Enppi

Chairman and CEOEng. Abdel Nasser Salah

Assistant Chairman and Supervisor of Supporting

Services DivisionEng. Hussein Abd El Meguid

Assistant General ManagerMedia & Translation Dept.

Jihan El-Said

Media & Translation Department Manager

Noha Farouk

Translation Section Head Rehab Kaddah

Translation SectionRehab El-Sawy

Mona HarbLamis Hossam

Media Section HeadEnas El Shazly

Media Section TeamMona RihanReda Wahib

Amany Abo El-Azm

Enppi1 (A) Ahmed El Zomor St.

8th District - Nasr CityCairo

Main Tel. Board(50 lines)

22762100 - 22762150Fax cairo

22744382 - 22744981gmail@enppi.comwww.enppi.com

ISSN 1687 - 1111Printed in Enppi

Projects and Achievements: Management & Construction Supervision Contract for PAGMI Project, PDVSA, VenezuelaProjects and Achievements:Polyethylene Lump-Sum Turnkey Project for ETHYDCO

Essays: Offshore Wind Energy; Tackling The Future

Conferences & Exhibitions:Oil & Gas Conference in Uganda

Personnel Profile: Eng. Mervat El-Gohary & Eng. Tarek Allam

New at Enppi: Utilization of Laser Engraving Technology & Modern Lighting in 3D Plastic Models

Certificates: A Certificate of Appreciation from Saudi ARAMCO

Human Resources: Specialized Scientific Certification Ceremony

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The Consortium comprising ENPPI, Japanese TOYO with the Egyptian Ethylene and Derivatives Company (ETHYDCO) contracted for executing the project of constructing the Polyethylene factory, on turnkey basis with a production capacity of 400,000 TM/Y. This project is one of the Petrochemicals Complex projects located at AMERYA area in Alexandria.

It is worth mentioning that, licenses services and basic engineering designs for this project are provided directly by TECHNOLOGIES LLC UNIVATION.

The Consortium Scope of work includes the following: • Reviewing the Front End Engineering Designs (FEED). • Executing the detailed engineering designs. • Procurement and purchasing the equipment and materials.• Construction, Installation, and Pre-commissioning. • Operational Trials, Start of production and Performance

tests. • Training of the Owner's employees on operating the

equipment and its maintenance outside Egypt in the

factories of the external vendors.It is planned that the mechanical work is assumed to be

accomplished by July 1st, 2015 and the project operation will be initiated in Nov. 1st, 2015.

In light of the fruitful collaboration with the International companies, along with Enppi keenness to broaden its work scope abroad, and as a part of Enppi continuous success in executing projects PDVSA Co. in Venezuela. Enppi was awarded the PAGMI project Contract, which aims at establishing the Gas Processing Unit for domestic consumption for PDVSA, Venezuela.

In this context, H.E. Eng. Sherif Ismail, Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, received the Venezuelan Ambassador Khwan Antonio Hernandez to discuss the mutual aspects of cooperation between the two parties, in addition to tackling the possibility of enlarging Enppi business scope in new Venezuelan projects, especially after its previous distinguished performance in executing various projects in Venezuela.

The contract was signed by Eng. Abdel Nasser Salah, Enppi Chairman and CEO, on September 30th, 2013, following the signing «PDVSA» Co. on the contract in Caracas; the Capital of Venezuela. It is remarkable that, this project is considered one of the major Venezuelan projects of which the structural and construction works will be under Enppi supervision, in addition to the project management, through the Consortium with Y&V Co., Venezuela.

The activities will endorse the establishment of Gas Receiving Station from the Venezuelan marine fields toensure the standard specifications and gas purification inorder to pump it into the National Venezuelan Grid.

The project is located in Güiria City in North West of Venezuela, where Enppi already accomplished some of the previous phases of the project, such as engineering, procurement and site preparation activities; additionally, the construction worksareplannedtobefinalizedbythemidof2015.

The main target of the project is to treat the gas produced fromoffshorefieldsinPatao/Dragonareaswithaproductioncapacity of 600 MMSCFD of Lean Gas. The project also comprises the separation works including undesired materials separation; Slug Catcher, Inlet Scrubber, gas purificationactivities and filtration System; (filter for internal gas andfilterfordustandfumes),gasdewateringandgasdehydrationusing the Molecular Sieve Technology.

The project also includes the following utilities: Compressed Air, Fuel Gas System, Water Supply System, Chemical Injection System,Gas Flaring System,Open / Closed Drainage System, Waste Water Treatment System,Electrical Generation & Distribution System,Communication System and Fire Fighting Water Supply System.

The Egyptian Refinery Company “ERC” awarded Enppi the basicengineering designs’ Contract for Misr Petroleum Company New Storage Tank Farm project, which is planned to be constructed at Badr City, nearby Egypt-Suez Desert Road.

TheTankFarm storage capacitywill reach21750m3of petroleumfinalproducts, i.e. (Solar and Gasoline with octane concentration 8095/92/), and its shipping capacity reaches 2040 m3/h.

Enppi designed the Tank Farm to be constructed on a plot of land with total area of 120 thousand m2; including the petroleum products storage tanks, loading arms facilities, administrative and industrial buildings, with the highest HSE standards,concerningthefiredetectionandfirefightingautomaticsystems.

Enppi has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Sapura Clough; an experienced Western Australia based marine Engineering and Construction company, specialized in the provision of installation vessels, marine construction and installation and project management. The two parties have agreed on the

mutual cooperation in the offshore projectsstartingfromtheprequalificationfor the potential opportunities up to the completion of the project.

The memorandum represents one of the main steps taken by Enppi to bridge thegapsidentifiedintheoffshoreEPICprojects due to lack of capabilities of

the local installation contractors to meet the National and International projects challenges especially in the deep water.

By this memorandum, Enppi aspires to open new markets for offshore projects in the MENA region, GCC and offshore Africa through the fruitful cooperation with Sapura Clough Co.

A sample of equipment installed in the project

Enppi has accomplished efficiently the basic and detailedengineering designs for the Technical Support project that targets the development of Rashid Petroleum and Burullus Gas companies' sites. Enppi scope of work encompasses the basic and detailed designs and issuing the Purchase orders in addition to revising the submitted offers of the Purchase orders. In order to accelerate the work completion, Enppi has assigned a special Task Force Area for the project team. Moreover, Enppi scope included the completion of two studies, as follows; A study to determine the acceptable leakage rates for the sea line valves in west delta deep MARINE. A study for Valves criticality assessment for

the Sea line valves in west delta deep marine. It is worthmentioning that, this is considered the first timethat Enppi conducts such type of studies, which were accomplished successfully and on a timely basis.

The 3D Plastic Model is considered one of the main supporting methods in projects’ designs. Enppi is one of the leading manu-facturers of Petroleum Projects' Simulating models. This activity was initiated in Enppi at 1981, as one of the main checking and design verification tools in piping projects. Modeling Section of Enppi participated in manufacturing several models for Enppi projects with a high quality level. More-over, the manufacturing activities extended to comprise industrial and architectural models.

To get a 3D prototype for a project area, you have to fabricate a plastic model to simulate the project’s parts of equipment, structures and pipelines using a special manu-factured fittings, as well as utilizing engraving, cutting and assembling machines.

The gathering process is implemented according to the projects’ executive panels. After introducing the new and modern designing programs such as, “CADD” & Plant De-sign Systems (Computer Vision, PDS, PDMS, Smart Plant); in projects. Enppi currently fabricate 3D Plastic model in projects' when the client need to keep 3D reality reference for their plant, regarding that the optimum scale in block and detailed model are the main variables in controlling the manufacture’s cost.

In the aim of the optimizing Enppi capabilities, and its experience in plastic model fabrication, Enppi currently uti-

lizes 3D plastic as part of its marketing strategy in the Inter-national exhibitions and symposiums. To achieve this target, the Modeling Section adopted the fabrication technologies such as:(1) Laser engraving & Cutting Machines; which is one of the fastest and accurate techniques pursued by Enppi where details are fed directly through the computer design soft-ware. Cutting and engraving is made by using Laser X-rays to realize the following privileges:• Reducing long working hours during the manufacturing process compared to manual cutting time.• Accuracy in cutting materials to facilitate scientific assem-bly of these parts to form equipment models and engineer-ing details. • Possibility of reproducing the manufactured parts with maintaining the same precision and dimensional levels.

(2)Modern Lightening & Animation (LEDs); which is considered one of the modern lightening technologies.

It is worth mentioning that, profi-cient technicians of Modeling Section of Enppi modified the group of triple Alldat, traded from the Manufacturers, as they could operate a separate “LED”, using simple electronic components, with the same light intensity. Thus, the manufacturing companies overcame the difficulty of manufacturing models for electrical light poles with small siz-es and indirect lighting, which does not affect vision angle negatively.

Ethane Extraction Project-YANBU-ARAMCO

Enppi is always keen to highlight the role played by its distinguished employees to accelerate progress and improve the overall performance. The light is shed here on the biography of some of these unique employees to motivate them to

greater success and to encourage the rest of the colleagues and to establish the principle of appreciation to all who are distinguished at work.

Eng. Mervat joined Enppi Chemical Dept. in 1981. She was appointed to several key positions, until she was as-signed as a General Manager, supervising the basic, detailed design and technical studies for towers, tower internals and air-coolers.

Eng. Mervat was assigned as the PTD Coordinator in the committee of updating the Engineering guides and instruc-tions, in addition to the general specifications and data sheets. She also played a vital role in training junior engineers to be capable to design the towers and air coolers, using the latest design programs and software, such as; HRTI & FRI.

Eng. Mervat also performed training courses for the Pe-troleum Sector engineers inside & outside Egypt (as Ven-ezuela, Syria & Libya). She contributed in equipment en-gineering design and technical studies in all mega projects executed by Enppi inside and outside Egypt, such as:

Assiut Refinery (Technical and Commercial Evalua-

tion), Amerya LPG, Transgulf LPG Recovery, GPC Abu San-nan Condensate Recovery, Obai-yed Gas Field Development Projects (Bapetco), Burullus Compression Stations V & VII, E-Styrenics, Ammonia/Urea Plant. She also participated in various projects in Venezue-la and in Yanbu Gas Plant Exp. Project for Saudi Aramco, Kharir Basement Processing Unit (Yemen) and Omar Vapor & Tanak Water Injection Project (Syria).

Eng. Mervat participated with Enppi team in performing & applying the Environmental, Safety and Health Manage-ment Program. It is worth mentioning that, Eng. Mervat El Gohary holds a B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from Alexan-dria University in 1981.

Eng. Tarek Allam joined Enppi in 1994 as an Electrical Engineer, then he was promoted in several positions until he was assigned as Principal Electrical Engineer, and Gas Projects’ System Engineering Section Supervisor, where he developed the department’s work systems, revised and checked all the engineering designs, equipment purchase and electrical material, in addition to supervising the con-struction works, execution and operation to guarantee an ultimate team work integrity.

Eng. Tarek Allam also participated in the engineer-ing designs, technical studies and execution of several gi-ant projects for the Egyptian Petroleum Sector, such as PETROBEL, UGDC, RASHID and several projects abroad, such as KHAFJI, TOTAL (Yemen) and K.B.R (UK).

Hereinafter are some examples of these projects in Egypt and abroad:• Port Fouad Gas Field Development• Field Development Project (FDP-1)• Kharir Development Project Phase-1 (BPU)• Yanbu Export Refinery• Damietta Export Facilities

Eng. Tarek Allam repre-sented Enppi in several missions abroad, in reviewing and checking the Engineering Designs for several projects with some International companies such as; Bechtel (UK) and KBR (UK).

Eng. Tarek obtained a certificate of appreciation from KHAFJI Field Development Project, for his outstanding per-formance during the execution of the Engineering designs, in compliance with the client’s specifications and requirements.

In the framework of Enppi keenness to uphold its calib-ers competencies, Tarek Allam was assigned to set training plans for engineers, to boost their personal and technical skills. Moreover, he obtained many training courses in his technical specialty, Project Management and Soft Skills, in addition to Health, Safety & Environment field.

Prior to joining Enppi, Eng. Tarek spent two years in AGIBA Petroleum Co. at Meliha project. It is also worth mentioning that, he holds a B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from Zagazig University in 1991.

Laser Engraving andCutting Machine

Booster Pumps-SUMED

A Triple Lighting Unit

A separate lighting unit3D Model for LAB Project for ELAB Company

As Enppi is keen to support the scientific knowledge of its staff; HR Division organized a celebration to honor 200 employees, who had successfully acquired their specialized scientific certificates, in engineering and administrative fields, during the period from June 30th 2012 - 2013.

Eng. Abdel Nasser Salah - Enppi Chairman and CEO, together with Vice Chairmen, Chairman Assistants, General Managers and Department Managers, witnessed the celebration.

In his speech, Eng. Abdel Nasser expressed his content to witness this remarkable number of Enppi employees obtaining specialized scientific certificates. He declared that, supporting the scientific knowledge is one of the main pillars to acquaint technical calibers, capable of dealing with advanced technologies in all specialties. Qualified calibers are the corner stone to achieve the growth rates required for the coming years.

Moreover, Enppi Leaders and Departments’Coordinators praised the ceremony’s organization and expressed their wishes that this fruitful event would help Enppi keeping its leading position among sister companies.

In compliance with Enppi role in providing training services for the Petroleum Sector Companies, several sister companies, such as, Badr El-Din «Bapetco», AGIBA Co., Petroleum Marine Services (PMS), Pharaonic Petroleum Co. (PhPc), in addition to the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation «EGPC»,

have decided that Enppi would carry out their training plans of 2013 / 2014, at Enppi training centers in Cairo and Alexandria. It is remarkable that, these training programs vary between technical and administrative programs, including the up-to-date applications of engineering software.

In pursue of Enppi strategy towards strengthening business relations with Oil & Gas sister companies, HR Division «Customer Training Dept.» has conducted a long term strategic business partnership with Petrobel, to provide specialized training programs for developing the middle management leadership skills.

The Oil & Gas Leadership Development Program «Module I» was executed on four rounds, with the aid of professional expertise in the field of Management, Financial Planning and Human Resources, for an approximate number of 80 participants. The program duration was 7 days round, including final project presented at the end of the program.

It is worth mentioning that, the program was very successful and has paved the way for expanding mutual cooperation between the two sister companies «Enppi & Petrobel» in the upcoming training plan of 2013- 2014. The program was a cornerstone for the next development phase (Module II) and all participants have stated their full satisfaction with the service rendered and praised Enppi Training Team for their efforts, crowned with successful business alliance between the two companies.

At Enppi annual ceremony, employees'

outstanding sons and daughters were honored

for obtaining excellent grades in Primary,

Preparatory, Secondary and University stages

for the Academic Year 2012 /2013 on Sept. 28th,

2013.

Eng. Abdel Nasser Salah, Enppi Chairman and

CEO, delivered a speech expressing his extreme

happiness for attending this occasion that Enppi

celebrates annually, as estimation for science

and knowledge. He dedicated this superiority to

the students' families, who furnished their sons

and daughters with a suitable atmosphere for

upgrading their competencies.

Enppi Chairman also greeted the distinguished

students and motivated them to pursue their

excellence to prove the importance of science in

achieving the society's development.

At the end of the ceremony, Eng. Abdel

Nasser Salah, delivered the certificates of honor

and financial reward prizes to the outstanding

students. Enppi honored 35 Primary students,

30 Preparatory students, 18 Secondary students

and 19 University graduates in reward to their

excellence. Enppi family wish for all students a

continuous success.

In line with Enppi intension to upgrade its staff major competencies in crucial fields as Administration Affairs, HR Division affiliated Mrs. Maysa Tantawi, Mrs. Samar Samaha, Mrs. Naglaa Koretum and Mrs. Lamia Abou Shady from Secretary Department, attended the «Professional Office Executives' Development Program»; to acquire the «Professional Certificate in Office Management & Administration» at the American University premises in Cairo «AUC».

The program was held during the period from Nov. 2012 till July 2013. It is remarkable that, all participants passed the certificate examinations effectively, which strengthens Enppi calibers uniqueness.

Side of the ceremony

Wind power is undergoing rapid development. Within the past 10 years the global installed capacity of wind power has increased from approximately 2.5 GW (GegaWatt) in 1992 to a little below 40 GW at the end of 2003, with an annual growth rate of around 30%. Despite the fact that Onshore wind farms have grown enormously over the last decade to the point where it generates more than 10% of all electricity in certain regions (such as Denmark, Germany and Sweden), this expansion has not been without problems and the resistance to wind-farm developments onshore has increased, due to the value of land areas & environmental impact concerns. Accordingly, Developed Countries are heading to increase

investments in Offshore wind farms, in order to become an important source of energy in the near future, as it is expected that within 10 years, wind farms with a total capacity of thousands of megawatts will be installed. For instant by the end of 2013; 31 companies had announced plans for 38 new offshore wind-turbine models.The European Union is well ahead in terms of offshore wind turbine model announcements with 52% of announcements from European companies. Europe is followed by China with 26%, then the USA and Korea with 8% and then Japan and Israel with 3% each.It is worth mentioning that, average offshore wind farm size in 2012 increased by 36% compared to year 2011, according to the European Offshore Wind Industry report on 2012. • Offshore wind energy has a number of technical

advantages such as:• Availability of large continuous areas, suitable for mega

projects.• Higher wind speeds, which generally increase with

distance from the shore. • Less turbulence, which allows the turbines to harvest

the energy more effectively and reduces the fatigue loads on the turbine.

• Lower wind-shear thus allowing the use of shorter towers.

Dispite the high cost of Offshore wind-turbines, Developed Countriesincreasetheinvestmentsinthisfield,duetotheabove mentioned advantages and due to their belief that the costs are expected to get down in the coming decade, when this technology, from manufacturing to construction, is matured.

Offshore Wind Farms Anatomy• TypicalOffshorewind farm is composed of five (5)

main components: • Offshore wind turbines which are typically rated

between 2 - 5 MW with aerodynamically designed blades to maximize the wind harvesting, as much feasible with a rotor diameter usually ranges between 75110-m.

• Turbine supporting tower, with height above 60m.• Supporting structure and foundations; the turbine and

tower are usually supported by a steel jacket structure (4-legged / tripod), mono pile or tri-pile.

• Substation & marine cable.• Port facilities.

Egyptian MarketThe Egyptian demand for power and electricity is rapidly

increasing, due to the fast growth in population rates & project expansion. The current energy market trend entails that Renewable Energy, specially from wind, should be a strategic objective for the Egyptian Government.Wind Energy Generation in the Egyptian market is still in its infancy stage, as it contributes with less than 1% of the electricity generation with installed capacity of 547 MW (20112012/), the Egyptian government is currently targeting to reach a goal of 7200 MW in 2020, which will secure 12% of Egypt’s energy expected demand. In order to effectively meet this goal, The Egyptian Government shall set a long term planning startegy, starting from refining legal & regulatoryframeworks, prepare geographical/environmental studies for Onshore & Offshore zones, make allies with key

International technology suppliers and utilize National resources, in order to maximizebenefitsandtacklethefuturein this substantially evolving market, as Egypt has a great opportunity to lead this market in the Middle East region.Offshore Wind Energy in the Egyptian market is considerably promising, as Egypt is gifted with over than 2300km of beachs, which is considered a National treasure in the Wind Energy field; also the sparing of land areasto development projects & future expansions could be another advantage of going offshore, not to mention reducing pollution and noise.Egyptian Government until today didn’tinterveneinthisfield,howeveras stated before, it is a strategic demand for current & future generations, as the Egyptian Government can start with small prototype projects serving,

for example, domestic consumption at the West North coast. The private sector specially in Industry sector (31.4% share of energy consumption) can also contribute in developing this fieldasthegovernmentshallencourge& subsidize Local & International Investorstostartinvestingthisfield.Enppi can take a Leading role in the Offshore Wind Energy Field within MENA region Enppi, as a major EPC contractor in the energy & petrochmeical market, can contribute significantly in assisstingthe Ministry of Electricity to develop this field; as Enppi has extensiveexperience hit the top of 25 years of Offshore Projects Experience; not to mention its capabilities in management, procurement ,technical studies services and its excellent relation with key International Contractors & offshore service providers worldwide.

The consumption and demand for the petroleum products are increasing every year, due to the increase in population and standard of living. The increase in the crude oil import affects the country’s economy and its development. The major disadvantage of using petroleum-based fuels is the atmospheric pollution, created by the use of petroleum diesel. So researchers play a great effort to define another option for solving these problems, Biomass has been focused on, as an alternative energy source, to produce diesel-based biomaterial that could contribute to sustainable development. Biodiesel fuel can be made from new or used vegetable oils and animal fats. Unlike fossil diesel, pure biodiesel is biodegradable, nontoxic and essentially free of sulphur and aromatics. Biodiesel is a variety of ester-based oxygenated fuels derived from natural, renewable biological sources, such as vegetable oils, which are synthesized by the trans-esterification reaction as shown in Figure 1. Biodiesel is used in internal combustion engine as an alternative to fossil-based diesel fuel.

This study presents the extraction of Jojoba oil from seeds and biodiesel synthesis. The extraction of Jojoba oil was performed using subcritical water technology, as a new pathway for the extraction of compounds from biomass. An improvement of biodiesel synthesis is reached through studying the parameters affecting on the synthesis process. The first part of the thesis investigates the effect of different parameters affecting on the extraction process. These parameters cover the temperature range of 180240°-C, using seeds with mean particle size, ranging from 12mm to less than 0.5mm, water to seed ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1, and extraction times in the range of 1050- min was investigated. Moreover, the kinetics, as well as, the thermodynamics of the extraction process, were investigated. The obtained results revealed that an increase in both temperature and time of extraction, while a decrease in particle size generally improved the yield of extraction up to certain limits. The results showed that the maximum extraction yield of 94%. The obtained kinetics data for the oil extraction process were correlated well with a consecutive unimolecular type first order reaction mechanism. The oil extraction rate constants were found to be 0.00948, 0.018777, 0.1154, and 0.0944 while the decomposition rate constants were 0.0985, 0.1074, 0.00785, and 0.01322 at extraction temperatures of 180, 200, 240, and 260°C, respectively. Using the Arrhenius equation, we calculated the thermodynamic parameters. The value of activation energy (E) and frequency factor (A) were

82.5 kJ.mol-1 and 464483, respectively. In the second part we studied the production of biodiesel

from the oil extracted. Where, the use of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), produced from agricultural oils as a fuel in diesel engines has been proposed, as an alternative to diesel from fossil resources. Vegetable oils are produced from numerous oil seed crops. Among several renewable sources and yet not widely known, Jojoba seeds appear to be a promising scope for cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas. The Jojoba oil-wax is extracted from the seeds of the Jojoba, which grows in semi desert areas in some parts of the world.

This part summarizes a process to convert the Jojoba oil-wax to biodiesel by Trans- Esterification with methanol, catalyzed with potassium oxide (1.35wt% of the oil). The Trans-Esterification reaction is carried out in a reactor at 50°C, with a molar ratio methanol/ oil 6:1, and vigorous stirring (600 rpm), reaction completed after 25 min. with more than 95% conversion. The experimental data were used to build up a process for producing biodiesel (methyl Jojoboate). Then, a complete design for the process has been developed and optimized by using simulation software (ASPEN HYSYS2006). According to this study, the maximum yield of biodiesel (methyl Jojoboate), Jojobyl alcohol and methanol recovery are found to be 99.14, 93.36 and 99.9%, respectively.

Based on the obtained data, it is concluded that, the

new proposed extraction process could be a cost effective alternative for the traditional pressing method for Jojoba seed oil extraction, with using the extracted oil in biodiesel synthetic. However, more studies are needed to investigate the possibility and feasibly of the commercialization of the process.

Process Simulation The process flow diagram is shown in Figure 2. The

process starts with a feeding unit, which consists of a feeding pump (P-100), used for transferring of the Jojoba oil to the Trans-Esterification reactor (convertor type reactor, CRV-100) through a heat exchanger (E-100) having two different controlling valves. One valve is used for flow control (VLV-100) and the other for temperature control (VLV-101). Methanol and potassium oxide are mixed in a mixing tank (V-100). Then the mixture (methoxide) is pumped to CRV-100, through a transfer pump (P-101) installed with a flow control valve (VLV-102). The product out from CRV-100 is delivered to neutralization reactor CRV-101. To the naturalization reactor CRV-101, HCL is added using a dosing pump (P-102) to lower the pH value to a neutralizing value (to a pH value of 7). The resulting mixture is transferred to a washing tank (V-101) with having a flow control valve (VLV-105). The washing is carried out, using fresh water through a washing pump (P-103). Then, the washed mixture is delivered to a separation vessel (V-102) using a transfer pump (P-104) having a control valve (VLV-107). The neutralized and washed-mixture are separated into two streams. The first stream (in this module is stream number 30), composed mainly from methanol and Jojobyl alcohol, and the other stream (stream number 31) from methyl ester and Jojobyl alcohol. The first stream is delivered to distillation column (T-101) comprises ten stages that fractionating the feed into methanol from top and jojobyl alcohol from bottom. The Jojobyl alcohol (first grade composition) is stored in tank (V-106). The methanol is stored in vessel (V-105) and recycled to be used again in preparation of methothxide in tank (V-100).

The second stream is delivered to a second separator (V-103) that increases the percent of methyl Jojoboate in its layer. The separated layer (light liquid) is sent to a reboiled absorber (T-100) that involves ten stages to get methyl Jojobate (the main product, the biodiesel) from bottom. The hot product is then used as a heating medium for heating of Jojoba oil in heat exchanger (E-100) then cooled through cooler (E-101) and stored in vessel (V-107). Heavy liquid of V-103 and overhead of T-100 is mixed in MIX-100 to get another grade of Jojobyl alcohol (second composition) and stored in V-104. Table 3 shows a summary for the simulation results, while Table 6 shows the material balance and data conditions for Module#3. As recorded in the table, it was found that the yield of the purification step of the biodiesel is 99.41%, in the same time the methanol recovery is 99.91.

Figure2 :Biodiesel Prodution from Jojoba Oil

Figure1: Trans-Esterification reaction of Jojoba oil-wax with methanol, showing a general structure for methyl Jojoboate (bottom left) and Jojobyl alcohol (bottom right)

Enppi Architecture Dept.is considered one of the leading departments in the field of energy consumption reduction in buildings, through performing the architectural elements and environmental energy-saving techniques. The Architecture Dept. has conducted several applications in Architectural Projects since Enppi foundation. For example, the Residential Complex of

Assiut Oil Refinery, Abu Sanan project in Western Desert, and other Administrative Buildings.

The practical applications of energy-saving architectural elements are obvious in several projects, such as in Petroleum Complex in Alexandria (Desert Road), and the last executed project of “Egypt Gas Building” in Almaza, Cairo (Fig.1) where

the following criteria were put into consideration:

Considering the building’s optimal direction, according to environmental determinants of the regional climate of Cairo and the Buildings Laws, which state that the direction of buildings facades are selected in accordance with the Sun movement and wind direction. Consequently, the energy is saved inside the building through the increase of facades areas towards the North and its decrease towards the

South or the Western South, in addition to cutting down the direct convention within the building gaps.

The ideal design for site landscape is using vegetation and paving around the building (Fig.2), which helps to energy– saving inside the building using special floor treatments to defuse the sun rays reflected on the building. In addition, green spaces are utilized to reduce the heat gained from Earth’s surface close to the building façade and to eliminate the convection around the building. The International environmental research proved that the best exploitation of landscape elements reduce the gained thermal energy to around 20%.

The finishing materials used in the external facades, assist in consuming energy inside buildings, as the studies indicate that using the “Green Glass” type in buildings works to reduce the thermal heat gained from the sun rays to around 35%, and helps to consume the energy of air conditioning. The Green Glass is characterized by its ability to produce shade moreover, it leads to full consumption of the internal light amount required, so as to cut down the electrical power consumption with 19% and the financial payback is clearly observed after a month from operation kick off (Table 3).

Utilizing the internal court yards in buildings with the aim of increasing the natural illumination inside the project’s spaces to save electrical power.

Covering these yards with

operable sky light units (Fig. 4), helps to output the hot air and to replace it with cold air, which cools the gaps adjacent to the yard. Furthermore, this technique assists in saving energy used in air – conditioning, in case of the external temperature moderation.

It is worth mentioning that, the Architecture Dept. is in a continuous

improvement through the application of environmental design criteria to save energy inside architectural buildings in general, in parallel with accomplishing Enppi strategy in coordinating between the project’s Owner, EPC Contractor and the manufacturer of utilized materials, to attain the objective of applying ISO 50001 Standards.

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Environmental preservation is considered since early history, Ancient Egyptians were concerned about preserving the environment; they were the first to set legislations punishing whoever polluted the great Nile River by cutting his nose because of the severity of such crime. Environmental systems didn’t become a scientific reality except afterwards the Second World War; as the entire world started to realize that the existing developmental model “modernized model” is not sustainable any longer. The consumption patterns have contributed to severe environmental crisis such as:• Loss of Environmental diversification.• Diminishing of tropical forests.• Water and air pollution.• Global warming.• Destructive Floods resulting from rivers & seas rising

level.• Non-renewable sources complete consumption.

Since late Sixties of the Twentieth century, most countries initiated setting up environment preservation and pollution regulations, and establishing environmental concerned entities i.e. the American Environment Agency, the World Environment European Agency, the Kuwaiti

Environment Agency and the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency.

These formerly mentioned entities stressed on the importance of carrying out the environmental impact assessment studies, along with the feasibility studies stage, before initiating any project or assigning them to contractors or engineering companies, after attaining the environmental approval from the authorities. Such demand is very logical, so that project owner would avoid being suspended.

It is worth mentioning that, such studies would last for at least a year; spent on collecting information about the environment to understand the current atmosphere, analyze the annual average of concentrated pollutants (whether natural or industrial), the pollutants concentration in shallow or groundwater, noise, traffic, inhabitants’ information and classification; whether Bedouins/nomads, urbanites, workers, farmers, hunters or vocational/professionals. It is a crucial issue to present the project to citizens and discuss its negative and positive impacts, in order to obtain the documented consent, whether through

their representatives or from them personally, in sessions for social consultation, held in an easy-to-reach place, nearby the project.

Likewise, the study includes an easy-to-comprehend executive summary for non-professionals, in addition to the projects’ environmental legislative demands, detailed description; highlighting pollutants’ categories, quantities, expected concentration during construction pre-commissioning, commissioning and operation phases.

The authorities don’t accept statements of the compliance with the limits stated in the environmental legislation, but also demand the actual figures to be compared with the location’s existing capacity, in accordance with the current situation and expected development. The location may be saturated with pollutants where it is impossible to add more emissions. Authorities also ask for the data of the hazardous material and wastes, quantities, methods of collecting and safely disposing in all stages. In the meantime, used equipment, workforces & their accommodation, drainage-erupted pollutants, means of transportation and energy sources; its consumption rates and storing methods should be reported.

Similarly, the report should include the environmental Impact Assessment evaluation, using quantitative or semi-quantitative measures, to clarify whether the effects are significant or not, the technical alternatives, the execution process alternatives, location, the alternative for not establishing the project, in addition to the environmental effects on the project, i.e. wind or floods. Moreover, the report should contain emergency plans, environmental programs, pollutants monitoring plans to guarantee adhering to the permitted limits.

Also, a group of professional and accredited specialists is responsible for preparing this study to guarantee its integrity and professionalism. Thus, the report would include information about the researchers, then the study would be submitted to the organizations in charge, to be reviewed in order to issue their decision; whether acceptance, rejection, inquiry or demand for more procedures, data or a supplementary study.

The first Egyptian law for protecting the environment was issued in by decree No. 41994/ with first amendment in 2009 by decree No. 92009/ and executive regulation number 3381995/ amended by decree 17412005/, then decree No. 10952011/ and latest decree No. 7102012/.

The projects’ list is consisted of three categories A, B & C:A. Limited-environmental-effect projects which are approved by the regional branches of the Environmental Affairs Office.B. Medium-environmental-effect projects.C. Huge-environmental-effect projects that should be approved by the Environmental Affairs Office in Cairo.

The study cost may vary between 1% to 5% of the project’s total cost, but would save millions; whether through diminishing the consequences or avoiding the rejection of the project after starting in its execution. Moreover, the company that is responsible for the project and does not present its study on time, may be subjected to forfeiture/penalty – due to commencing establishing the project before obtaining the approval of the Environmental Affairs Office.

The penalty may cost millions and suspension of the whole project and accordingly delaying its schedule.

It is worth mentioning that lack of accuracy while preparing the Environmental Impact Assessment study, led to the evolution of the oil leakage in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010.

Enppi participated in the conference of KBR Refining & Petrochemicals Technology, which was held on May292013 ,30- at Jumeirah in Dubai. The conference presented new process technologies performed by KBR & SHELL Global solution in the field of Refining, Petrochemicals, Ammonia and Synthetic gases.The conference schedule included some innovative and new technologies as:1. Rose Process2. Veba combi cracking VCC process technology3. Advanced Distillation Technology4. Catalytic Olefin technologyEnppi was represented in the conference by Eng. Azza Nour El-Din, Process Technology Division General Manager, Eng. Manar Mohamed, Eng. Mohamed Ibrahim, Eng. Adham El-Maghraby, Eng. Ihab Shebl and Eng. Youssef Ali Sabri from Process Technology Division.

Under the patronage of H.E. Eng. Ahmed Imam, Minister of Energy & Electricity, the Egyptian Society of Electrical Engineers; an entity from the Egyptian Society of Engineers, held a conference titled “The Role of Renewable Energy & Energy Rationalization in the Egyptian Development Process» in the Egyptian Society of Engineers premises, during the period from May 26th - 28th, 2013.The conference highlighted the potential role and necessity of the renewable energy and the rationalization of electrical energy consumption, as a vital and National demand, through the development process in Egypt and worldwide. The researches presented in the conference emphasized the importance of cooperation between the Petroleum and the Electrical Sectors to improve energy efficiency. Enppi was represented in the conference by Eng. Nader Serry - Customer Support Management System Dept. Manager, Eng. Mohamed Abdel Moneim - Energy Management System Dept. Manager, Eng. Mohamed Galal from the HSE Division, Eng. Ahdy Tayel, Eng. Ayman El-Shafei and Eng. Mahmoud Sami from the Electrical Engineering Division.

Under the patronage of Ugandan Ministry of Energy & Mineral Resources, and in collaboration with the African Middle East Trade Co. Ltd, the first Energy, Oil & Gas conference and exhibition, entitled “Development through Sustainable Energy Mineral Resources Management in Uganda”, was held in Serena Hotel, Kampala, Uganda from May 28th -30th, 2013.

The conference highlighted the Ugandan Mineral, Oil, & Energy capabilities, as well as its sustainable development potentials. The conference hosted some round table discussions, seminars, commercial exhibition, in addition to touristic trips and technological visits. It is worth mentioning that, the conference was inaugurated by a number of International investors, industry experts, Ugandan decision makers, in addition to the development partners in Uganda and the major partners in oil exploration and production industry.

Enppi was represented in the conference by Eng. Ahmed Hassab El-Nabi - Chairman Assistant for Business Dev., Proposals and Contracts Divisions, and Eng. Ahmed Hussein, the Regional Manager in Business Development Division.

Under the patronage of Eng. Sherif Ismail, Minister of Petroleum & Mineral Resources, Minister of Interior and Minister of State for Environmental Affairs, Enppi participated in the Conference of «Fire Hazards Reduction - Crises and Disasters’ Management Strategy», organized by the Egyptian International Advertising Agency. The conference was held at Safir Hotel, Dokki, and was, in April 23rd. -24th,2013.

The conference comprised a training program in the field of Safety and Occupational Health within work environment, issued by the National Association of Safety Professionals in USA “NASP”, legally accredited by Occupational Safety and Health Administration “OSHA” of USA Labor Department.

Discussions focused on the following topics:• Definition of fire and preventive procedures in buildings.• Definition of crisis and methods of its avoidance.

Enppi was represented in the conference by Eng. Yasmin Nemr from Enppi Buildings HSE Department.

Enppi participated in the offshore integrity management conference that was held in Doha, during the period from May 27- 28, 2013. The discussions were about enhancing the offshore assets performance to extend its lifecycle through the following issues:• Developing a Structural Integrity

Management Systems (SIMS) for the offshore platforms to manage the offshore structures.

• Reinforcing inspection and maintenance plans for the new and existing assets for the offshore facilities to ensure its better and longer performance.

• Implementation of a structural integrity management for the aging offshore installations.

• Prioritizing and planning the risk based inspection (RBI) process to prevent the risk failure in the offshore structures.

• Underwater Robots to inspect the offshore marine structures, utilizing autonomous underwater vehicles.

• Assuring the integrity of the safety critical equipment to maintain HSE requirements.

• Corrosion Management: methods for corrosion management and material selection for offshore platforms.

Enppi was represented in this conference by Eng. Ahmed Sultan- Offshore Structures engineering specialist – Offshore Division.

Under the patronage of Ministry of Environment Affairs and Ministry of Industry and Foreign Trade, the conference of «Industry and Environment» was held on May 15th, 2013 at Ramses Hilton Hotel.

The conference tackled the role of industry in Environment pollution and the resulted exhaust fumes and air pollution in the surrounding areas, in addition to industrial wastewater pollution, for the surface water, which affect its natural validity and turn it into poisonous. Moreover, industrial pollutants affect its deliverables and its utilized technological methods.

The conference also discussed the World>s concern to protect environment from industrial pollution, through setting Laws and internal Legislations, and defining the pollutants> types, which affect both human health and natural environment. Consequently, by appointing inspectors to investigate the establishments’ commitment to the legal limits; and setting conferences and conducting regional and international agreements for the same purpose.

Professionals and executives from Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs and the Ministry of Industry and Foreign Trade participated in the conference. Enppi was represented in the conference by Eng. Tamer Abdel Azim, from HSE Dept.

Enppi Interior Design & Technical Services for Exhibitions Dept. has successfully performed the interior designs and furnishing of East Gas Building 6th floor, to be used as a project taskforce area for Bapetco project “The Dedicated Concept Select Feed & Technical Integrity Team”.

Several divisions have participated in fulfilling this job, as the Information Technology, Mechanical, Electrical, Installation, HSE divisions, in addition to the Procurement, Maintenance and Administration divisions, including air-conditioning and electric networks under the supervision of the Interior Design & Technical Services of the Exhibitions’ Dept.

It is worth mentioning that, Bapetco project was handed over prior to its scheduled time. Bapetco Egyptian & Foreign teams expressed their contentment with the decoration and furniture that allowed a positive spirit to prevail and enhance productivity.

Enppi team has achieved a distinctive and remarkable accomplishment at Yanbu for Saudi Aramco in HSE field. This accomplishment was a result of an appropriate application of high quality performance standard, complying with HSE systems at the Project's site.

It is worth mentioning that, more than seven million safe man-hours were achieved without Lost Time Injury (LTI). On this occasion, Saudi Aramco/Yanbu awarded Enppi a certificate of thanks and appreciation.

Eng. Moustafa Mahmoud from Civil Engineering Division obtained M.Sc. degree in Structural Engineering from Cairo University. The thesis entitled “Behavior of Shear Strengthened RC- Beams with openings using Near-Surface-Mounted FRP Strips”. The thesis included the test results of vertically loaded samples of RC-beams with openings in shear zone, which were strengthened by carbon fibers using Near

Surface Mounted technique. The results are summarized in following

up the behavior of RC-beams, and registering the deflection and cracking pattern, in addition to the ultimate load at failure and collapse shape. A theoretical study was carried out to develop an equation for predicting the shear strength of beams strengthened with FRP strips using Near-Surface- Mounted technique in shear zone.

Eng. Yasmine Nemr Moussa, from Buildings Health, Safety & Environment Department has obtained her M.Sc. Degree in Architectural Engineering from Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University. The thesis is titled: «Revival of Climatic Treatment Methods used in Islamic Architecture Concept of Sustainable Contemporary Architecture».

The thesis comprised the recent applied climatic architectural methods, which do not meet its targets. We still suffer severely from the room's escalating temperature, and moisture increase, in spite of the richness of the Islamic architecture with methods for climatic treatment. These methods applications will help us to reach the utmost protection, as most of the International trends call for the utmost benefit to achieve sustainability inspired from the Islamic Architecture methods.

The thesis aims at bridging the gap between the Islamic Architecture and the external world through the application of the sustainable architecture, as a result of the lack in economic resources, with the provision of renewable resources to reach the best solutions applicable in Egypt.

In June 2013, Enppi was awarded the energy management systems certificate «ISO 50001:2011» to become the first company in Egypt that obtained an accredited ISO 50001:2011 certificate from DKKS. The certification audit was performed by a German audit team of GL Company; the team praised the established EnMs system in Enppi and the exerted efforts in the preparation and implementation of the system.

It is worth mentioning that, beside the establishment and implementation of the system within Enppi premises, Enppi expanded applying this system to include Project Management, Engineering, Procurement and Construction

Management Services for its customers in the petroleum, process and general industries.

In October 2011, Enppi started to study the implementation of energy management system; hence a team-work was assembled to establish the system in March 2012. An exact timeframe had been settled to issue the energy policy, system documentation and to study the current status through reviewing energy use and consumptions.

Objectives, plans, indicators and reports were developed to measure the energy performance, in addition to internal audits and Top Management Reviews. Furthermore, the system was

executed on time through Enppi calibers’ sole efforts without any external help.

Afterwards, Enppi had passed through several stages of GL Auditing Process, without any nonconformity or observation.

Out of its faith regarding the importance of EnMS, Enppi invites all of its customers, suppliers, contractors to adopt the Energy Management System in their business.

As a part of Enppi role toward the community, Enppi shall extend its scope of work to provide prequalification and training services in the field of energy to face the current energy challenges and to support the National Economy.

In conformity with Enppi's strategy to upgrade and uphold the staff proficiency, 12 Engineers from Safety & Loss Prevention Dept. in Process Technology Division, were affiliated to obtain the Certificate of «Certified Fire Protection Specialist –CFPS» organized by the National Fire Protection Association «NFPA».

All participant engineers passed the International exam successfully, namely, Eng. Mohamed El-Mahalawy, Eng. Adel Zayan, Eng. Ahmed Moussa, Eng. Mohamed Gomaa, Eng. Karim Rasmy, Eng. Mohamed Kamal, Eng. Essam Mohsen, Eng. Ahmed El-Sokby, Eng. Amr Farouk, Eng. Hossam Yehia and Eng. Mahmoud Abd El-Wahed.

It is worth mentioning that, there are only 2200 engineers worldwide who obtained that certificate; sixteen of them are from Egypt, including 12 engineers from Enppi. This certificate is highly demanded by many clients, such as Saudi Aramco.

Several Enppi Off-Shore engineers have successfully passed the Fundamental Engineering (FE) Exams; namely: Eng. Walid Ali, Eng. Tarek Moustafa, Eng. Maged Fathi, Eng. Mohamed Sabry, Eng. Mahmoud Hafez and Eng. Khaled Al-Messery.

It is worth noting that, such certificate is accredited from USA and entitles its holder to apply for Professional Engineer Certificate.

Mr. Mohamed Atito from the Administration Division obtained a diploma in Taxes Accounting from Faculty of Commerce- Ain Shams University in May 2013 with grade Very Good.

Eng. Ahmed Younis, from Electrical Engineering Division, has acquired the International Master of Business Administration (MBA) from the International Business University of Scandinavia with Excellence grade in January, 2013.

The thesis stressed the Role of Leadership in Project Management in the Engineering Field.

Nubia that goes back to the Stone Ages is the region existing in South Egypt and North of Sudan. Some traces of modern Pre-historic Age like potteries and crockery were found. The Nubian civilization started 10 thousand years ago in Kor Bahan Region, which is a desert in East of Aswan nowadays. The ancient Nubians used to earn their living from livestock breeding, gradually gained agricultural skills, settled down and established rich agricultural communities with high organizational standards. This is crystal clear in the burial traditions followed in Nubia’s Northern parts, which reflected strong monarchies and kings.During the rise and union of the Egyptian Kingdom, Nubia or Kosh as was called in Ancient Egyptian civilization, faced an overwhelming power threatening its existence in the North. As the United Egyptian Kingdom rose and flourished, it longed to conquer Nubia, which was losing its economic and military

power, in addition to failure in protecting its Northern borders. By the year 2900 BC, the entire lower Nubia was under the Ancient Egyptian control. Protecting the Southern borders and the Egyptian-African trade via Nubia were the main motives for the Egyptian domination. It is worth mentioning that, the first serious Egyptian attempt to have control over Nubia was during the Ancient Egyptian 12th Dynasty; when Egyptians built several forts and citadels to protect the Southern borders shortly afterwards. Ever since that day and for 250 years, Nubia became part of the Ancient Egyptian state, yet preserved its characteristics and cultural identity. During the feeble and fall of middle monarchy, Nubia was separated from the Egyptian state, to re-unit again during the second wave of Egyptian dominance (1550 BC-1100 BC), when the Egyptians - under the leadership of Ahmose, the Founder of the 18th Dynasty, who

chased Hyksos. The Egyptian aspiration to re-unit with Nubia was awakened, and the attempts didn’t stop until Nubia is back, under the Egyptian sovereignty until 550 AD, thanks to Tuhtmose III. It is worth mentioning that, the Nubian culture started to witness changes after a huge population settled in the Nile valley, where kings were buried with their oblation in huge tombs.

NubiansThe Nubian brilliance lies in using the simple resources surrounding them to survive, i.e. the palms were used in food and beverage, while mud and herbs were used in pottery, which enabled them to survive for thousands of years.Nowadays, Nubians are estimated to reach 200 thousand, whose main activity is agriculture; namely sugar cane, wheat, and other seeds. In spite of the Nubian society openness, it still keeps the old Nubian customs and traditions, such as the wedding ceremonies

that last for 3 consecutive nights. The Nubian groom presents the dowry and a gold gift to his bride and gets her a furnished home. The Nubian house is modest with simple furniture, big yard and distinguished with its cleanliness. In Nubia, one can’t see public cleaners since everyone cleans in front of his house daily. In the past, Nubians were forbidden to marry strangers. Luckily for men, they, unlike women, don’t abide by this rule anymore. Valuing the Old and the traditional councils are among the inherited traditions in Nubia.

Nubians’ ImmigrationDifficulties started when Nubians were displaced from their villages, which sank under the lakes formed after building the dams.The displacement process took place in two phases; the first was in 1902 when 10 villages sank, while constructing Aswan reservoir, due to the sudden water rise behind the dam in 1912, due to the reservoir and water elevation, 8 villages were drowned followed by another 10 villages, due to the second elevation of Aswan reservoir’s in 1933. These events led to the immigration of Nubians to the Western side and other governorates. The second phase of immigration was during President Nasser’s regime, when the government started studying building the high dam. During the construction phase of the dam, 1958 to 1970, water gathered behind it, forming the world’s biggest artificial lake, South of Aswan and North of Sudan. The “Nasser Lake”, was named after the president’s name, because he was the mastermind of the project. This lake led to the several projects; 18 precious monuments in addition to 10 villages were moved from their original places to the valley of Hell in Kom-Ombo.

The Nubian Language & its Grace

Nubians speak the Nubian language; a special language with special alphabet. This language belongs to the Desert Nile Languages and is divided into two main sections; Kanzya and Fadkeya that have 5 dialects or more from Egypt to Sudan. Nubians also speak Arabic fluently, in addition to English, French and Italian, as a result of dealing with tourists and foreign visitors.In spite of the Nubian community’s openness and the University education, Nubians still stick to their traditions and language. In this context, it is worth mentioning that the complicated Nubian language- known by Nubians only- was used by the Egyptian armed forces during the 1973 war to deliver and receive military messages; a difficult code, which led to the Israeli madness, the enemy tried tempting the Nubians with millions of pounds to solve the code but in vain, thanks to their honesty, fidelity and sense of belonging to Egypt.

The Old Nubian HousesThe old Nubian houses are known with their stunning ornaments and bright colors, which reflect an atmosphere of joy inside and outside the house, besides being a method to record important happy events of the family.

The Nubian FoodThe Nubians used to bake 8 different kinds of bread, as “kabed” or “dokka”, known as “Karrassa”, if onion slices are added to it. “Kabbed” is prepared like the Egyptian “kattayef” but on circular steel trays called dokka. Attar or the Nubian Molokai style is served in several ways; each has its different taste

and ingredients. Also, poultry and livestock are on the Nubians’ favorite food list, while “zagalil” or pigeons are on top of it.

Sakhina is made by frying onion with pigeon soup then adding layers of roqaq while hot; besides having a certain dish for every event.

The Greater Bairam is called “men feast”, as men work on slaughtering, flaying and distributing the portions; it is called (the meat feast) too. While the Lesser Bairam is called “women feast”, as women bake and cook (Sheria); and called the (bakery feast) too.

Nowadays, lots of the Nubian youth don’t know what “Baraka” is. Baraka is a Nubian tradition when the bride’s relatives help preparing (Sheria), which will, later, be served in the wedding ceremony and the bride’s house. The Nubian (Sheria) is thicker than the

Egyptian one. Women prepare it and expose it to the sun until it is ready for eating. It is served with milk, sugar and ghee.

(Ibreej) is a healthy, delicious Nubian beverage drunk after Iftar (breakfast) in Ramadan and is made by soaking thin pieces of bread in water, lemon and sugar. Karkadih is another famous Nubian beverage. It is worth mentioning that tea with milk is a famous Nubian beverage in mornings and nights; unlike Upper Egyptians, who drink plain tea. Nubians used to consume some food as remedies i.e. drinking soaked henna and eating mimosa fruit. They used castor oil to cure burns, (the Nile silt) to cure headaches, lupine for diabetes in addition to using fenugreek and its fruits and leaves. The old Nubians used dates during different growth stages to cure diseases; green date was used to cure stomach diseases. Nubia palms have different kinds of dates known worldwide for their quality such as Abrim date; in reference to the Abrim village.

The Nubian kitchen utensils are made of clay, not metal. Cups and water containers are made of clay; others are made of certain plant called “Cebbed” that looks like wood and is hollow from inside.

The Nubian ArtThe Nubian art, specifically music, managed to find

their way in the Egyptian life without melting in it. The Nubian art is an almost independent Egyptian one. It is actually an African art. Arabic, Turkish, Greek, and Persian music belong to the seven-musical scale family,

while the Nubian one is different; it belongs to the African five-musical scale.

Mohamed Mounir, the most famous Nubian artist, managed to globalize, develop and spread the genuine Nubian art in his songs; Mohamed Mounir followed the footsteps of his Nubian godfather Ahmed Mounib.

The Nubian GoldThe word Nubia is derived from the Hieroglyphic

word “Nube”, which means gold due to many gold mines spread in the area since early history. A document, engraved on Luxor Temple during Ramsis II era, referred to eight gold mines known to ancient Egyptians in Nubia. Nubian gold is an important indicator of wealth; it differs from other kinds of gold in names and shapes, “Bondoki” means pure gold and is more expensive than any other gold. Sukari goldmine - located in Sukari Mountain in Nubia desert (part of the eastern desert) 30 km South of Marsa Alam- is one of the most important gold mines nowadays. Sukari goldmine is expected to be one of the biggest ten mines worldwide.

Nubia Museum Founded in 1997 by the UNESCO, to exhibit the

Nubian monuments, and is located in a fascinating location in Aswan. It is located on a hill close to the Nile River scale. It was designed following the Nubian architectural structures by engineer Mahmoud Al Hakeem- who was inspired by the ancient Egyptian tombs. The museum’s design harmonizes with the surrounding environment; i.e. stones, hills, Aswan’s hot and bright sun light. Likewise, it won first prize as the World’s Best Architect in 2001. The museum included valuable information about Nubia from prehistory till now and the important Nubian traditions and language.

The museum contains over 5000 pieces, which reflect the stages of the Ancient Egyptian Civilization development and the Nubian culture. The museum’s exterior exhibition included 68 unique pieces varying from big statues to different-sized paintings; the most valuable and rarest is a skeleton that goes back to 200 thousand years ago, found in 1982 in Edcopati, Aswan.