

th

ree

day

s).

If s

cou

rs is

du

e t

o a

n in

fect

ion

of

the

gu

t (b

loo

d in

th

e s

cou

rs),

th

en

inje

ct w

ith

a lo

ng

act

ing

an

ti-

bio

tic

or

giv

e a

do

se o

f te

rra

myc

in

po

wd

er

mix

ed

wit

h w

ate

r.

Hi-

Tet

20

0 L

A d

osa

ge

:

• In

tra

mu

scu

lar

inje

ctio

n.

• 1

ml/

10

kg li

vem

ass

.

• R

ep

ea

t a

fte

r 3

day

s if

ne

cess

ary

.

Terr

am

ycin

po

wd

er

do

sag

e:

• M

ix w

ith

wa

ter

an

d g

ive

as

a

dri

nk

.

• 1

leve

l te

asp

oo

n p

ow

de

r/7

kg

live

ma

ss.

• R

ep

ea

t d

aily

fo

r 3

to

5 d

ays.

Imm

od

ium

ta

ble

ts f

or

3-5

day

s

• C

alv

es:

2 p

er

day

• K

ids:

0.5

pe

r d

ay



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Co

ccid

iosi

s T

he

liv

e a

nim

al

Th

is d

ise

ase

no

rma

lly a

ff e

cts

you

ng

an

ima

ls.

Th

e a

nim

al p

rod

uce

s sl

imy,

blo

od

y sc

ou

rs b

eca

use

th

e

dis

ea

se a

tta

cks

the

lin

ing

of

the

sto

ma

ch, i

nte

stin

es,

lun

gs

an

d m

ou

th.

Th

e a

nim

al g

ets

ve

ry t

hin

an

d w

ea

k a

nd

th

e in

sid

e o

f

its

eye

lids,

mo

uth

an

d v

ag

ina

are

wh

ite

be

cau

se it

is lo

sin

g

blo

od

.

Th

e d

ea

d a

nim

al

Tin

y, g

reyi

sh-w

hit

e s

po

ts a

re

oft

en

vis

ible

in t

he

mu

cou

s

me

mb

ran

e o

f th

e s

ma

ll

inte

stin

e.

Gu

ts fi

lled

wit

h fl

uid

an

d

blo

od

.

Oft

en

to

do

wit

h w

et

en

vir

on

me

nt,

so

ke

ep

dry

.

Giv

e S

ulf

azi

ne

16

% a

s a

dri

nk

.

Su

lfa

zin

e 1

6%

do

sag

e:

• In

itia

lly g

ive

14

ml/

10

kg li

vem

ass

• T

he

n g

ive

7m

l/1

0kg

da

ily f

or

two

day

s

Oth

er

tre

atm

en

ts

Imm

od

ium

fo

r 3

-5 d

ays

• C

alv

es:

2 t

ab

lets

pe

r d

ay

• K

ids:

0.5

ta

ble

ts p

er

day

Ve

coxa

n:

• La

mb

s/k

ids:

1m

l/2

.5kg

live

ma

ss

bo

dy

we

igh

t a

t a

bo

ut

4-6

we

eks

of

ag

e (

Tre

at

all

lam

bs

of

the

fl o

ck).

• C

alv

es:

1m

l/2

.5kg

live

ma

ss

ad

min

iste

red

as

a s

ing

le

do

se (

14

day

s a

fte

r m

ov

ing

into

a p

ote

nti

ally

hig

h r

isk

en

vir

on

me

nt)

.



Sick

nes

s/di

seas

es m

ain

ly a

ffect

ing

catt

le

Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

An

thra

x

Th

e l

ive

an

ima

l

Th

e a

nim

al o

fte

n d

ies

sud

de

nly

,

wit

h n

o s

ymp

tom

s h

avin

g b

ee

n

see

n e

ven

a f

ew

ho

urs

be

fore

.

Th

e d

ea

d a

nim

al

Th

ick

, da

rk b

loo

d is

se

en

com

ing

fro

m t

he

an

ima

l’s

no

stri

ls a

nd

an

us.

Th

is d

ise

ase

ca

n in

fect

pe

op

le

so t

he

ca

rca

ss m

ust

be

bu

rie

d o

r

bu

rnt

an

d n

ot

ea

ten

.

Th

e c

arc

ass

mu

st n

ot

be

cu

t

op

en

or

it w

ill r

ele

ase

ge

rms

tha

t a

ff e

ct t

he

su

rro

un

din

g a

rea

.

An

ima

ls s

ho

uld

be

va

ccin

ate

d

wit

h B

lan

thra

x w

hic

h w

ill

pro

tect

th

em

fro

m b

oth

an

thra

x

an

d B

lack

qu

art

er.

Bla

nth

rax

do

sag

e:

• S

ub

cuta

ne

ou

s in

ject

ion

• 2

ml u

nd

er

the

sk

in.

• R

ep

ea

t th

e in

ject

ion

on

ce a

yea

r.

• Fi

rst

do

se a

t 6

mo

nth

s o

ld if

mo

the

r w

as

va

ccin

ate

d a

nd

less

th

an

6 m

on

ths

of

ag

e if

mo

the

r w

as

no

t v

acc

ina

ted

.

Th

ere

is n

ot

no

rma

lly e

no

ug

h

tim

e t

o t

rea

t th

e a

nim

al s

o

pre

ven

tio

n is

ess

en

tia

l.

Wa

rnin

g!

Th

is d

ise

ase

aff

ect

s

pe

op

le.

W!

Wa

rnin

g!

Do

no

t o

pe

n

the

ca

rca

ss.

W D

!



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Co

nta

gio

us

ab

ort

ion

(C

A)

/ B

ruce

lla

Fig

ure

18

:

Ab

ort

ed f

oet

us iv

.

Th

e l

ive

an

ima

l

Th

is d

ise

ase

ca

use

s a

bo

rtio

ns

in t

he

he

rd.

Th

ey

no

rma

lly

occ

ur

wh

en

th

e f

oe

tus

is 4

to 7

mo

nth

s o

ld b

ut

in s

om

e

case

s th

e c

ow

will

act

ua

lly

pro

du

ce a

ca

lf, w

hic

h is

we

ak

an

d d

ies.

Th

e d

ise

ase

als

o

com

mo

nly

re

sult

s in

re

tain

ed

pla

cen

tas

an

d t

he

aft

erb

irth

oft

en

ap

pe

ars

ab

no

rma

l.

Lon

g-t

erm

infe

ctio

n o

f co

ws

som

eti

me

s re

sult

s in

th

e

de

velo

pm

en

t o

f a

wa

tery

swe

llin

g o

n o

ne

or

bo

th

kn

ee

s.

Bu

lls m

ay b

eco

me

infe

rtile

du

e t

o in

fect

ion

.

He

ife

rs s

ho

uld

be

va

ccin

ate

d.

Bru

cella

S1

9 c

an

be

ad

min

iste

red

to

he

ife

rs o

f

4-8

mo

nth

s o

f a

ge

(o

nce

-

off

va

ccin

ati

on

). I

t ca

nn

ot

be

use

d in

an

ima

ls o

ver

9 m

on

ths

of

ag

e o

r w

ill

inte

rfe

re w

ith

th

e b

loo

d t

est

s

an

d w

ill c

au

se a

nim

als

te

ste

d

for

CA

to

te

st p

osi

tive

(a

fa

lse

po

siti

ve).

Bru

cella

S1

9 d

osa

ge

:

• M

ix fl

uid

wit

h t

ab

let

• In

ject

5m

l su

bcu

tan

eo

usl

y

Alt

ern

ati

vely

RB

51

ca

n b

e

use

d –

th

is c

an

be

use

d in

fem

ale

an

ima

ls o

f a

ny

ag

e –

bu

t p

reg

na

nt

an

ima

ls m

ay

ab

ort

.

RB

51

do

sag

e:

• M

ix fl

uid

wit

h t

ab

let

• In

ject

2m

l su

bcu

tan

eo

usl

y

• If

he

ife

rs a

re v

acc

ina

ted

at

4-1

0 m

on

ths

an

d t

he

n

giv

en

a b

oo

ste

r a

t 1

2-1

6

mo

nth

s, a

nn

ua

l va

ccin

ati

on

is n

ot

ne

cess

ary

.

No

tre

atm

en

t is

ava

ilab

le.

Infe

cte

d c

ow

s m

ust

be

bra

nd

ed

an

d c

ulle

d t

o

pre

ven

t th

e in

fect

ion

of

oth

er

catt

le a

s w

ell

as

pe

op

le.

Wa

rnin

g!

Th

is d

ise

ase

aff

ect

s p

eo

ple

_ s

ym

pto

ms

incl

ud

e f

ev

er,

sw

ea

tin

g a

nd

we

ak

ne

ss, b

ut

no

t a

bo

rtio

ns.

Th

e v

acc

ine

s ca

n a

ll in

fect

pe

op

le a

nd

sho

uld

be

ha

nd

led

ve

ry c

are

full

y!

Va

ccin

ati

on

of

he

ife

rs o

ve

r 8

mo

nth

s o

f

ag

e r

eq

uir

es

pe

rmis

sio

n f

rom

a

sta

te

ve

teri

na

ria

n.

W

hi

d

!



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Bla

ck q

ua

rte

r /

Qu

art

er

ev

il

(Um

kh

on

yw

an

a)

Fig

ure

19

: Th

e sp

on

gy

ap

pea

ran

ce o

f m

usc

le in

an

an

ima

l wit

h B

lack

qu

art

er v .

Th

e l

ive

an

ima

l

Aff

ect

s yo

un

g c

att

le o

f 3

to

6

mo

nth

s th

e m

ost

. It

ne

ver

occ

urs

in a

n a

nim

al o

lde

r th

an

3 y

ea

rs.

Th

ey

be

com

e la

zy, h

ot

an

d t

he

n

lam

e. O

ne

leg

is u

sua

lly s

wo

llen

an

d it

fe

els

sp

on

gy.

Th

e s

ick

an

ima

ls w

ill d

ie q

uic

kly

.

So

me

tim

es

it lo

oks

as

tho

ug

h

the

an

ima

l wa

s st

ruck

by

ligh

tnin

g o

n it

s le

g.

Th

e D

ea

d A

nim

al

Re

d–

bro

wn

wa

ter

lea

ks f

rom

the

sw

elli

ng

s. It

sm

ells

like

rott

ing

bu

tte

r. W

he

n t

he

an

ima

l

is c

ut

op

en

, its

mu

scle

s lo

ok

like

bu

bb

ly, b

lack

sp

on

ge

.

Pre

ven

tio

n is

va

ccin

ati

on

.

To p

reve

nt

Bla

ck Q

ua

rte

r, y

ou

ng

catt

le o

f 6

mo

nth

s m

ust

be

va

ccin

ate

d w

ith

a v

acc

ine

like

Bla

nth

rax,

un

less

mo

the

r is

no

t v

acc

ina

ted

in w

hic

h c

ase

va

ccin

ate

at

2-3

mo

nth

s a

nd

rep

ea

t a

fte

r 1

mo

nth

.

Do

sag

e:

• S

ub

cuta

ne

ou

s in

ject

ion

• 2

ml u

nd

er

the

sk

in.

• R

ep

ea

t th

e in

ject

ion

on

ce

a y

ea

r u

nti

l th

e a

nim

als

is 3

yea

rs o

ld.

Bu

ry o

r b

urn

th

e c

arc

ass

to

pre

ven

t th

e d

ise

ase

fro

m

spre

ad

ing

to

oth

er

an

ima

ls. T

he

me

at

can

als

o c

au

se h

um

an

s to

ge

t si

ck.

Tre

atm

en

t is

no

t o

fte

n

succ

ess

ful.

Th

e f

arm

er

can

inje

ct

the

an

ima

l wit

h a

pe

nic

illin

inje

ctio

n, w

hic

h m

ust

be

ob

tain

ed

fro

m a

ve

teri

na

ria

n.



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Vib

rio

sis

Th

is is

a v

en

ere

al d

ise

ase

of

catt

le t

ha

t is

ma

inly

tra

nsm

itte

d

du

rin

g m

ati

ng

. It

is a

ba

cte

ria

l

dis

ea

se t

ha

t ca

use

s te

mp

ora

ry

infe

rtili

ty d

ue

to

ea

rly

ab

ort

ion

s

of

foe

tuse

s. T

he

ab

ort

ion

s

are

oft

en

no

t n

oti

ced

an

d t

he

farm

er

on

ly n

oti

ces

tha

t th

ere

are

fe

we

r ca

lve

s b

ein

g b

orn

tha

n is

exp

ect

ed

. In

fect

ed

co

ws

will

be

com

e p

reg

na

nt

ag

ain

aft

er

5-6

mo

nth

s a

nd

will

th

en

be

imm

un

e a

ga

inst

th

e d

ise

ase

alt

ho

ug

h t

he

y m

ay s

till

spre

ad

the

dis

ea

se t

o o

the

r a

nim

als

in t

he

he

rd.

Bu

lls a

re n

ot

aff

ect

ed

alt

ho

ug

h t

he

y sp

rea

d

the

dis

ea

se f

rom

on

e c

ow

to

an

oth

er.

Pre

ven

tio

n is

va

ccin

ati

on

.

Va

ccin

ate

wit

h V

ibri

o/L

ep

tofe

rm

5 v

acc

ine

.

Do

sag

e is

2m

l/a

nim

al

(in

tra

mu

scu

lar

inje

ctio

n)

Va

ccin

ati

on

sh

ou

ld t

ake

pla

ce

1-2

mo

nth

s b

efo

re t

he

bre

ed

ing

sea

son

or

be

fore

ne

w a

nim

als

are

intr

od

uce

d in

to t

he

he

rd.

It is

re

com

me

nd

ed

th

at

all

bre

ed

ing

he

ife

rs a

nd

co

ws

be

va

ccin

ate

d a

nn

ua

lly.

Th

e

va

ccin

e m

ust

be

sto

red

in a

refr

ige

rato

r.

An

tib

ioti

cs c

an

be

use

d t

o t

rea

t

infe

cte

d c

ow

s, b

ut

it is

fa

r b

ett

er

to p

reve

nt

the

dis

ea

se t

ha

n t

o

tre

at

it.



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Re

dw

ate

r

(Um

be

nd

en

i)

Fig

ure

20

: A

nim

al w

ith

ad

van

ced

Red

wa

ter

(No

te r

ed u

rin

e).

Th

e l

ive

an

ima

l

It h

as

a v

ery

hig

h t

em

pe

ratu

re

(40

-42

oC)

an

d d

oe

sn’t

wa

nt

to

ea

t. It

is t

ire

d, o

fte

n ly

ing

do

wn

an

d b

rea

the

s ve

ry f

ast

.

In t

he

ad

va

nce

d s

tag

es

of

the

dis

ea

se, t

he

insi

de

th

e m

ou

th,

the

rim

s o

f th

e e

yes

an

d t

he

va

gin

a a

re p

ale

or

yello

w

inst

ea

d o

f p

ink

. T

he

an

ima

l als

o

pro

du

ces

uri

ne

th

at

is r

ed

in

colo

ur.

So

me

an

ima

ls b

eco

me

ag

gre

ssiv

e.

As

the

dis

ea

se p

rog

ress

es,

th

e

tem

pe

ratu

re d

rop

s to

no

rma

l

an

d t

he

n t

o b

elo

w n

orm

al u

nti

l

the

an

ima

l die

s.

Th

e D

ea

d A

nim

al

Th

e b

loo

d in

th

e a

nim

al i

s

wa

tery

. Th

e in

sid

e is

pa

le t

o

yello

w in

ste

ad

of

pin

k. T

he

live

r,

ga

ll b

lad

de

r a

nd

sp

lee

n a

re

en

larg

ed

.

An

ima

ls c

an

be

va

ccin

ate

d b

ut

ge

ttin

g v

acc

ine

an

d s

tora

ge

is

very

diffi

cu

lt.

To p

reve

nt

Re

dw

ate

r, t

ry t

o

ma

inta

in t

he

an

ima

ls’ i

mm

un

ity

by

lett

ing

a s

ma

ll n

um

be

r o

f

tick

s st

ay o

n t

he

an

ima

ls a

ll th

e

tim

e.

Dip

pin

g a

bo

ut

on

ce a

mo

nth

in a

rea

s w

he

re t

he

re a

re m

an

y

tick

s w

ill h

elp

pre

ven

t R

ed

wa

ter.

Ca

lve

s b

orn

in R

ed

wa

ter

are

as

be

com

e im

mu

ne

wit

ho

ut

seve

re s

ick

ne

ss a

s lo

ng

as

the

y

carr

y e

no

ug

h t

icks

wh

en

th

ey

are

yo

un

g.

If a

n a

nim

al d

ies

of

Re

dw

ate

r,

ap

ply

dip

to

kill

th

e t

icks

on

its

bo

dy.

Th

e t

icks

are

infe

cte

d w

ith

Re

dw

ate

r a

nd

will

infe

ct o

the

r

an

ima

ls if

th

ey

bit

e t

he

m.

If a

n a

nim

al g

ets

sic

k w

ith

Re

dw

ate

r, it

mu

st

be

tre

ate

d o

r it

will

die

.

Hu

ma

ns

can

ea

t th

e m

ea

t o

f a

n a

nim

al

tha

t d

efi

nit

ely

die

d o

f R

ed

wa

ter,

as

lon

g a

s

ne

cess

ary

hyg

ien

e m

ea

sure

s a

re t

ake

n.

Tre

at

by

inje

ctin

g w

ith

a m

ed

icin

e li

ke D

ize

ne

,

Be

ren

il R

TU

, or

Imiz

ole

.

Be

ren

il R

TU

:

• A

de

ep

intr

am

usc

ula

r in

ject

ion

.

• In

ject

5m

l/1

00

kg li

vem

ass

.

• D

o n

ot

inje

ct m

ore

th

an

10

ml a

t a

ny

on

e

site

.

• D

ize

ne

: 7m

l/ 1

00

kg

Imiz

ole

:

• to

tre

at

Re

dw

ate

r o

nly

: 1m

l/1

00

kg

• to

pre

ven

t R

ed

wa

ter

an

d t

rea

t G

all-

sick

ne

ss: 2

.5m

l/1

00

kg

Wa

rnin

g!

Th

is m

ed

icin

e c

an

kil

l

the

an

ima

l if

to

o m

uch

is g

ive

n.

W!

ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Ga

llsi

ckn

ess

– t

ick

bo

rne

T

he

liv

e a

nim

al

Sym

pto

ms

are

sim

ilar

to R

ed

wa

ter

exc

ep

t

the

re is

no

re

d u

rin

e.

Th

e a

nim

al h

as

a v

ery

hig

h t

em

pe

ratu

re (

40

-44

oC)

an

d d

oe

sn’t

wa

nt

to e

at.

It is

tir

ed

, oft

en

lyin

g d

ow

n a

nd

bre

ath

es

very

fa

st.

Co

ws

can

sto

p p

rod

uci

ng

milk

an

d b

eco

me

thin

.

Th

e in

sid

e o

f th

e m

ou

th, t

he

rim

s o

f th

e

eye

s a

nd

th

e in

sid

e o

f th

e v

ag

ina

are

wh

ite

inst

ea

d o

f p

ink

, la

ter

be

com

ing

ve

ry y

ello

w.

Th

e a

nim

al i

s ve

ry c

on

stip

ate

d w

ith

ha

rd

yello

w-b

row

n d

un

g.

Wh

en

it is

ve

ry s

ick

, th

e a

nim

al’s

tem

pe

ratu

re d

rop

s b

ack

to

no

rma

l an

d t

he

n

be

low

no

rma

l.

Th

e D

ea

d A

nim

al

Th

e b

loo

d in

th

e a

nim

al i

s w

ate

ry.

Th

e li

nin

g o

f ch

est

an

d s

tom

ach

are

ye

llow

inst

ea

d o

f p

ink

.

Th

e fl

esh

is p

ale

. Th

e li

ver

is e

nla

rge

d a

nd

ora

ng

e.

Th

e g

all

bla

dd

er

is s

wo

llen

wit

h d

ark

gre

en

bile

.

Th

e s

ple

en

is e

nla

rge

d a

nd

so

ft.

You

ng

ca

lve

s a

re o

nly

slig

htl

y a

ff e

cte

d a

nd

de

velo

p

imm

un

ity

if b

orn

in a

n a

rea

wh

ere

th

e t

ick

carr

yin

g t

his

dis

ea

se is

fo

un

d. D

o n

ot

dip

you

ng

ca

lve

s. T

he

y m

ust

ge

t

bit

ten

by

the

tic

ks t

o d

eve

lop

imm

un

ity,

bu

t b

ew

are

of

the

ud

de

rs in

th

e h

eif

ers

.

An

ima

ls c

an

be

va

ccin

ate

d

bu

t st

ori

ng

th

is v

acc

ine

is

very

diffi

cu

lt. I

t is

th

ere

fore

be

tte

r to

allo

w li

vest

ock

to

hav

e s

om

e t

icks

so

th

at

the

y

can

de

velo

p im

mu

nit

y.

Exc

ep

t fo

r th

e u

dd

ers

of

cow

s a

nd

he

ife

rs, w

hic

h c

an

be

da

ma

ge

d b

y ti

cks,

on

ly

dip

wh

en

th

ere

are

a lo

t o

f

tick

s o

n t

he

ca

ttle

.

If a

n a

nim

al d

ies

of

Ga

ll-

sick

ne

ss, a

pp

ly d

ip t

o k

ill

the

tic

ks o

n it

s b

od

y. T

he

tick

s a

re in

fect

ed

wit

h G

all-

sick

ne

ss a

nd

will

infe

ct o

the

r

an

ima

ls if

th

ey

bit

e t

he

m.

Tre

at

by

inje

ctin

g in

to t

he

mu

scle

a s

ho

rt a

ctin

g a

nti

-bio

tic,

like

Terr

am

ycin

10

0 o

r H

i-Te

t 1

20

, fo

r

thre

e d

ays

in a

ro

w, o

r u

sin

g a

lon

g-

act

ing

Te

rra

myc

in. D

osa

ge

ra

tes

will

va

ry d

ep

en

din

g o

n t

he

ma

ke o

f th

e

inje

ctio

n t

ha

t yo

u b

uy.

Hi-

Tet

12

0 d

osa

ge

:

• In

tra

mu

scu

lar

inje

ctio

n

• 1

ml/

10

kg li

vem

ass

• In

ject

eve

ry d

ay f

or

3 d

ays.

• R

em

em

be

r n

ot

to in

ject

all

the

me

dic

ine

into

th

e s

am

e s

ite

–

rath

er

pu

t a

ma

xim

um

of

25

ml i

nto

an

y o

ne

sit

e a

nd

th

en

fi n

d a

no

the

r

site

.

Oth

er

tre

atm

en

ts

Imiz

ole

: 2.5

ml/

10

0kg

, will

als

o t

rea

t

Ga

ll-si

ckn

ess

.

Su

pp

ort

ive

tre

atm

en

ts: V

ita

min

B

com

ple

x.

Me

tab

olic

sti

mu

lan

ts s

uch

as

Ph

osa

min

e o

r M

eta

stim

will

incr

ea

se

cha

nce

s o

f su

cce

ssfu

l tre

atm

en

t.

Go

od

nu

rsin

g is

ne

cess

ary

. Giv

e t

he

an

ima

l sh

elt

er

fro

m r

ain

an

d s

un

an

d

ple

nty

of

fre

sh, c

lea

n w

ate

r to

dri

nk

.



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Sw

ea

tin

g s

ick

ne

ss

(Im

fud

om

alo

)

Fig

ure

21

: A

n a

nim

al w

ith

sw

eati

ng

sic

knes

s sh

ow

ing

mo

ist

are

a a

rou

nd

ea

rs a

nd

on

th

e fa

ce w

her

e h

air

-lo

ss

ha

s o

ccu

rred

vi .

Th

is d

ise

ase

is c

au

sed

by

the

toxi

ns

pro

du

ced

by

bo

nt-

leg

ge

d

tick

s.

Th

e a

nim

als

be

com

e il

l an

d r

un

a h

igh

te

mp

era

ture

.

Sti

cky

mo

istn

ess

of

the

sk

in

be

hin

d t

he

ea

rs, b

eh

ind

th

e

elb

ow

s a

nd

be

twe

en

th

e h

ind

leg

s.

Loss

of

ha

ir a

nd

infl

am

ma

tio

n o

f

the

mo

uth

an

d e

yes.

Jan

ua

ry t

o M

arc

h is

th

e w

ors

t

tim

e.

Th

e m

ois

ture

on

th

e a

nim

al i

s

no

t sw

ea

t.

You

ng

an

ima

ls (

1-9

mo

nth

s o

ld)

are

mo

st s

usc

ep

tib

le.

Th

e w

ho

le s

kin

may

be

aff

ect

ed

.

Th

e h

air

be

com

es

loo

se a

nd

cake

s w

ith

pu

s fr

om

un

de

r th

e

infl

am

ed

sk

in.

If y

ou

r a

nim

al g

ets

th

is d

ise

ase

,

it m

ea

ns

you

are

allo

win

g it

to h

ave

to

o m

an

y ti

cks.

Th

is

dis

ea

se is

ca

use

d b

y lo

ts

of

Bo

nt-

leg

ge

d t

icks

bit

ing

live

sto

ck.

Allo

w s

om

e t

icks

on

th

e

live

sto

ck b

ut

no

t to

o m

an

y. D

ip

wh

en

th

ere

are

a lo

t o

f ti

cks

on

the

an

ima

ls o

r, a

bo

ut

on

ce a

mo

nth

, wh

en

it is

th

e t

ime

of

ma

ny

tick

s, b

etw

ee

n J

an

ua

ry

an

d M

arc

h

Inje

ct in

to t

he

mu

scle

wit

h a

lon

g a

ctin

g a

nti

bio

tic

such

as

Terr

am

ycin

LA

or

Hi-

Tet

20

0 L

A,

as

we

ll a

s M

eta

stim

an

d V

it B

com

ple

x.

Me

tast

im d

osa

ge

:

• 5

ml

Vit

B c

om

ple

x d

osa

ge

:

• 5

ml

Vit

A o

r M

ult

ivit

e

• 2

ml

Hi-

Tet

20

0 L

A d

osa

ge

:

• In

tra

mu

scu

lar

inje

ctio

n.

• 1

ml/

10

kg li

vem

ass

• R

ep

ea

t in

ject

ion

aft

er

3 d

ays

if

ne

cess

ary

.

Re

me

mb

er

to in

ject

no

t m

ore

tha

n 2

0 m

l in

to o

ne

sit

e a

nd

th

e

oth

er

ha

lf in

a n

ew

sit

e.

Ke

ep

th

e a

nim

al i

n t

he

sh

ad

e

an

d g

ive

it f

resh

, cle

an

wa

ter

da

ily. R

em

ove

all

Bo

nt-

leg

ge

d

tick

s b

y h

an

d, n

ot

forg

ett

ing

th

e

tail.



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Lu

mp

y s

kin

dis

ea

se

Fig

ure

22

: A

ca

lf w

ith

lum

py

skin

dis

ease

vii .

Th

e a

nim

al b

eco

me

s h

ot

an

d

swe

aty

.

Lum

ps

of

be

twe

en

½ a

nd

5 c

m

form

in t

he

sk

in o

ver

eit

he

r th

e

wh

ole

an

ima

l or

pa

rts

of

it.

Aff

ect

ed

an

ima

ls u

sua

lly h

ave

pa

infu

l le

gs

an

d a

re la

me

.

Th

e lu

mp

s d

ry o

ut

an

d f

orm

sca

bs,

wh

ich

pe

el.

Lum

py

skin

lesi

on

s o

n t

he

test

icle

s m

ay c

au

se p

erm

an

en

t

ste

rilit

y, w

hile

lum

ps

in t

he

ud

de

r m

ay c

au

se t

he

loss

of

on

e o

r m

ore

qu

art

ers

. Lu

mp

s

inte

rna

lly in

th

e lu

ng

s ca

use

Pn

eu

mo

nia

.

Cat

tle

mu

st b

e v

acc

ina

ted

eve

ry

yea

r w

ith

Lu

mp

y S

kin

Dis

ea

se

Va

ccin

e. T

he

y sh

ou

ld b

e g

ive

n

5m

l (su

bcu

tan

eo

us

inje

ctio

n).

Lum

py

skin

ca

nn

ot

be

tre

ate

d,

bu

t se

con

da

ry in

fect

ion

s ca

n

be

pre

ven

ted

by

inje

ctin

g

the

an

ima

l wit

h p

en

icill

in,

wh

ich

mu

st b

e o

bta

ine

d f

rom

a v

ete

rin

ari

an

, or

lon

g-a

ctin

g

Terr

am

ycin

wh

ich

ca

n b

e

bo

ug

ht

loca

lly.

Sic

k a

nim

als

sh

ou

ld b

e g

ive

n

she

lte

r a

nd

ple

nty

of

wa

ter

an

d

gre

en

fo

od

co

nta

inin

g V

ita

min

A.

Vit

am

in A

inje

ctio

n: 2

ml



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Wa

rts

(Am

aq

hu

qh

um

ba

)

Fig

ure

23

: W

art

s o

n t

he

no

se o

f a

co

w v

iii.

Two

kin

ds

of

wa

rts

are

usu

ally

fou

nd

. On

e is

a lu

mp

y, s

olid

gro

wth

. Th

e o

the

r is

a g

row

th

tha

t lo

oks

fe

ath

ery

.

Th

ey

are

fo

un

d o

n t

he

ne

cks

of

you

ng

ca

ttle

as

we

ll a

s te

ats

of

cow

s, e

spe

cia

lly d

uri

ng

th

eir

fi rs

t p

reg

na

ncy

.

Th

ey

oft

en

go

aw

ay b

y

the

mse

lve

s.

Mo

st a

nim

als

be

com

e im

mu

ne

as

the

y g

et

old

er

an

d t

he

n t

he

wa

rts

go

aw

ay b

y th

em

selv

es.

Cu

t a

nu

mb

er

of

wa

rts

off

so

tha

t th

ey

ble

ed

in o

rde

r fo

r

som

e v

iru

s to

ge

t in

to t

he

blo

od

stre

am

. Th

is c

an

sti

mu

late

an

imm

un

e r

esp

on

se, w

hic

h w

ill

cle

ar

the

m.



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

He

art

wa

ter

(Um

qh

aq

ha

zelo

em

azi

ny

an

en

i)

Fig

ure

24

: Ty

pic

al n

ervo

us

sym

pto

m o

f H

eart

wa

ter

ix.

Th

e L

ive

An

ima

l

Th

e o

rga

nis

ms

tha

t ca

use

He

art

wa

ter

are

tra

nsm

itte

d b

y

Bo

nt

tick

s.

He

art

wa

ter

can

re

sult

in d

ea

th

wit

hin

24

ho

urs

, bu

t so

me

ca

ses

surv

ive

2 t

o 5

day

s.

Infe

cte

d a

nim

als

sh

ow

ne

rvo

us

sym

pto

ms:

hig

h s

tep

pin

g

jerk

y g

ait

, sh

ive

rin

g, w

alk

ing

in

circ

les.

Late

r, je

rky,

pa

dd

ling

mo

vem

en

ts w

ith

th

e le

gs

an

d

the

he

ad

pu

lled

ba

ckw

ard

s

wh

en

th

e a

nim

al g

oe

s d

ow

n.

Th

e D

ea

d A

nim

al

Exc

ess

ive

fl u

id in

th

e h

ea

rt

sac,

lun

gs,

ch

est

cav

ity

an

d

ab

do

min

al c

avit

y.

To p

reve

nt

He

art

wa

ter,

try

to

ma

inta

in t

he

an

ima

ls’ i

mm

un

ity

by

lett

ing

a s

ma

ll n

um

be

r o

f

tick

s st

ay o

n t

he

an

ima

ls a

ll th

e

tim

e.

Dip

pin

g a

bo

ut

on

ce o

r tw

ice

a

mo

nth

in a

rea

s w

he

n t

he

re a

re

ma

ny

tick

s w

ill a

lso

he

lp p

reve

nt

He

art

wa

ter.

Ca

lve

s b

orn

in H

ea

rtw

ate

r

are

as

be

com

e im

mu

ne

wit

ho

ut

seve

re s

ick

ne

ss a

s lo

ng

as

the

y

are

no

t e

xce

ssiv

ely

dip

pe

d f

or

tick

s w

hile

yo

un

g.

If a

n a

nim

al d

ies

of

He

art

wa

ter,

dip

it t

o k

ill t

he

tic

ks o

n it

s b

od

y.

Th

e t

icks

are

infe

cte

d w

ith

He

art

wa

ter

an

d w

ill in

fect

oth

er

an

ima

ls if

th

ey

bit

e t

he

m.

Tre

at

the

an

ima

l ea

rly

be

fore

ne

rvo

us

sym

pto

ms

sho

w.

Use

sh

ort

-act

ing

Te

rra

myc

in f

or

thre

e d

ays

in a

ro

w, o

r n

ew

dru

g

Do

xycy

line

. Use

an

intr

ave

no

us

inje

ctio

n if

yo

u c

an

, oth

erw

ise

intr

am

usc

ula

r.

Do

sag

e r

ate

s w

ill v

ary

de

pe

nd

ing

on

th

e m

ake

of

the

inje

ctio

n t

ha

t yo

u b

uy.

Do

xycy

line

do

sag

e: 4

ml/

10

0 k

g

Hi-

Tet

12

0 D

osa

ge

:

• In

tra

mu

scu

lar

inje

ctio

n.

• 1

ml/

10

kg li

vem

ass

• In

ject

eve

ry d

ay f

or

3 d

ays.

Re

me

mb

er

no

t to

inje

ct a

ll th

e

me

dic

ine

into

th

e s

am

e s

ite

–

rath

er

pu

t a

ma

xim

um

of

20

ml

into

an

y o

ne

sit

e a

nd

th

en

fi n

d

an

oth

er

site

.

Sick

nes

s/di

seas

es m

ain

ly a

ffect

ing

catt

le a

nd

goat

s



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Pu

lpy

Kid

ne

y (

En

tero

tox

ae

mia

)T

he

liv

e a

nim

al

Th

is d

ise

ase

is c

au

sed

by

ba

cte

ria

th

at

oft

en

exi

st w

ith

in t

he

sh

ee

p’s

inte

stin

e b

ut

on

ly

cau

se d

ise

ase

sym

pto

ms

un

de

r ce

rta

in

circ

um

sta

nce

s su

ch a

s a

ch

an

ge

of

gra

zin

g,

exh

au

stio

n, s

ud

de

n d

ieta

ry c

ha

ng

es

an

d

do

sin

g w

ith

de

wo

rme

rs.

Th

e b

act

eri

a in

th

e in

test

ine

pro

du

ce a

to

xin

(po

iso

n)

wh

ich

re

sult

s in

de

ath

.

Sym

pto

ms

va

ry –

so

me

tim

es

the

sh

ee

p a

re

fou

nd

de

ad

, at

oth

er

tim

es,

th

ey

eit

he

r (1

)

ap

pe

ar

exh

au

ste

d, s

ho

w p

ara

lysi

s a

nd

a lo

ss

of

con

scio

usn

ess

an

d m

ay h

ave

lab

ou

red

bre

ath

ing

, sa

liva

tio

n a

nd

dia

rrh

oe

a o

r (2

)

hav

e n

erv

ou

s sy

mp

tom

s w

ith

co

nv

uls

ion

s,

acc

om

pa

nie

d b

y sa

liva

tio

n, g

rin

din

g o

f te

eth

an

d m

usc

le t

wit

che

s u

nti

l de

ath

.

Th

e d

ea

d a

nim

al

Th

e c

arc

ass

de

com

po

ses

qu

ick

ly a

nd

th

ere

are

ha

em

orr

ha

ge

s o

n t

he

he

art

an

d b

loo

d

un

de

r th

e s

kin

in t

he

ne

ck r

eg

ion

. Th

e lu

ng

s

may

co

nta

in e

xce

ssiv

e a

mo

un

ts o

f b

loo

d a

nd

the

he

art

sa

c m

ay c

on

tain

fl u

id.

Th

e k

idn

eys

may

ap

pe

ar

en

larg

ed

, da

rk r

ed

or

pa

le b

row

n

an

d d

eco

mp

ose

d. T

he

y m

ay c

on

tain

la

rge

am

ou

nts

of

blo

od

.

Va

ccin

ate

lam

bs

wit

h

En

tero

toxa

em

ia V

acc

ine

(in

clu

din

g a

bo

ost

er

inje

ctio

n)

an

d t

he

n r

ep

ea

t

va

ccin

ati

on

an

nu

ally

.

Giv

e 1

ml p

er

an

ima

l as

a

sub

cuta

ne

ou

s in

ject

ion

.

Tre

atm

en

t is

no

t p

oss

ible

– r

ath

er

pre

ven

t it

th

rou

gh

va

ccin

ati

on

.

Sick

nes

ses/

dise

ases

affe

ctin

g m

ain

ly g

oats

an

d sh

eep



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Sh

ee

p-s

cab

Fig

ure

25

: Si

gn

s o

f sh

eep

sca

b.

Th

is is

a h

igh

ly c

on

tag

iou

s

dis

ea

se o

f sh

ee

p c

au

sed

by

a

sma

ll m

ite

(P

soro

pte

s o

vis

) th

at

live

s o

n t

he

sk

in.

(It

cau

ses

ma

ng

e in

go

ats

)

Th

e l

ive

an

ima

l

Th

e m

ite

s fe

ed

on

th

e s

kin

cau

sin

g it

chin

g, m

att

ed

wo

ol,

ba

re p

atc

he

s d

ue

to

loss

of

wo

ol

an

d e

ma

cia

tio

n.

Pre

ven

t th

e m

ove

me

nt

of

infe

cte

d s

he

ep

an

d g

oa

ts.

Ke

ep

tre

ate

d s

he

ep

an

d g

oa

ts

away

fro

m in

fect

ed

sh

ee

p a

nd

con

tam

ina

ted

ca

mp

s a

nd

sh

ed

s.

Wa

sh a

nd

dis

infe

ct a

ll ve

hic

les,

she

ari

ng

eq

uip

me

nt

an

d

clo

thin

g o

f h

erd

ers

/ha

nd

lers

.

Tre

at

all

infe

cte

d a

nim

als

(a

nd

an

ima

ls t

ha

t h

ave

be

en

in

con

tact

wit

h in

fect

ed

an

ima

ls)

wit

h a

re

gis

tere

d p

rod

uct

.

Re

gis

tere

d p

rod

uct

s in

clu

de

bo

th d

ips

(e.g

. Ta

ktik

TR

Cat

tle

Dip

) a

nd

inje

cta

ble

pro

du

cts

such

as

Pa

ram

ax

or

De

cto

ma

x,

wh

ich

bo

th c

on

tain

Ive

rme

ctin

.

ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Lim

pin

g a

sso

cia

ted

wit

h

ab

sce

sse

s a

nd

fo

ot

rot

(Uk

ux

hu

ga

ib

en

am

ath

um

ba

)

Sw

elli

ng

in t

he

fo

ot

tha

t is

ho

t,

red

an

d p

ain

ful.

So

me

tim

es,

th

ey

bu

rst

op

en

an

d o

oze

pu

s.

Do

no

t le

ave

go

ats

sta

nd

ing

in

wa

ter

or

mu

d f

or

a lo

ng

tim

e.

Dip

th

e f

ee

t to

kill

tic

ks.

Re

gu

larl

y ch

eck

yo

ur

go

ats

’ fe

et

for

tick

s, e

spe

cia

lly o

ne

s th

at

are

limp

ing

.

Cle

an

ove

rnig

ht

kra

als

/fa

cilit

ies

mo

nth

ly.

Op

en

an

d d

rain

th

e a

bsc

ess

wh

en

it h

as

a y

ello

w s

po

t o

n it

or

wh

en

it s

oft

en

s.

Use

a b

oile

d r

azo

r b

lad

e t

o c

ut

the

ab

sce

ss. T

he

n s

yrin

ge

/ p

ou

r w

arm

bo

iled

wa

ter

wit

h a

lot

of

salt

in

it (

1 t

ab

lesp

oo

n o

f sa

lt in

a c

up

of

wa

ter)

or

iod

ine

into

th

e w

ou

nd

.

Sp

ray

da

ily w

ith

a w

ou

nd

ae

roso

l

such

as

Wo

un

dse

pt

Plu

s o

r io

din

e.

Ke

ep

th

e w

ou

nd

op

en

to

allo

w it

to d

rain

.

Bu

ry o

r b

urn

th

e m

ate

ria

l use

d t

o

wip

e t

he

pu

s. T

his

ca

n in

fect

oth

er

an

ima

ls a

nd

pe

op

le.

Alw

ays

bo

il th

e r

azo

r b

lad

e b

efo

re

usi

ng

it.

Tre

at

wit

h a

lon

g-a

ctin

g

oxy

tetr

acy

clin

e s

uch

as

Terr

am

ycin

(1m

l/1

0kg

) in

ba

d c

ase

s.



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Ta

pe

wo

rm c

yst

s in

th

e b

rain

An

ima

ls s

ho

w s

ign

s o

f b

rain

da

ma

ge

, fo

r e

xam

ple

, wa

lkin

g in

circ

les.

Bre

ak

the

life

cyc

le o

f th

e

tap

ew

orm

. Do

no

t fe

ed

do

gs

the

bra

ins

or

he

ad

s o

f sh

ee

p o

r g

oa

ts.

De

wo

rm y

ou

r d

og

s a

t le

ast

eve

ry

six

mo

nth

s. T

rea

t th

e w

ho

le fl

ock

wit

h a

n a

pp

rop

ria

te p

rod

uct

if

sig

ns

of

infe

ctio

n a

re s

ee

n.

No

tre

atm

en

t is

po

ssib

le o

nce

th

e

an

ima

l sh

ow

s sy

mp

tom

s, s

o k

ee

p

you

r sh

ee

p, g

oa

ts a

nd

esp

eci

ally

do

gs

wo

rm-f

ree

.

Ma

ng

e

Fig

ure

26

: Si

gn

s o

f m

an

ge

x .

Ma

ng

e r

esu

lts

in lo

ss o

f h

air

an

d

skin

irri

tati

on

.

Pre

ven

t th

e d

ise

ase

by

dip

pin

g

wit

h a

su

ita

ble

dip

if t

he

re a

re

sig

ns

of

ma

ng

e in

th

e a

rea

.

Inje

ct in

fect

ed

an

ima

ls w

ith

a

pro

du

ct s

uch

as

De

cto

ma

x o

r d

ip

wit

h a

su

ita

ble

dip

su

ch a

s D

azz

el

or

Tria

tix

(at

a d

osa

ge

ra

te o

f 2

tea

spo

on

s p

er

5 li

tre

s w

ate

r).



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Orf

Fig

ure

27

: Si

gn

s o

f o

rf xi

.

Wa

rt-l

ike

so

res

on

th

e a

nim

al’s

lip

s

an

d n

ose

an

d a

rou

nd

th

e m

ou

th

of

esp

eci

ally

yo

un

g la

mb

s a

nd

kid

s

an

d o

n t

he

te

ats

of

the

ir m

oth

ers

.

Va

ccin

ati

on

of

all

lam

bs

an

d k

ids

wh

en

th

e f

em

ale

s h

ave

sto

pp

ed

lam

bin

g f

or

the

se

aso

n.

Me

tho

d o

f v

acc

ina

tio

n:

Take

a t

hic

k (1

8g

) n

ee

dle

inse

rt it

into

th

e v

acc

ine

. Th

en

pie

rce

th

e

skin

in t

he

arm

pit

of

the

an

ima

l.

Sp

ray

the

aff

ect

ed

are

as

wit

h a

n

iod

ine

sp

ray

da

ily. H

ard

sca

bs

can

be

so

fte

ne

d w

ith

Va

selin

e o

r

gly

ceri

ne

to

ma

ke it

ea

sie

r fo

r th

e

an

ima

ls t

o e

at.

Wa

rnin

g!

Use

glo

ve

s a

s

the

dis

ea

se

can

sp

rea

d t

o

the

ha

nd

s o

f

hu

ma

ns.

W!



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Blu

eto

ng

ue

Fig

ure

28

: Sig

ns

of

Blu

e to

ng

ue

xii .

Diffi

cu

lt r

ap

id b

rea

thin

g a

s a

resu

lt o

f P

ne

um

on

ia, r

esu

ltin

g

in a

ge

ne

ral b

luis

h c

olo

ur

of

the

mu

cou

s m

em

bra

ne

s o

f th

e e

ye

an

d t

he

mo

uth

an

d. e

ven

tua

lly o

f

the

to

ng

ue

So

re jo

ints

, esp

eci

ally

th

e f

ee

t a

nd

ba

ck. S

o b

ad

th

at

the

an

ima

l ca

n

som

eti

me

s w

alk

on

its

kn

ee

s a

nd

ten

ds

to li

e d

ow

n a

lot.

An

ima

l sto

ps

ea

tin

g a

nd

th

e

sto

ma

ch s

top

s m

ov

ing

.

An

ima

l be

com

es

sen

siti

ve t

o s

un

an

d t

he

ea

rs b

eco

me

wa

rm a

nd

pin

k.

Va

ccin

ate

esp

eci

ally

sh

ee

p

for

Blu

eto

ng

ue

eve

ry y

ea

r in

the

sp

rin

g a

s th

e d

ise

ase

is

tra

nsm

itte

d b

y m

idg

es

– in

sect

s.

Mo

ve s

he

ep

an

d g

oa

ts t

o h

igh

er

are

as

wh

ere

th

ere

are

fe

we

r

inse

cts.

Tre

at

the

pn

eu

mo

nia

wit

h

an

tib

ioti

cs –

a lo

ng

-act

ing

Terr

am

ycin

eve

ry 3

day

s u

nti

l

reco

very

.

Do

sag

e:

Ad

ult

sh

ee

p/g

oa

ts 5

ml e

very

3

day

s in

ject

ed

into

th

e m

usc

le.

Tre

at

the

pa

in w

ith

asp

irin

(2 t

ab

lets

tw

ice

a d

ay)

or

Ph

en

ylb

uta

zon

e in

ject

ion

5m

l pe

r

day

into

th

e m

usc

le.

Tre

at

the

sto

ma

ch w

ith

Me

tast

im

or

Ph

osa

min

e S

tim

ula

ns

5m

l pe

r

day

an

d t

rea

t th

e s

en

siti

vit

y to

th

e

sun

by

pu

ttin

g t

he

an

ima

l in

to t

he

sha

de

.



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Ma

ng

eA

nim

als

’ co

ats

loo

k ro

ug

h a

nd

du

ll

an

d b

eco

me

itch

y.

Tre

at

aff

ect

ed

pig

s im

me

dia

tely

an

d s

ep

ara

te s

ick

pig

s fr

om

he

alt

hy

pig

s.

Tre

at

wit

h s

uit

ab

le p

rod

uct

, eit

he

r

inje

cta

ble

(e

.g. I

vom

ec

at

1 m

l pe

r

33

kg

live

we

igh

t, u

nd

er

the

sk

in),

ora

l or

po

ur-

on

dip

).

Ery

sip

ela

s

(Dia

mo

nd

sk

in d

ise

ase

)

Fig

ure

29

: C

ha

ract

eris

tic

skin

lesi

on

s. xi

ii

Sym

pto

ms

incl

ud

e la

rge

, da

rk r

ed

,

dia

mo

nd

-sh

ap

ed

lesi

on

s o

n t

he

skin

.

Th

e p

ig w

ill a

lso

hav

e a

fe

ver.

Va

ccin

ate

pig

s w

ith

Fa

rro

wsu

re

Plu

s B

(5

ml d

ose

) o

r S

uv

axy

n

PLE

+B

(5

ml d

ose

) –

th

is is

a m

ult

i-

com

po

ne

nt

va

ccin

e t

ha

t co

vers

thre

e k

ey

dis

ea

ses.

You

ng

pig

s: v

acc

ina

te a

t 6

mo

nth

s

of

ag

e a

nd

re

pe

at

1 m

on

th la

ter.

Ad

ult

bo

ars

: Va

ccin

ate

eve

ry 6

mo

nth

s w

ith

a s

ing

le d

ose

Ad

ult

so

ws:

Re

va

ccin

ate

wit

h

a s

ing

le d

ose

1-3

we

eks

aft

er

farr

ow

ing

Ke

ep

pe

ns

cle

an

an

d s

ep

ara

te s

ick

an

ima

ls f

rom

he

alt

hy

on

es.

Tre

at

wit

h a

nti

bio

tics

(p

en

icill

in).

Sick

nes

s/di

seas

es a

ffect

ing

pigs



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Le

pto

spir

osi

sS

ymp

tom

s in

clu

de

: Hig

h f

eve

r, la

ck

of

ap

pe

tite

, an

ae

mia

, ab

ort

ion

s,

mu

mm

ifi e

d p

igle

ts, i

nfe

rtili

ty a

nd

still

bo

rn p

igle

ts.

Va

ccin

ate

pig

s w

ith

Fa

rro

wsu

re

Plu

s B

(5

ml d

ose

) o

r S

uv

axy

n

PLE

+B

(5

ml d

ose

) –

th

is is

a m

ult

i-

com

po

ne

nt

va

ccin

e t

ha

t co

vers

thre

e k

ey

dis

ea

ses.

You

ng

pig

s: v

acc

ina

te a

t 6

mo

nth

s

of

ag

e a

nd

re

pe

at

1 m

on

th la

ter.

Ad

ult

bo

ars

: Va

ccin

ate

eve

ry 6

mo

nth

s w

ith

a s

ing

le d

ose

.

Ad

ult

so

ws:

Re

va

ccin

ate

wit

h

a s

ing

le d

ose

1-3

we

eks

aft

er

farr

ow

ing

.

Tre

at

wit

h a

nti

bio

tics

.

Po

rcin

e p

arv

ov

iru

s T

he

infe

cte

d s

ow

will

no

t co

nce

ive

(be

com

e p

reg

na

nt)

an

d t

hu

s w

ill

con

tin

ue

to

cyc

le a

nd

sh

ow

sig

ns

of

he

at.

Va

ccin

ate

pig

s w

ith

Fa

rro

wsu

re

Plu

s B

(5

ml d

ose

) o

r S

uv

axy

n

PLE

+B

(5

ml d

ose

) –

th

is is

a m

ult

i-

com

po

ne

nt

va

ccin

e t

ha

t co

vers

thre

e k

ey

dis

ea

ses.

You

ng

pig

s: v

acc

ina

te a

t 6

mo

nth

s

of

ag

e a

nd

re

pe

at

1 m

on

th la

ter.

Ad

ult

bo

ars

: Va

ccin

ate

eve

ry 6

mo

nth

s w

ith

a s

ing

le d

ose

.

Ad

ult

so

ws:

Re

va

ccin

ate

wit

h

a s

ing

le d

ose

1-3

we

eks

aft

er

farr

ow

ing

.

No

tre

atm

en

t is

ava

ilab

le.



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Ne

wca

stle

Dis

ea

se

(Uv

olo

mis

a)

Fig

ure

30

: Si

gn

s o

f N

ewca

stle

Dis

ease

xiv.

Th

is is

th

e o

nly

dis

ea

se

tha

t m

ake

s ch

icke

ns

wa

lk

ba

ckw

ard

s.

Th

e b

ird

s g

asp

wh

en

th

ey

bre

ath

e a

nd

th

ey

bre

ath

e w

ith

an

op

en

be

ak

.

Sti

cky

mu

cou

s co

me

s fr

om

the

mo

uth

an

d t

he

re m

ay b

e

yello

wis

h d

iarr

ho

ea

.

Late

r th

e b

ird

be

com

es

pa

raly

sed

an

d is

un

ab

le t

o

sta

nd

up

.

Mo

st o

f th

e b

ird

s th

at

con

tra

ct

the

dis

ea

se w

ill d

ie.

Va

ccin

ate

wit

h L

a S

ota

or

ND

Clo

ne

30

.

Dir

ect

ion

s fo

r d

osi

ng

:

• B

oil

20

litr

es

of

cle

an

wa

ter

an

d a

llow

it t

o c

oo

l

com

ple

tely

• D

isso

lve

th

e v

acc

ine

ta

ble

t in

:

–

5 li

tre

s fo

r u

nd

er

50

bir

ds

–

10

litr

es

for

50

-10

0 b

ird

s

–

20

litr

es

for

ove

r 1

00

bir

ds

• A

llow

th

e b

ird

s a

cce

ss t

o t

he

me

dic

ate

d w

ate

r fo

r a

n h

ou

r

or

two

, dir

ect

ly a

fte

r m

ixin

g.

• C

on

fi n

e t

he

bir

ds

the

nig

ht

be

fore

wit

ho

ut

wa

ter

so t

ha

t

the

y a

re t

hir

sty

an

d a

ll d

rin

k

the

me

dic

ate

d w

ate

r.

Th

ere

is n

o t

rea

tme

nt

for

Ne

wca

stle

Dis

ea

se, b

ut

sick

bir

ds

can

ge

t o

the

r

dis

ea

ses

tha

t ca

n b

e t

rea

ted

. So

me

bir

ds

wit

h N

ew

cast

le D

ise

ase

will

re

cove

r. T

o

he

lp t

he

m, t

rea

t w

ith

an

an

tib

ioti

c su

ch

as

Terr

am

ycin

Po

wd

er

or

Co

sum

ix P

lus

or

Co

lipri

m.

Terr

am

ycin

Po

wd

er

do

sag

e:

• M

ix 4

leve

l te

asp

oo

ns

in 7

litr

es

of

wat

er.

• G

ive

to

th

e c

hic

ken

s fo

r 6

day

s in

dri

nk

ing

wa

ter

aft

er

rest

rict

ing

wa

ter

for

a f

ew

ho

urs

in t

he

mo

rnin

g.

Co

sum

ix P

lus

do

sag

e:

• Fo

r a

du

lt c

hic

ken

s m

ix 1

.5g

in 1

.5 li

tre

s

of

wa

ter

(1 h

ea

pe

d t

ea

spo

on

in 5

litr

es

of

wa

ter)

.

• G

ive

to

th

e c

hic

ken

s fo

r 3

to

6 d

ays

in

dri

nk

ing

wa

ter

aft

er

rest

rict

ing

wa

ter

for

a f

ew

ho

urs

in t

he

mo

rnin

g.

Co

lipri

m:

• 1

te

asp

oo

n in

2 li

tre

s o

f w

ate

r,

• G

ive

it t

o c

hic

ken

s fo

r 3

to

6 d

ays

in

dri

nk

ing

wa

ter

aft

er

rest

rict

ing

wa

ter

for

a f

ew

ho

urs

in t

he

mo

rnin

g.

Sick

nes

s/di

seas

es a

ffect

ing

pou

ltry



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Fo

wl

po

x

(Izi

lon

de

em

eh

lew

en

i)

Fig

ure

31

: C

hic

ken

wit

h F

ow

l Po

x x

v.

So

res

occ

ur

on

th

e w

att

les,

co

mb

an

d s

kin

of

the

fa

ce. T

he

y st

art

as

a p

ale

sp

ot

an

d b

eco

me

ye

llow

ish

an

d s

wo

llen

be

fore

dry

ing

ou

t to

a s

cab

.

Raw

, ye

llow

ish

so

res

can

als

o

occ

ur

in t

he

mo

uth

an

d w

ind

pip

e.

Th

is is

se

rio

us

an

d c

an

lea

d t

o

suff

oca

tio

n a

nd

de

ath

Pre

ven

t th

e d

ise

ase

by

va

ccin

ati

ng

wit

h F

ow

l Po

x V

acc

ine

.

Use

a s

yrin

ge

to

mix

th

e fl

uid

an

d

the

fre

eze

dri

ed

va

ccin

e.

Th

en

dip

a 1

4/1

5 g

au

ge

ne

ed

le in

to

the

va

ccin

e a

nd

sh

allo

wly

pie

rce

the

sk

in o

n t

he

ou

tsid

e o

f th

e

chic

ken

’s t

hig

h (

to a

de

pth

of

3m

m).

It is

re

com

me

nd

ed

th

at

bir

ds

be

va

ccin

ate

d b

etw

ee

n 3

an

d 1

2

we

eks

of

ag

e b

ut

old

er

bir

ds

can

als

o b

e v

acc

ina

ted

. Va

ccin

ati

on

sho

uld

re

sult

in li

fe-l

on

g

imm

un

ity.

Iso

late

sic

k b

ird

s to

pre

ven

t sp

rea

d

of

dis

ea

se.

Do

no

t v

acc

ina

te d

uri

ng

or

sho

rtly

aft

er

an

ou

tbre

ak

of

the

dis

ea

se.

Th

ere

is n

o t

rea

tme

nt

for

fow

l po

x

bu

t th

e f

arm

er

can

use

an

iod

ine

spra

y o

n t

he

so

res

to p

reve

nt

furt

he

r se

con

da

ry in

fect

ion

s.



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Gu

mb

oro

G

um

bo

ro r

esu

lts

in im

mu

ne

sup

pre

ssio

n a

nd

th

e c

hic

ken

will

sh

ow

sig

ns

of

seco

nd

ary

infe

ctio

ns.

Va

ccin

ate

ag

ain

st G

um

bo

ro.

Tre

at

the

se

con

da

ry in

fect

ion

s

wit

h p

rod

uct

s su

ch a

s C

olip

rim

or

Co

sum

ix P

lus.

Dia

rrh

oe

a i

n f

ow

lsF

ow

l ch

ole

ra:

Bir

ds

are

ho

t a

nd

sh

ive

r. T

he

y

dri

nk

a lo

t o

f w

ate

r. S

limy

mu

cou

s

com

es

fro

m t

he

mo

uth

. Th

ey

hav

e

wa

tery

dia

rrh

oe

a w

ith

sp

eck

s o

f

blo

od

in it

. M

ost

ca

ses

live

1-4

day

s.

Ch

ron

ic c

ase

s sh

ow

sym

pto

ms

of

a

cold

an

d d

eve

lop

sw

elli

ng

s o

f th

e

join

ts o

f th

e w

ing

s a

nd

/or

leg

s a

nd

the

wa

ttle

s.

Lam

en

ess

an

d d

roo

pin

g o

f a

win

g

may

re

sult

.

Co

ccid

iosi

s:

Infe

ctio

n o

f th

e g

ut

resu

lts

in

blo

od

y d

iarr

ho

ea

. T

he

bir

ds

are

als

o d

row

sy a

nd

no

t in

tere

ste

d in

ea

tin

g.

Iso

late

sic

k b

ird

s to

pre

ven

t sp

rea

d

of

dis

ea

se t

o h

ea

lth

y b

ird

s.

Tre

at

wit

h C

osu

mix

Plu

s.

Co

sum

ix P

lus

do

sag

e:

• Fo

r a

du

lt c

hic

ken

s m

ix 1

.5 g

in 1

.5 li

tre

s o

f w

ate

r (1

he

ap

ed

tea

spo

on

in 5

litr

es

of

wa

ter)

.

• G

ive

to

th

e c

hic

ken

s fo

r 3

to

6 d

ays

in d

rin

kin

g w

ate

r a

fte

r

rest

rict

ing

wa

ter

for

a f

ew

ho

urs

in t

he

mo

rnin

g.

Co

lipri

m d

osa

ge

:

• 1

te

asp

oo

n in

2 li

tre

s w

ate

r

• G

ive

it t

o t

he

ch

icke

ns

for

3 t

o

6 d

ays

in d

rin

kin

g w

ate

r a

fte

r

rest

rict

ing

wa

ter

for

a f

ew

ho

urs

in t

he

mo

rnin

g.



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Bu

mb

le f

oo

t

(Izi

lon

da

ng

ap

ha

nsi

kw

ezi

ny

aw

o (

am

ab

ath

a))

Fig

ure

32

: B

um

ble

foo

t x

vi .

Th

e b

ird

s b

eco

me

lam

e in

on

e le

g

an

d t

he

pa

d is

fo

un

d t

o b

e s

wo

llen

an

d p

ain

ful.

A b

row

nis

h c

orn

is u

sua

lly f

ou

nd

ove

r th

e c

en

tre

of

the

sw

elli

ng

.

Pu

s m

ay c

om

e f

rom

th

e s

ide

of

the

corn

.

Ge

ne

ral c

lea

nlin

ess

is im

po

rta

nt.

Infe

cte

d c

hic

ken

s sh

ou

ld b

e k

ep

t

sep

ara

te a

nd

aft

er

cle

an

ing

th

eir

fee

t, y

ou

sh

ou

ld d

isp

ose

of

the

ma

teri

al i

n s

uch

a w

ay t

ha

t th

e

en

vir

on

me

nt

is n

ot

con

tam

ina

ted

wit

h g

erm

s (f

or

exa

mp

le b

y

bu

rnin

g).

Th

e c

orn

sh

ou

ld b

e r

em

ove

d a

nd

the

sw

elli

ng

sh

ou

ld b

e d

isin

fect

ed

wit

h io

din

e o

r m

eth

yla

ted

sp

irit

s.

Pu

s sh

ou

ld b

e r

em

ove

d f

rom

the

lesi

on

– m

ake

an

inci

sio

n if

ne

cess

ary

. Cle

an

th

e c

avit

y w

ith

iod

ine

.

Co

ver

the

wo

un

d w

ith

a d

ress

ing

an

d c

on

fi n

e t

he

bir

d in

a c

ag

e o

n

stra

w. C

ha

ng

e t

he

dre

ssin

g e

very

3-4

day

s. In

ject

½m

l lo

ng

-act

ing

Terr

am

ycin

into

th

e c

hic

ken

’s

up

pe

r le

g m

usc

le.



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Mit

es

(Ok

hu

pe

)

Fig

ure

33

: C

hic

ken

’s le

g a

ff ec

ted

by

sca

ly le

g

mit

es. x

vii.

Th

ere

are

tw

o t

ype

s o

f m

ite

s, o

ne

tha

t liv

es

on

th

e c

hic

ken

’s le

gs

an

d t

he

oth

er

tha

t liv

es

on

th

e

chic

ken

’s b

od

y.

Sca

ly le

g m

ite

s b

urr

ow

un

de

rne

ath

th

e s

cale

s o

n t

he

fe

et

an

d le

gs

cau

sin

g r

ou

gh

ne

ss a

nd

lam

en

ess

.

Re

d m

ite

s a

re v

ery

sm

all

an

d

ap

pe

ar

blu

e o

r re

d a

fte

r fe

ed

ing

on

ch

icke

ns’

blo

od

.

Th

ey

infe

st p

ou

ltry

ho

use

s, h

idin

g

in c

rack

s.

Cle

an

ch

icke

n h

ou

se r

eg

ula

rly

an

d

spra

y w

ith

Ka

rba

spra

y.

Ru

b B

en

zyl b

en

zoa

te o

ver

the

leg

s. T

his

ca

n b

e b

ou

gh

t fr

om

che

mis

ts w

he

re it

is k

no

wn

as

Asc

ab

iol,

the

tre

atm

en

t fo

r sc

ab

ies

in c

hild

ren

.

Du

st t

he

bir

ds

wit

h K

arb

ad

ust

an

d

spra

y th

e h

ou

se c

are

fully

wit

h

Ka

rba

spra

y.

Th

e b

ird

s ca

n b

e t

rea

ted

by

pla

cin

g t

he

m in

a f

ee

d b

ag

wit

h

the

ir h

ea

ds

ou

t o

f th

e t

op

. Po

ur

the

Ka

rba

du

st in

to t

he

ba

g a

nd

the

n d

ust

th

e b

ird

.

Do

no

t sp

ray

ka

rba

spra

y o

n

bir

ds.

D k b

!



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Ta

mp

an

s (F

ow

l ti

cks) Fi

gu

re 3

4:

Pic

ture

of

a p

ou

ltry

tic

k xv

iii.

Th

e b

ird

be

com

e p

ale

an

d is

oft

en

pa

raly

sed

.

Tam

pa

ns

are

pa

rasi

tes

rela

ted

to

tick

s. T

he

y a

re g

reyi

sh-b

lue

an

d

hid

e in

th

e c

hic

ken

ho

use

. Th

ey

on

ly f

ee

d a

t n

igh

t.

Cle

an

ch

icke

n h

ou

se r

eg

ula

rly

an

d

spra

y w

ith

Ka

rba

spra

y.

Tre

at

bir

ds

wit

h K

arb

ad

ust

an

d

spra

y th

e h

ou

se c

are

fully

wit

h

Ka

rba

spra

y w

he

ne

ver

the

re is

an

ou

tbre

ak

.

Th

e b

ird

s ca

n b

e t

rea

ted

by

pla

cin

g t

he

m in

a f

ee

d b

ag

wit

h

the

ir h

ea

ds

ou

t o

f th

e t

op

. Po

ur

the

Ka

rba

du

st in

to t

he

ba

g a

nd

the

n d

ust

th

e b

ird

.

Bit

ing

lic

e

Fig

ure

35

: P

ictu

re

of

lice

tha

t a

ff ec

t

po

ult

ry xi

x .

Ru

ffl e

d f

ea

the

rs t

ha

t fa

ll o

ut

fro

m

all

ove

r th

e b

od

y.

Cle

an

ch

icke

n h

ou

se r

eg

ula

rly

an

d

spra

y w

ith

Ka

rba

spra

y.

Tre

at

bir

ds

wit

h K

arb

ad

ust

an

d

spra

y th

e h

ou

se c

are

fully

wit

h

Ka

rba

spra

y w

he

ne

ver

the

re is

an

ou

tbre

ak

.

Th

e b

ird

s ca

n b

e t

rea

ted

by

pla

cin

g t

he

m in

a f

ee

d b

ag

wit

h

the

ir h

ea

ds

ou

t o

f th

e t

op

. Po

ur

the

Ka

rba

du

st in

to t

he

ba

g a

nd

the

n d

ust

th

e b

ird

.

Do

no

t sp

ray

ka

rba

spra

y o

n

bir

ds.

Do

no

t sp

ray

ka

rba

spra

y o

n

bir

ds.

D k b

!

D k b

!



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Afr

ica

n H

ors

e S

ick

ne

ss

Fig

ure

36

: H

ors

e w

ith

Afr

ica

n H

ors

e Si

ckn

ess

sho

win

g s

wel

ling

s a

bo

ve t

he

eyes

. x

x.

Th

is is

a v

ira

l dis

ea

se t

ran

smit

ted

by

mid

ge

s (s

ma

ll b

itin

g in

sect

s).

Th

e d

ise

ase

is c

om

mo

n in

late

sum

me

r a

nd

au

tum

n.

Th

ere

are

diff

ere

nt

form

s o

f th

e

dis

ea

se, w

hic

h m

ay in

clu

de

fe

ver,

ha

em

orr

ha

ge

s in

th

e m

uco

us

me

mb

ran

es,

sw

elli

ng

un

de

r th

e

skin

of

the

he

ad

(e

spe

cia

lly a

bo

ve

the

eye

s) a

nd

fl u

id in

th

e lu

ng

s

(ca

usi

ng

a f

roth

y d

isch

arg

e f

rom

the

no

se a

nd

diffi

cu

lty

bre

ath

ing

).

It o

fte

n r

esu

lts

in t

he

de

ath

of

the

ho

rse

.

Va

ccin

ate

ev

ery

ye

ar

wit

h A

fric

an

Ho

rse

Sic

kn

ess

va

ccin

e.

Th

e v

acc

ine

is s

old

as

two

se

pa

rate

inje

ctio

ns

(AH

S I

an

d A

HS

II)

tha

t

mu

st b

e g

ive

n 3

we

eks

ap

art

as

sub

cuta

ne

ou

s in

ject

ion

s.

Ho

rse

s sh

ou

ld b

e v

acc

ina

ted

in e

arl

y su

mm

er

(Oct

ob

er–

No

vem

be

r). B

ut

ma

ke s

ure

to

va

ccin

ate

eve

ry y

ea

r e

ven

if

ou

tsid

e o

f re

com

me

nd

ed

mo

nth

s.

Th

e v

acc

ine

mu

st b

e s

tore

d in

a

frid

ge

.

Tre

atm

en

t is

diffi

cu

lt a

nd

co

stly

an

d t

he

ho

rse

will

oft

en

no

t

reco

ver.

Th

e d

ise

ase

do

es

no

t

resp

on

d t

o a

nti

bio

tics

.

Sick

nes

s/di

seas

es a

ffect

ing

hor

ses



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Ra

bie

s

Fig

ure

37

: D

og

wit

h r

ab

ies.

xx

i .

An

ima

l be

hav

iou

r ch

an

ge

s –

do

gs

be

com

e e

ith

er

ag

gre

ssiv

e o

r sh

y

Oth

er

sym

pto

ms

incl

ud

e:

• B

ein

g u

na

ble

to

ea

t o

r sw

allo

w

• S

aliv

ati

on

• Ja

w h

an

gin

g

• Lo

ss o

f b

ala

nce

an

d p

ara

lysi

s

• D

ea

th w

ith

in 5

-7 d

ays.

Va

ccin

ati

on

is t

he

on

ly p

reve

nti

on

.

Pu

pp

ies

sho

uld

be

va

ccin

ate

d a

t

3-6

mo

nth

s o

f a

ge

th

en

bo

ost

ed

1-9

mo

nth

s la

ter.

All

do

gs

sho

uld

th

en

be

va

ccin

ate

d a

nn

ua

lly.

Th

ere

is N

O t

rea

tme

nt

– t

his

is a

fata

l dis

ea

se.

Dis

tem

pe

rA

ff e

cte

d d

og

s d

isp

lay

the

follo

win

g s

ymp

tom

s:

• M

uco

us

fro

m t

he

no

se a

nd

eye

s

• D

iarr

ho

ea

• M

usc

le t

wit

chin

g

• W

ea

kn

ess

an

d d

ea

th.

You

ng

do

gs

sho

w m

ore

of

a f

eve

r

an

d s

top

ea

tin

g.

Va

ccin

ati

on

is t

he

on

ly p

reve

nti

on

.

Va

ccin

ate

at

2-3

mo

nth

s o

f a

ge

an

d r

ep

ea

t 1

mo

nth

late

r.

Th

ere

is N

O t

rea

tme

nt

as

this

is a

vir

al d

ise

ase

, ho

we

ver

seco

nd

ary

infe

ctio

n m

ay b

e m

an

ag

ed

wit

h

an

tib

ioti

cs.

No

te: O

nce

th

e b

rain

is a

ff e

cte

d,

the

re is

no

eff

ect

ive

tre

atm

en

t.

Sick

nes

s/di

seas

es a

ffect

ing

dogs

Th

is d

ise

ase

aff

ect

s o

the

r

an

ima

ls a

s w

ell

as

pe

op

le –

it

is a

dis

ea

se

con

tro

lle

d b

y

the

sta

te.

T a a

!



Dis

ea

seS

ym

pto

ms

Pre

ve

nti

on

Tre

atm

en

t

Bil

iary

Th

is a

ff e

cts

do

gs

of

all

ag

es.

Th

e

dis

ea

se is

su

dd

en

an

d s

eve

re.

Sym

pto

ms

incl

ud

e:

• Lo

ss o

f a

pp

eti

te

• H

igh

te

mp

era

ture

• P

ale

gu

ms

• W

ea

kn

ess

• D

ea

th.

Th

ere

is n

o v

acc

ine

ava

ilab

le f

or

this

dis

ea

se

wh

ich

is t

ran

smit

ted

by

tick

s.

Th

e d

ise

ase

ca

n b

e

pre

ven

ted

by

be

ep

ing

th

e

do

g f

ree

of

tick

s.

Co

nsu

lt y

ou

r lo

cal V

ete

rin

ari

an

urg

en

tly

for

ad

vic

e o

n t

rea

tme

nt

of

the

co

nd

itio

n a

s

this

is a

ra

pid

dis

ea

se.

Th

e m

ed

icin

e f

or

tre

atm

en

t ca

n o

nly

be

inje

cte

d a

nd

is f

ata

l if

ove

rdo

sed

.

Pa

rvo

Vir

us

Un

va

ccin

ate

d y

ou

ng

do

gs

are

mo

st s

usc

ep

tib

le.

Sym

pto

ms

incl

ud

e:

• Fe

ver

• La

ck o

f a

pp

eti

te

• S

eve

re v

om

itin

g

• S

me

lly d

iarr

ho

ea

– e

ven

tua

lly

wit

h b

loo

d

• D

eh

ydra

tio

n

• W

ea

kn

ess

• D

ea

th.

Va

ccin

ati

on

is t

he

ve

ry

be

st p

reve

nti

on

.

Va

ccin

ate

at

2-3

mo

nth

s o

f

ag

e, a

nd

re

pe

at

aft

er

on

e

mo

nth

.

Th

e a

ff e

cte

d d

og

ca

n b

e g

ive

n fl

uid

s w

ith

ele

ctro

lyte

s b

y d

rip

or

by

mo

uth

.

Ho

me

re

hyd

rati

on

mix

ture

:

• 1

te

asp

oo

n o

f sa

lt a

nd

8 t

ea

spo

on

s o

f

sug

ar

in 1

litr

e o

f w

ate

r. G

ive

10

-20

ml

eve

ry h

ou

r in

to t

he

mo

uth

.

• T

he

do

g w

ill a

lso

ne

ed

to

be

nu

rse

d

care

fully

an

d k

ep

t w

arm

an

d

com

fort

ab

le. N

ew

spa

pe

rs s

ho

uld

be

cha

ng

ed

re

gu

larl

y b

eca

use

of

the

dia

rrh

oe

a.

Ma

ng

eS

ee

se

ctio

n u

nd

er

dis

ea

ses

aff

ect

ing

go

ats

an

d s

he

ep

.


Vaccination Programmes for Livestock


Management programme for cattle

This is a management programme for a herd that does not have a controlled breeding season.

5

Month Vaccination

January

February • Deworm calves for tapeworms and roundworms

March • 15 March: Vaccinate female calves that were born between the previous July and

December for contagious abortion (CA) _ The vaccine Brucella S19 can only be

given to female animals that are 4 to 8 months of age

• Castrate male calves that you are not keeping for breeding (use a Burdizzo)

April • Vaccinate all animals for Quarter Evil and Anthrax (Blanthrax vaccine)

• Vaccinate calves again for quarter evil 3 weeks later

• Deworm calves for tapeworms and roundworms

• Deworm all animals except calves for liverfl uke

• Deworm thin cows for roundworms

• Start feeding winter licks

May

June

July

August • Vaccinate all animals for lumpy skin disease

• Recommend: Vibriosis and Leptospira combination vaccination to all cows, heifers

and bulls

September • 15 September: Vaccinate female calves born in the period January to June for

CA (The vaccine Brucella S19 can only be given to female animals that are 4 to 8

months of age)

• Castrate male calves that you are not keeping for breeding (use a Burdizzo)

• Deworm all animals except calves for liverfl uke

• Deworm thin cows for roundworms

October • Start feeding summer lick

November

December

(Developed by Joanne Mann, DAEARD)

Note: Depending on the area and the diseases that are prevalent, additional vaccinations can be

carried out – consult your local vet.



Key vaccinations for other livestock types

This section covers key vaccinations for goats, sheep, chickens, pigs, dogs and horses

Goats and sheep

Essential for sheep: Bluetongue

(recommended for goats)

• Vaccinate all sheep and goats every year in September (give the 3

injections 3 weeks apart)

Recommended:

• Pasteurella, Pulpy kidney,

Clostridium, Tetanus

• Vaccinate kids/lambs at 4 months of age with a multi-component

vaccine (e.g. Multivax P) and repeat 1 month later

• Vaccinate adult sheep/goats every year in September and repeat 1

month later

Household chickens and layers

Essential: Newcastle Disease • Vaccinate all chickens every 3 months with any La Sota vaccine

Recommended: Gumboro Disease • Vaccinate all chickens every 3 months when vaccinating for

Newcastle Disease

Broiler chickens

Essential: Newcastle Disease • Buy vaccinated chicks or vaccinate on arrival with Nobilis ND Clone

30 vaccine; repeat on Day 18

Recommended: Gumboro Disease • Vaccinate all chicks when 1 week old with Nobilis Gumboro D78

vaccine

Pigs

Essential for relatively large herds:

• Erysipelas, Parvovirus, Leptospirosis

• Vaccinate with multi-component vaccine (e.g. 5 ml dose of

Farrowsure Plus B or Suvaxyn PLE+B)

Horses

Essential: African Horse Sickness (AHS) • Every year, vaccinate all horses

• Give the fi rst vaccine (AHS I) in late October and repeat with the

second vaccine (AHS II) 3 to 4 weeks later

Recommended: Tetanus • Vaccinate all horses – repeat every fi ve years

Dogs

Essential: Rabies • Vaccinate puppies at 3-6 months of age and repeat 1-9 months

later

• Vaccinate all dogs annually (every year)

Recommended: Parvovirus • Vaccinate puppies at 2 months of age and repeat 1 month later

Recommended: Distemper • Vaccinate puppies at 2 months and repeat 1 month later

Recommended: Deworming • Treat puppies with deworming tablets every 2-3 months

• Treat adults every 6 months.


Dosage Guideline Table

Dosage Guideline Table

This table has been developed to show approximate weights that can be used when deciding how

much medicine to give to a particular animal.

With cattle, the farmer must decide whether the animal he/she is treating is the size of a new born calf,

a bigger calf, a young cow, a fully grown cow or a big ox (the same process must be followed if a goat

is being treated). Then the farmer can use the weight given in the table below to assess how heavy his

or her animal is and how much medicine it needs.

However, it is much better if the farmer can measure its weight more accurately, using a scale or a

weight band.

6

Hi-tet 120 Hi-tet

200 LA

Dizene Veriben /

Berenil

Sulfazine

16%

Terramycin

soluble

powder

Type of

animal

Weights

(kg)

1ml per

15kg

1ml per

10kg

7ml per

100kg

5ml per

100kg

14ml/10kg 1 tsp per

7kg

ml ml ml ml ml teaspoons

New born

goat kid3 0.5 0.5 4 0.5

Half grown

goat20 1.5 2.0 28 3

Full grown

female

goat

40 2.7 4.0 56

Full grown

male goat60 4.0 6.0 84

New

born calf

(imvemve)

45 3.0 4.5 63 6

Calf 2-6

months100 7 10 7 5 140 14

Calf 6-12

months200 13 20 14 10

Small cow 350 23 35 25 18

Full grown

cow500 33 50 35 25

Big ox 650 43 65 46 33


Glossary

Glossary

Abort This is when a female animal expels (loses) her foetus before reaching

the end of her pregnancy.

Abscess A swelling that contains pus.

Active ingredient This is the key ingredient in a medicine / stock remedy that makes it

eff ective.

Afterbirth This is the material that passes out of the mother after the birth of an

animal. It comprises the placenta, the membranes that surrounded the

foetus and the umbilical cord.

Anaemia This is when there is a breakdown of the red blood cells in the blood

resulting in thinning of the blood. Pale mucous membranes and pale

gums are a sign of anaemia.

Antibiotic A medicine used to treat infections / diseases caused by micro-

organisms such as bacteria.

Antibodies These are the proteins in the blood that are produced by the immune

system. They attach to harmful organisms and prevent them making

the animal sick.

Bacteria These are small organisms (micro-organisms) that can cause disease

and sickness. They are too small for you to see without a microscope.

Bone marrow This is the soft material in the middle of bones. It is responsible for

making white blood cells that are an important part of the immune

system.

Broad-spectrum This is a medicine that kills a wide variety / range of organisms or

parasites.

Cc (vs ml) This is the unit used to measure medicines. A cc is a cubic centimetre.

One cc is the same as 1 millilitre (ml).

Cell This is the basic unit of all living things. Plants and animals are made up

of millions of cells.

7


Glossary

Colostrum This is the fi rst milk that is produced by a mother after giving birth. It

is highly nutritious and also contains antibodies that the young animal

can absorb.

Conceive This is when an animal becomes pregnant.

Contaminate This is when something becomes dirty or impure.

Cull To remove an inferior (low quality) or infertile animal from the herd. It

can be sold or slaughtered.

Defaecate The process where the animal expels waste from its digestive system.

Deworm To treat an animal with medicine that kills worms inside the animal.

Diarrhoea This is when an animal has a digestive upset and the faeces are very

liquid.

Disease This is a sickness or illness that can be caused by parasites, micro-

organisms or nutritional defi ciencies.

Dose This is the process of giving medicine to an animal via its mouth. The

word ‘dose’ can also refer to the amount of the medicine that must be

given to the animal.

Drug This is a medicine given to an animal to treat a sickness or disease

Electrolytes These are salts given in water to animals to replace body fl uids lost

through bad diarrhoea or heavy sweating.

Faeces This is waste material from the digestive system of an animal that

passes out of the anus. It is known otherwise as dung or excrement.

Fever This is when an animal has a raised body temperature due to a

bacterial infection. The raised temperature is the body’s way of

destroying the disease-causing organisms.

Germs These are small organisms (micro-organisms) that cause sickness and

disease.

Haemorrhages This is where the blood vessels rupture (burst) releasing the blood they

contain.


Glossary

Heifer A young female animal before it calves (gives birth) for the fi rst time.

Hygiene This is a state of cleanliness and the practices that support a clean and

healthy environment

Immune system This is the animal’s defence system that allows it to fi ght the organisms

that cause disease and sickness. It can consist of natural immunity or it

can be strengthened through vaccination.

Immune suppression This is where the animal’s immune system is weakened. This often

occurs when the animal is stressed by poor nutrition.

Indigenous This describes plants and animals that originated in the area where

they now occur rather than being brought in from elsewhere.

Intramuscular injection This is an injection where the needle is pushed into the muscle.

Intravenous injection This is an injection where the needle is inserted into the vein.

Lesion An injury, wound or sore on an animal.

Lick A feed supplement that is given to animals to provide specifi c minerals,

energy or proteins that are defi cient in the animal’s diet.

Lifecycle This is the process whereby an organism or animal is born or hatches,

matures and reproduces.

Mange A condition where the animal is suff ering from a skin infection that

causes itchiness and hairloss.

Mastitis Infl ammation of the mammary tissue (udder) of an animal, often due to

bacterial infection.

Mineral Certain substances, such as calcium and phosphorus, found in animal

feed and soil that are important components of bones and necessary

for cellular processes.

Mites Very small organisms that are found on the skin surface and which can

cause mange. They can only be seen with a microscope.

Mucous membranes These are the smooth, moist linings of the mouth, intestine and vagina.


Glossary

Nasal discharge This is the liquid material that runs out of the animal’s nostrils/nose.

It can be due to a viral infection of the lungs, or an allergy or it can be

due to nasal bots.

Ox (oxen) Castrated male cattle

Parasites Small organisms that live on and feed off animals. They are found

either within the body of the animal (e.g. worms in the intestine) or on

the skin of the animal (e.g. ticks).

Quarter The portion of a cow’s udder associated with one teat.

Rectum The lower part of the intestine from which digestive waste is excreted

when an animal defaecates.

Ruminating This is when ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats regurgitate

food that they have already swallowed and chew it further (they are

otherwise said to be ‘chewing the cud’).

Rump The area, at the top of an animal’s hindquarters, to which the tail is

attached.

Scours A bad case of diarrhoea that often shows signs of blood in the faeces.

Sterilize The process of treating items in such a way that any germs are killed –

this often involves boiling them for a period of time.

Stock management The process of managing your livestock, which involves taking

decisions about breeding and feeding them and keeping them healthy.

Subcutaneous injection An injection where the needle is pushed between the skin and the

underlying muscle.

Supplementation The process where animals are given feed or licks that makes up for

defi ciencies in their diet.

Symptoms Signs of sickness and disease that can be seen in the live animal or the

dead animal.

Temperature This is a measure of how hot the animal’s body is. Animals have a

normal range of temperatures, but can this can increase or decrease if

they are sick.


Glossary

Thermometer This is the tool used to measure an animal’s body temperature.

Urinate This is the process where animals expel liquid waste from their bodies.

Urine This is the liquid waste that is produced by the kidneys and expelled

from the body during urination.

Vaccination This is the process where an animal is given a vaccine to protect it

against a particular disease. Vaccination is often done by injection

(inoculation) but some vaccinations for chickens involve use of

droplets deposited into the eye or sprayed above the chickens.

Vaccine A vaccine is a type of medicine that protects animals against certain

diseases. Vaccines either contain weak or dead forms of the organism

that causes the disease. The animals develop antibodies in response

to the vaccine which then protect them if they encounter the disease

organisms.

Venereal disease This is a disease that is passed between animals during mating.

Vet A veterinarian – someone who is qualifi ed to diagnose and treat sick

animals.

Vitamin A substance found in diff erent foods that is important for the health of

animals and people.

Vulva The opening that leads into the birth canal of a female animal.

Wattles The soft unfeathered parts that hang underneath a chicken’s beak.

Weight band A band that is placed around the girth of an animal and which allows

you to estimate its weight.

Worms Internal parasites found within the animal’s digestive system (e.g.

intestine) or other body organs such as the liver.


References for Photographs


i. Symptoms of Foot and mouth disease. Intervet Schering-Plough Animal Health

(Website: http://www.foot-and-mouth-disease.com/Disease_and_Control/symptoms.aspx

Downloaded 19/05/11). Photos: ID-Lelystad, The Netherlands.

ii. Mandibular abscess. American Society of Animal Science – Animal Science Image Gallery.

NAL Image Gallery: Code 4281 (Website: http://anscigallery.nal.usda.gov/search.php

Downloaded 19/05/11). Photograph by: Jeff Semler.

iii. TeARA. Diseases of sheep, cattle and deer. Mastitis.

(Website: http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/diseases-of-sheep-cattle-and-deer/9/4 Downloaded

19/05/11)) (Reference: Paul Martin, Lifestyle farming in New Zealand. Nelson: Craig Potton

Publishing, 2006, p. 26).

iv. Bovilis. Clinical signs of leptospirosis.

(http://www.bovilis.com/diseases/leptospirosis/clinical-signs.asp Downloaded 19/05/211)

v. Grobler, WJ, Common cattle diseases in our area.

(Website: http://www.proteaanimalclinic.co.za/Siektes/diseases.htm#sponssiekte

Downloaded 19/05/11). Original source of photograph: Bristol Image Archives, University

of Bristol, 2000.

vi. Grobler, WJ, Common cattle diseases in our area.

(http://www.proteaanimalclinic.co.za/Siektes/diseases.htm#sweetsiekte). Original source of

photograph: Bristol Image Archives, University of Bristol, 2000.

vii. Herenda, D., Chambers, P.G., Ettriqui, A., Seneviratna, P. and da Silva, T.J.P (2000). Manual on

meat inspection for developing countries. Chapter 3: Specifi c diseases of cattle

(Website: www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0756e/T0756E03.htm Downloaded 19/05/11).

viii. Laven, Richard. 2005. NADIS Disease bulletins. Warts (Bovine papillomatosis).

(http://www.nadis.org.uk/DiseasesCattle/Warts/Warts%20in%20Cattle.htm

Downloaded 19/05/11).

ix. Vatta, A.F., Abbott, M.A., de Villiers, J.F., Gumede, S.A., Harrison, L.J.S., Krecek, R.C., Letty,

B.A., Mapeyi, N. and Pearson, R.A. 2007. Common Diseases and Conditions: Heartwater in

Goatkeepers’ Animal Health Care Manual. Agricultural Research Council.

ISBN-13 978-1-86849-352-4. (Website: http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=3974

Downloaded 19/05/11)

x. Do your own vet work. 2009.

(Website: http://vetwork.blogspot.com/2009/02/goat-mange.html Downloaded 19/05/11).

xi. Vatta, A.F., Abbott, M.A., de Villiers, J.F., Gumede, S.A., Harrison, L.J.S., Krecek, R.C., Letty, B.A.,

Mapeyi, N. and Pearson, R.A. 2007. Common Diseases and Conditions: Orf in Goatkeepers’

Animal Health Care Manual. Agricultural Research Council. ISBN-13 978-1-86849-352-4.

Photo: Jenny Turton. (Website: http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=3974

Downloaded 19/05/11)

xii. Three Rivers Veterinary Group. Blue Tongue in Sheep.

(Website: http://www.threeriversvetgroup.co.uk/Blue_tongue_in_sheep.html

Downloaded 19/05/11). Photo: Dr. Van Aert Marcel.



xiii. The Pig Site. Erysipelas

(Website: http://www.thepigsite.com/pighealth/article/378/erysipelas


xiv. Chicken Feed: Newcastle Disease Outbreak as of April, 2003.

(Website: http://www.lionsgrip.com/chickensnewcastle.html Downloaded 19/05/11)

xv. Veterinary homeopathy. Homeopathic treatment of poultry diseases. Fowlpox.

(Website: Source: www.vethomopath.com/fowlpox.jpg Downloaded 19/05/11).

xvi. Backyard Poultry Info Centre. Bumblefoot.

(Website: http://forum.backyardpoultry.com/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=7983344


xvii. Feather Site. Scaly Leg Mites.

(Website: http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/Health/Dis/scaly.html

Downloaded 19/05/11). Photo: Virginia Martin.

xviii. Stone, N. 2007. Common diseases of backyard poultry. External parasites. Victoria

Department of Primary Industries. Note Number: AG1012

(Website: http://new.dpi.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds/animal-diseases/

poultry/common-diseases-of-backyard-poultry Downloaded 19/05/11).

xix. Poultry and livestock insects. Chicken lice. Clemson University Cooperative Extension

Service – United States Department of Agriculture joint project.

(Website: http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/poultry/ce216.jpg


xx. Beytell, A. African Horse Sickness (AHS) Research. Nelspruit Veterinary Hospital.

(Website: http://www.nelvet.co.za/Article2.aspx. Downloaded 19/05/11).

xxi. Foster, F. 2010. Rabies regulations and prevention.

(Website: http://www.moveoneinc.com/blog/europe/enrabies-reguations-prevention/


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