enrico torre lancaster university · idiomatic constructions have often been dismissed as...

1

ENRICO TORREENRICO TORRELancaster UniversityLancaster University

Stability, variation, and causal circularity:Stability, variation, and causal circularity:disclosing dynamic patterns in Italian idiomatic constructionsdisclosing dynamic patterns in Italian idiomatic constructions

Finding Common Ground: Social, Ecological, and Cognitive Perspectives on Language UseFinding Common Ground: Social, Ecological, and Cognitive Perspectives on Language UseUniversity of ConnecticutUniversity of Connecticut

June 12-14, 2014June 12-14, 2014

2

Idiomatic construction: a working definitionIdiomatic construction: a working definition

““AA conventionalconventional constructionconstruction whosewhose meaningmeaning cancan shift,shift, toto somesome extent,extent, betweenbetween aa literalliteral andand aa figurativefigurative level,level, andand whose use whose use isis shapedshaped byby specificspecific formal,formal, semantic,semantic, pragmatic,pragmatic, cognitive,cognitive, affective,affective, socio-cultural,socio-cultural, discursivediscursive andand situationalsituational factorsfactors” ” (see(see CameronCameron andand DeignanDeignan 2006;2006; LanglotzLanglotz 2006; Torre 2013b).2006; Torre 2013b).

3

Language as a construction-networkLanguage as a construction-network

● Mainstream generative theories consider language as an innate Mainstream generative theories consider language as an innate codecode, made up of , made up of formal symbolsformal symbols assembled according to assembled according to abstract abstract rulesrules (e.g. Fodor 1975; Jackendoff 1994; Pinker 1999); (e.g. Fodor 1975; Jackendoff 1994; Pinker 1999);

● Nevertheless, an alternative perspective which has been growing Nevertheless, an alternative perspective which has been growing fast in the last decades sees linguistic units as fast in the last decades sees linguistic units as form-meaning form-meaning pairingspairings, which represent the only , which represent the only primitive constituentsprimitive constituents of of language (e.g. Croft 2001; Langacker 2008);language (e.g. Croft 2001; Langacker 2008);

● On this view, language is an ever-changing On this view, language is an ever-changing networknetwork of interrelated of interrelated constructions of different levels of complexity (“the constructions of different levels of complexity (“the constructicon”), which is constantly updated and revised as a result constructicon”), which is constantly updated and revised as a result of of usage-eventsusage-events (e.g. Croft 2001; Goldberg 2003; Tomasello 2003). (e.g. Croft 2001; Goldberg 2003; Tomasello 2003).

4

The constructiconThe constructicon(Tomasello 2003: 107)(Tomasello 2003: 107)

5

Language as a dynamic systemLanguage as a dynamic system

Another perspective, largely consistent with a Another perspective, largely consistent with a constructionist view, sees language as a constructionist view, sees language as a complex complex dynamic systemdynamic system, which emerges from , which emerges from intersubjective intersubjective experienceexperience and evolves over time in an ongoing and evolves over time in an ongoing self-self-organizing processorganizing process (e.g. Elman 1995; Cowley et al. (e.g. Elman 1995; Cowley et al. 2004; R2004; Rąączaszek-Leonardi and Kelso 2008; Ellis and czaszek-Leonardi and Kelso 2008; Ellis and Larsen-Freeman 2010; Hodges and Fowler 2010; Cowley Larsen-Freeman 2010; Hodges and Fowler 2010; Cowley 2011; Fowler and Hodges 2011).2011; Fowler and Hodges 2011).

6

Basic dynamic-systems principlesBasic dynamic-systems principles

● dynamic systemdynamic system: a complex of aspects all evolving in a : a complex of aspects all evolving in a continuous, simultaneous, and mutually determining fashion;continuous, simultaneous, and mutually determining fashion;

● statestate: a set of variables that may change as a function of time;: a set of variables that may change as a function of time;● phase spacephase space: the set of all possible values variables can take;: the set of all possible values variables can take;● trajectorytrajectory: the sequence of states generated by the dynamics;: the sequence of states generated by the dynamics;● attractor stateattractor state: a small stable set of the phase space toward which : a small stable set of the phase space toward which

all nearby trajectories converge;all nearby trajectories converge;● basin of attractionbasin of attraction: a set of points converging to the attractor over : a set of points converging to the attractor over

time.time.

7

The inner structure of idiomsThe inner structure of idioms

● Idiomatic constructions have often been dismissed as atic constructions have often been dismissed as non-non-decomposabledecomposable items of non-literal language, peripheral and items of non-literal language, peripheral and uninteresting. (e.g. Chomsky 1980; Nicolas 1995).uninteresting. (e.g. Chomsky 1980; Nicolas 1995).

● Against this view, in the last decades psycholinguistic and corpus-Against this view, in the last decades psycholinguistic and corpus-linguistic studies have shown that idioms can often undergo linguistic studies have shown that idioms can often undergo structural modificationstructural modification and display different and display different variation patternsvariation patterns (e.g. Moon 1998; Langlotz 2006; Naciscione 2010; cf. also Gibbs (e.g. Moon 1998; Langlotz 2006; Naciscione 2010; cf. also Gibbs and Colston 2012).and Colston 2012).

8

Langlotz's (2006) criteria for the classification of Langlotz's (2006) criteria for the classification of idiomatic entry formsidiomatic entry forms

● CCompositionalityompositionality: the derivational predictability or regularity of the derivational predictability or regularity of the composite structure by adding up the values of its component the composite structure by adding up the values of its component parts.parts.

● Figurative-literal isomorphismFigurative-literal isomorphism: the contribution of a component : the contribution of a component structure to the overall compositional value.structure to the overall compositional value.

● MotivationMotivation: a speaker's ability to make sense of an idiomatic : a speaker's ability to make sense of an idiomatic expression by reactivating or remotivating its figurativity, i.e. to expression by reactivating or remotivating its figurativity, i.e. to understand why the idiom has the figurative meaning it has, given understand why the idiom has the figurative meaning it has, given its literal meaning.its literal meaning.

9

Motivation patternsMotivation patterns

● CConceptual metaphoronceptual metaphor: abstract objects and situations are : abstract objects and situations are conceptualized in terms of more concrete onesconceptualized in terms of more concrete ones (e.g. Lakoff and (e.g. Lakoff and Johnson 1980; see also Gibbs 2013).Johnson 1980; see also Gibbs 2013).

● Conceptual metonymyConceptual metonymy: an aspect or element in a conceptual : an aspect or element in a conceptual domain is named to refer to another one which stands in a contiguity domain is named to refer to another one which stands in a contiguity relation with itrelation with it (e.g. Barcelona 2000).(e.g. Barcelona 2000).

● Conceptual blendingConceptual blending: the integration of different mental spaces : the integration of different mental spaces which gives rise to an emergent conceptualizationwhich gives rise to an emergent conceptualization (e.g. Fauconnier (e.g. Fauconnier and Turner 2002; Hutchins 2005).and Turner 2002; Hutchins 2005).

● EmblemsEmblems: cultural symbols and stereotypes (see Langlotz 2006; cf. : cultural symbols and stereotypes (see Langlotz 2006; cf. Zinken 2003). Zinken 2003).

10

An empirical analysisAn empirical analysis

● A sample of 50 idiomatic constructions collected from Sorge's A sample of 50 idiomatic constructions collected from Sorge's (2010) (2010) dictionarydictionary of Italian idioms. of Italian idioms.

● 70 to 100 70 to 100 occurrencesoccurrences per idiom, retrieved in the per idiom, retrieved in the ItTenTenItTenTen corpus, investigated via the online corpus-query system corpus, investigated via the online corpus-query system Sketch Sketch EngineEngine ((http://www.sketchengine.co.ukhttp://www.sketchengine.co.uk))..

● A A totaltotal of 4,809 occurrences of idiomatic constructions in use. of 4,809 occurrences of idiomatic constructions in use.

11

An exampleAn example

Essere un sepolcro imbiancato.Essere un sepolcro imbiancato.

Be:inf a.msg sepulchre.sg whitewashed.Be:inf a.msg sepulchre.sg whitewashed.

““to be a whitewashed sepulchre”, meaning to be a to be a whitewashed sepulchre”, meaning to be a hypocrite and a fake. hypocrite and a fake. (to some extent, “sepolcro imbiancato” can be seen as (to some extent, “sepolcro imbiancato” can be seen as close to the English “holier-than-thou”).close to the English “holier-than-thou”).

12

An exampleAn example

13

An empirically-detected attractor-stateAn empirically-detected attractor-state

DefinitionDefinition: the bundle of (both : the bundle of (both lexical and syntactic) lexical and syntactic) constructionsconstructions which are which are quantitatively (and, to some extent, quantitatively (and, to some extent, analogically or ironically) analogically or ironically) associated with the associated with the keywordskeywords of an of an idiom, together with the particular idiom, together with the particular semantic, pragmatic, affective, and semantic, pragmatic, affective, and socio-cultural socio-cultural valuesvalues related to related to their their co-occurrenceco-occurrence. If the bundle . If the bundle includes several possible structures, includes several possible structures, these may differ in terms of the these may differ in terms of the attractive force they have.attractive force they have.

14


● The attractor emerges as a result of the constant, non-The attractor emerges as a result of the constant, non-linear interaction of linguistic, cognitive, and socio-linear interaction of linguistic, cognitive, and socio-cultural factors in actual language usage events.cultural factors in actual language usage events.

15


FORMAL POLEFORMAL POLEVerbal form Phrase order

Present IIIpl (27%)Present IIIsg (25%)Present IIpl (8%)Present Ipl (7%)Infinitive (5%)

NP(S) V NP(SC) (39%)V NP (SC) (18%)

NP(S) (7%)NP(S) V AdjP(SC) (6%)

16


MEANING POLEMEANING POLECombination of motivation patterns

conceptual metaphor: PEOPLE AS CONTAINERSconceptual metaphor: PEOPLE AS CONTAINERSimplying: PERSONAL QUALITIES AS CONTENTimplying: PERSONAL QUALITIES AS CONTENTelaboration: BAD QUALITIES AS DISGUSTING CONTENTelaboration: BAD QUALITIES AS DISGUSTING CONTENT

conceptual metonymy: OBJECT FOR EMOTIONconceptual metonymy: OBJECT FOR EMOTIONelaboration: ROTTEN FLESH FOR DISGUSTelaboration: ROTTEN FLESH FOR DISGUSTimplying: TOMB AS A CONTAINER OF DISGUSTING implying: TOMB AS A CONTAINER OF DISGUSTING

CONTENTCONTENTconceptual metonymy: WHITEWASHING FOR EMBELLISHMENTconceptual metonymy: WHITEWASHING FOR EMBELLISHMENT

17

The behavioral tendencies of Italian idiomsThe behavioral tendencies of Italian idioms

Idioms in use show several variation patterns, which in use show several variation patterns, which differ with regard to distinct aspects of their form and/or differ with regard to distinct aspects of their form and/or meaning. meaning. Adopting Langlotz's (2006) tripartite scheme, it Adopting Langlotz's (2006) tripartite scheme, it is possible to observe that idiomatic is possible to observe that idiomatic formform can be can be modified in terms of modified in terms of morphosyntaxmorphosyntax, , syntaxsyntax, and the , and the lexiconlexicon, whereas idiomatic , whereas idiomatic meaningmeaning can vary with regard can vary with regard to to polysemypolysemy, , adaptationadaptation, and , and ambiguationambiguation..

18


● The variational behavior of idiomatic constructions can be The variational behavior of idiomatic constructions can be observed and evaluated from a observed and evaluated from a quantitativequantitative perspective, perspective, since some idioms are quite flexible, and thus more likely since some idioms are quite flexible, and thus more likely to undergo modification, whereas some others are more to undergo modification, whereas some others are more rigid, and thus display a tendency to be more stable.rigid, and thus display a tendency to be more stable.

● Idiomatic variants can also be the object of Idiomatic variants can also be the object of qualitativequalitative considerations, as they range from plain considerations, as they range from plain lexicogrammatical adaptations to striking instances of lexicogrammatical adaptations to striking instances of wordplay. They can be seen as distributed along a cline of wordplay. They can be seen as distributed along a cline of conventionality and conspicuousness.conventionality and conspicuousness.

19


Each construction can be seen as a Each construction can be seen as a dynamic systemdynamic system, regulated by a principle , regulated by a principle of of causal circularitycausal circularity (e.g. Kelso 1995; (e.g. Kelso 1995; Deacon 2003), whereby:Deacon 2003), whereby:

● on the one hand, a bundle of formal, on the one hand, a bundle of formal, semantic/pragmatic, cognitive, affective, semantic/pragmatic, cognitive, affective, socio-cultural, discursive, and situational socio-cultural, discursive, and situational factors works as an factors works as an attractor stateattractor state, , toward which the occurrences of an toward which the occurrences of an idiomatic construction tend to converge;idiomatic construction tend to converge;

● On the other hand, the On the other hand, the trajectorytrajectory of of occurrences of the construction in context occurrences of the construction in context constantly (re-)shapes the attractor state, constantly (re-)shapes the attractor state, in a in a self-organizingself-organizing fashion. fashion.

20

Idiomatic constructions in dynamic-systems termsIdiomatic constructions in dynamic-systems terms

● Idiomatic construction = Idiomatic construction = dynamic systemdynamic system;;● Each particular usage-event = Each particular usage-event = statestate;;● The set of possible uses of an idiom = The set of possible uses of an idiom = phase spacephase space;;● The amount of all the observed uses of an idiom = The amount of all the observed uses of an idiom =

trajectorytrajectory;;● The possible lexical and grammatical forms and the The possible lexical and grammatical forms and the

combination of motivation patterns = combination of motivation patterns = basin of attractionbasin of attraction. .

21

Beyond idioms: a network of dynamic systemsBeyond idioms: a network of dynamic systems

● The case of idiomatic constructions only represents an example of The case of idiomatic constructions only represents an example of the viability of the the viability of the integrationintegration between a dynamic-systems view between a dynamic-systems view and a constructionist approach to the study of language.and a constructionist approach to the study of language.

● Language can be conceived as Language can be conceived as an open, massive network of an open, massive network of interactive dynamic systems, which stand in a synergetic relation interactive dynamic systems, which stand in a synergetic relation of of mutual influencemutual influence with each other and with other facets of with each other and with other facets of human cognition. In other words, language can be seen as an human cognition. In other words, language can be seen as an integrated branch of cognition, shaped by the bulk of interactions integrated branch of cognition, shaped by the bulk of interactions between lexical, morphosyntactic, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, between lexical, morphosyntactic, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, cognitive, socio-cultural, discursive, and situational factors, in a cognitive, socio-cultural, discursive, and situational factors, in a non-linear non-linear self-organizing processself-organizing process..

22

Beyond idioms: a network of dynamic systemsBeyond idioms: a network of dynamic systems

23

A fractal architecture for language and cognition?A fractal architecture for language and cognition?

● The The same mechanismssame mechanisms work at different dimensions, time-scales, work at different dimensions, time-scales, and levels of granularity (e.g. Gibbs and Cameron 2008).and levels of granularity (e.g. Gibbs and Cameron 2008).

● Language seems to show a Language seems to show a self-similarself-similar architecture (e.g. Van architecture (e.g. Van Orden et al. 2010).Orden et al. 2010).

● The same conclusion may be extended to The same conclusion may be extended to cognitioncognition as a whole as a whole (e.g. Ward 2002).(e.g. Ward 2002).

● Thus, language and cognition could be said to stand in aThus, language and cognition could be said to stand in a part- part-wholewhole relationship, displaying a fractal structure (cf. Torre 2013a, relationship, displaying a fractal structure (cf. Torre 2013a, 2013c).2013c).

24

A fractal architecture for language and cognition?A fractal architecture for language and cognition?

25

ReferencesReferences

Barcelona, Antonio (ed.). 2000. Barcelona, Antonio (ed.). 2000. Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads. A Cognitive Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads. A Cognitive PerspectivePerspective. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter.. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter.

Cameron, Lynne, and Alice Deignan. (2006). The Emergence of Metaphor in Discourse. Cameron, Lynne, and Alice Deignan. (2006). The Emergence of Metaphor in Discourse. Applied LinguisticsApplied Linguistics 37 (4): 671-690. 37 (4): 671-690.

Chomsky, Noam. 1980. Chomsky, Noam. 1980. Rules and RepresentationsRules and Representations. New York. Columbia University . New York. Columbia University Press.Press.

Cowley, Stephen J. (2011). Taking a Language Stance. Cowley, Stephen J. (2011). Taking a Language Stance. Ecological PsychologyEcological Psychology 23 (3): 23 (3): 185-209.185-209.

Cowley, Stephen J., Sheshni Moodley, and Agnese Fiori-Cowley. (2004). Grounding Cowley, Stephen J., Sheshni Moodley, and Agnese Fiori-Cowley. (2004). Grounding Signs of Culture. Primary Intersubjectivity in Social Semiosis. Signs of Culture. Primary Intersubjectivity in Social Semiosis. Mind, Culture, and ActivityMind, Culture, and Activity 11 (2): 109-132.11 (2): 109-132.

Croft, William. 2001. Croft, William. 2001. Radical Construction Grammar. Syntactic Theory in Typological Radical Construction Grammar. Syntactic Theory in Typological PerspectivePerspective. New York: Oxford University Press.. New York: Oxford University Press.

26


Deacon, Terrance W. (2003). The Hierarchic Logic of Emergence. The Interdependence of Deacon, Terrance W. (2003). The Hierarchic Logic of Emergence. The Interdependence of Evolution and Self-Organization. In B.H. Weber and D.J. Depew (eds.), Evolution and Self-Organization. In B.H. Weber and D.J. Depew (eds.), Evolution and Evolution and Learning. The Baldwin Effect ReconsideredLearning. The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 273-308.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 273-308.

Ellis, Nick C., and Diane Larsen-Freeman (eds.). 2010. Ellis, Nick C., and Diane Larsen-Freeman (eds.). 2010. Language as a Complex Adaptive Language as a Complex Adaptive SystemSystem. Chichester: Wiley.. Chichester: Wiley.

Elman, Jeffrey L. (1995). Language as a Dynamical System. In R.F. Port and T. Van Elman, Jeffrey L. (1995). Language as a Dynamical System. In R.F. Port and T. Van Gelder (eds.), Gelder (eds.), Mind as Motion. Explorations in the Dynamics of CognitionMind as Motion. Explorations in the Dynamics of Cognition . Cambridge, . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 195-226.MA: MIT Press. 195-226.

Fauconnier, Gilles, and Mark Turner. 2002. Fauconnier, Gilles, and Mark Turner. 2002. The Way We Think. Conceptual Blending and The Way We Think. Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexitiesthe Mind's Hidden Complexities. New York: Basic Books.. New York: Basic Books.

Fodor, Jerry. (1975). Fodor, Jerry. (1975). The Language of ThoughtThe Language of Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressPress

Fowler, Carol A., and Bert H. Hodges. (2010). Dynamics and Languaging. Toward an Fowler, Carol A., and Bert H. Hodges. (2010). Dynamics and Languaging. Toward an Ecology of Language. Ecology of Language. Ecological PsychologyEcological Psychology 23 (3): 147-156. 23 (3): 147-156.

27


Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr. (2013). Why Do Some People Dislike Conceptual Metaphor Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr. (2013). Why Do Some People Dislike Conceptual Metaphor Theory? Theory? Journal of Cognitive SemioticsJournal of Cognitive Semiotics 5 (1-2): 14-36. 5 (1-2): 14-36.

Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr., and Lynne Cameron. (2008). The Social-Cognitive Dynamics of Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr., and Lynne Cameron. (2008). The Social-Cognitive Dynamics of Metaphor Performance. Metaphor Performance. Cognitive Systems ResearchCognitive Systems Research 9: 64-75. 9: 64-75.

Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr., and Herbert L. Colston. 2012. Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr., and Herbert L. Colston. 2012. Interpreting Figurative MeaningInterpreting Figurative Meaning. . New York: Cambridge University Press.New York: Cambridge University Press.

Goldberg, Adele E. (2003). Constructions. A New Theoretical Approach to Language. Goldberg, Adele E. (2003). Constructions. A New Theoretical Approach to Language. Trends in Cognitive SciencesTrends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (5): 219-224. 7 (5): 219-224.

Hodges, Bert H., Carol A. Fowler. (2010). New Affordances for Language. Distributed, Hodges, Bert H., Carol A. Fowler. (2010). New Affordances for Language. Distributed, Dynamic, and Dialogical Perspectives. Dynamic, and Dialogical Perspectives. Ecological PsychologyEcological Psychology 22 (4): 239-253. 22 (4): 239-253.

Hutchins, Edwin. (2005). Material Anchors for Conceptual Blending. Hutchins, Edwin. (2005). Material Anchors for Conceptual Blending. Journal of Journal of PragmaticsPragmatics 37: 1555-1577. 37: 1555-1577.

Jackendoff, Ray. 1994. Jackendoff, Ray. 1994. Patterns in the Mind. Language and Human NaturePatterns in the Mind. Language and Human Nature. New York: . New York: Basic Books.Basic Books.

28


Kelso, J.A. Scott. 1995. Kelso, J.A. Scott. 1995. Dynamic Patterns. The Self-Organization of Brain and BehaviorDynamic Patterns. The Self-Organization of Brain and Behavior. . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live ByMetaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Chicago Press.

Langlotz, Andreas. 2006. Langlotz, Andreas. 2006. Idiomatic Creativity. A Cognitive-Linguistic Model of Idiom-Idiomatic Creativity. A Cognitive-Linguistic Model of Idiom-Representation and Idiom-Variation in EnglishRepresentation and Idiom-Variation in English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John . Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Benjamins.

Moon, Rosamund. 1998. Moon, Rosamund. 1998. Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English. A Corpus-based Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English. A Corpus-based ApproachApproach. New York: Oxford University Press.. New York: Oxford University Press.

Naciscione, Anita. 2010. Naciscione, Anita. 2010. Stylistic Use of Phaseological Units in DiscourseStylistic Use of Phaseological Units in Discourse. Amsterdam . Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Nicolas, Tim. (1995). Semantics of Idiom Modification. In M. Everaert, E. van der Nicolas, Tim. (1995). Semantics of Idiom Modification. In M. Everaert, E. van der Linden, A. Schenk, and R. Schreuder (eds.), Linden, A. Schenk, and R. Schreuder (eds.), Idioms. Structural and Psychological Idioms. Structural and Psychological PerspectivesPerspectives. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 233-252.. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 233-252.

29


Pinker, Steven. 1999. Pinker, Steven. 1999. Words and Rules. The Ingredients of LanguageWords and Rules. The Ingredients of Language. New York: Basic . New York: Basic Books.Books.

RRąączaszek-Leonardi, Joanna, and J.A. Scott Kelso. (2008). Reconciling Symbolic and czaszek-Leonardi, Joanna, and J.A. Scott Kelso. (2008). Reconciling Symbolic and Dynamics Aspects of Language. Toward a Dynamic Psycholinguistics. Dynamics Aspects of Language. Toward a Dynamic Psycholinguistics. New Ideas in New Ideas in PsychologyPsychology 26 (2): 193-207. 26 (2): 193-207.

Sorge, Paola. 2010 (3Sorge, Paola. 2010 (3rdrd ed.). ed.). Dizionario dei Modi di Dire della Lingua Italiana. Origine e Dizionario dei Modi di Dire della Lingua Italiana. Origine e Significato delle Frasi Idiomatiche e delle Forme Proverbiali Rare e ComuniSignificato delle Frasi Idiomatiche e delle Forme Proverbiali Rare e Comuni . Roma: . Roma: Newton Compton.Newton Compton.

Tomasello, Michael. 2003. Tomasello, Michael. 2003. Constructing a Language. A Usage-based Theory of Language Constructing a Language. A Usage-based Theory of Language AcquisitionAcquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Torre, Enrico. (2013a). Different Time-Scales, Common Mechanisms. Toward an Eco-Torre, Enrico. (2013a). Different Time-Scales, Common Mechanisms. Toward an Eco-Cognitive Account of Language Dynamics. Paper presented at the Cognitive Account of Language Dynamics. Paper presented at the 55thth Distributed Thinking Distributed Thinking SymposiumSymposium. London, UK.. London, UK.

30


Torre, Enrico. (2013b). A Dynamic-Systems Approach to Language Embeddedness. Torre, Enrico. (2013b). A Dynamic-Systems Approach to Language Embeddedness. Insights from a Cognitive-Linguistic Exploration of Idiomatic Constructions. Paper Insights from a Cognitive-Linguistic Exploration of Idiomatic Constructions. Paper presented at the presented at the 11stst International Conference on the Cognitive Futures in the Humanities International Conference on the Cognitive Futures in the Humanities . . Bangor, UK.Bangor, UK.

Torre, Enrico. (2013c). Observing Idiom-Variation through Dynamic, Ecological Lenses. Torre, Enrico. (2013c). Observing Idiom-Variation through Dynamic, Ecological Lenses. Linguistic Phenomena as Shaped by the Organism-Environment Interaction. Poster Linguistic Phenomena as Shaped by the Organism-Environment Interaction. Poster presented at the presented at the 1717thth International Conference on Perception and Action International Conference on Perception and Action . Estoril, Portugal.. Estoril, Portugal.

Van Orden, Guy C., Christopher T. Kello, and John G. Holden. (2010). Situated Behavior Van Orden, Guy C., Christopher T. Kello, and John G. Holden. (2010). Situated Behavior and the Place of Measurement in Psychological Theory. and the Place of Measurement in Psychological Theory. Ecological PsychologyEcological Psychology 22: 24-43. 22: 24-43.

Ward, Lawrence M. 2002. Dynamical Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Ward, Lawrence M. 2002. Dynamical Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Zinken, JZinken, Jöörg. (2003). Ideological Imagination. Intertextual and Correlational Metaphors in rg. (2003). Ideological Imagination. Intertextual and Correlational Metaphors in Political Discourse. Political Discourse. Discourse and SocietyDiscourse and Society 14 (4): 507-523. 14 (4): 507-523.

31

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!

[email protected]@lancaster.ac.uk

enrico torre lancaster university · idiomatic constructions have often been dismissed as...

Documents