enlightenment society and politics
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The Enlightenment
Politics & Philosophy
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Bell RingerIn your notebooks, answer:
• What was the Enlightenment?• How did the SR impact the
Enlightenment?
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Political Enlightenment
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Three Themes in the Political Realm
1. Propertyo Central featureo Gives an individual a stake in society
2. Rightso Every individual is entitled to basic rights
simply because they exist3. Law
o That which makes 1 & 2 worko Guarantees property & rights
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Political Philosophes
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John Locke1632-1704
Most influential writing was “Two Treatises of Civil Government” written in 1690
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Locke’s Philosophy• The individual must become a
“rational creature”• Virtue can be learned & practiced• Human beings possess free will
o They should be prepared for freedomo Obedience should be out of
conviction, not fear
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Locke’s Philosophy (cont.)• Legislators owe their power to a
contract with the people• Neither kings nor wealth are divinely
ordained• There are certain natural rights that are
endowed by God to all human beingso Life, liberty, & property
• Favored a republic
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Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Most influential writing was “Spirit of the Laws” written in 1748
“Countries are well-cultivated, not as they are fertile, but as they are free.”
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Montesquieu’s Philosophy• Used England’s government as a
model for: • The separation of powers
• Executive Power = King • Legislative Power = Parliament• Judicial Power = Courts
• Checks & balances• Monarchs should be subject to
constitutional limits on their power
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau1712-1778
Most influential writing was “The Social Contract” written in 1762
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Rousseau’s Philosophy• Tabula Rasa (blank slate)• Best traits of human character are
products of nature• Society corrupts people, therefore,
we must fix society
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Rousseau (cont.)• In The Social Contract:
o The right kind of political order could make people truly moral & free
o Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one’s individual interests to the “General Will”
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Rousseau - Social Contract (cont.)
o Individuals could do this by entering into a social contract - not with their rulers, but with each otheroThis social contract was derived from human
nature -NOT from history, tradition, or the Bible
o People = most free & moral under a republican form of government with a direct democracy
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Philosophical Enlightenment
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Marquis de Condorcet1743-1794
Most influential writing: Progress of the Human Mind (1794)
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Condorcet’s Philosophy• Expectation of universal happiness• Every individual guided by reason
could enjoy true independence• Advocated:
o Free & equal educationo Constitutionalismo Equal rights for women
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Immanuel Kant1724-1804
Most influential work:Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
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Kant’s Philosophy
• Investigated the structure & limitations of reason
• Believed he created a compromise between the empiricists and the rationalists (experience + reason = Enlightenment)
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Denis Diderot1713-1784
Most influential writing:The Encyclopedia (1751)(coauthor: Jean le Rond
d’Alembert)
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Diderot’s Encyclopédie• Complete cycle of
knowledge that changed the general way of thinking
• 28 volumes• Alphabetical, cross-
referenced, illustrated
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Voltaire1694-1778
• François Marie Arouet
• Most famous book: Candide (1759)
• Known for sharp wit that was often critical of the church and state
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Voltaire (cont.)• Wrote plays, novels,
poetry, essays, & letters
• Fierce defender of civil liberties, especially:o Religious freedomo Free tradeo Freedom of speech
• Spent time imprisoned in the Bastille
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Voltaire (cont.)
• Life (video)• Last words
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Homework
• Worksheet: Voltaire• Due next class period