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Enhanced and Optimized Coagulation for Particulate
.. and Microbial Removal
Subject Area:
Water Treatment
1998 AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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~ A~a Advancing Ifle Science ofWatel'" 6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235-3098 USA Phone 303.3.

Enhanced and Optimized Coagulation for Particulate and Microbial Removal

The mission of the A'VVWa Research Foundation is to advance the science of water to improve the quality of life. Funded primarily through wznual subscription paymenJs from over 1,000 utilities, consulting finns, and manufacturers in North America and abroad, AwwaRF sponsors research on all aspects of drinking water; including supply and resources, treatment, nwnitoring and analysis, distribution, management, and health effects.
From its headquarters in Denver; Colorado, the AwwaRF staff directs and supports the efforts of over 500 voiWlteers, who are the heart of the research program. These volunteers, serving on various boards and committees, use their expertise to select and nwnitor research studies to benefit the entire drinking water community.
Research findings are disseminated through a number of technology transfer activities, including research reports, conferences, videotape summaries, and periodicals.

ENHANCED AND OPTIMIZED COAGULATION FOR PARTICULATE AND MICROBIAL REMOVAL
Prepared by: Kimberly Bell, Dr. Mark LeChevallier
American Water Works Service Company, Inc. 1025 Laurel Oak Road Voorhees, NJ 08043
Dr. Morteza Abbaszadegan American Water Works Service company, Belleville Laboratory
Belleville, IL
Dr. Gary Amy, Shahnawaz Sinha University of Colorado at Boulder
Campus Box 428 Boulder, CO 80309
Dr. Mark Benjamin University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
and
Dr. Eva Ibrahim New Jersey American Water Company
213 Carriage Lane Delran, NJ 08075
Jointly Sponsored by: Awwa Research Foundation 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098
and American Water Works Service Company
1025 Laurel Oak Road Voorhees, NJ 08043
Published by the Awwa Research Foundation and American Water Works Association

DISCLAIMER
This study was funded by the Awwa Research Foundation (AwwaRF) and the American
Water Wades Service Company. AwwaRF and the American Water Works Service Company
assume no responsibility for the content of the research study reported in this publication or for
the opinions or statements of fact expressed in the report. The mention of trade names for
commercial products does not represent or imply the approval or endorsement of AwwaRF or the
American Water Works Service Company This report is presented solely for informational
purposes.
Copyright Year 2002
by
Awwa Research Foundation
and
American WaterWorks Association
Printed in the U.S.A.

CONTENTS
liSTOFTABLES ............................................................ Xl
liST OF FIGURES .......................................................... xv
FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................... xxvii
EXEClITIVE SUMMARY ................................................... xxxi
CRAFTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1
Statement of the problem ..... ... _ ......................................... 1
Revised Enhanced Coagulation Regulations .............. ............... 5
Rational for ApproachIResearch Goals and Objectives . ......................... 13
CRAFTER2: UTERATUREREVIEW .......................................... 17
Variations in NOM .................... _ ... _ .. _ .................. ....... 17
Watershed and Geographical Differences in NOM ........ ..................... 18
Impact of Treatment on NOM Removal ...................... _ ............. . 19
Enhanced Softening ... .................................................. 20
CRAFTER 3: MATERIALS AND METIIODS .................................... 23
Site Selection ........ .............................................. _ .. . 23
Site Descriptions ....................................................... 23
Sequence of Testing ........................ ...................... . 30
Baseline Coagulation .......... .......................................... 31
Optimized Coagulation .................................................. 31
Cold Temperature ................................................ 37
Powdered Activated Carbon ........................................ 38
Enhanced/Optimized lime Softening ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 38
Analytical Tests .................................................. 40
Disinfection By-Products .. ............................... _ ........ . 40
Particle Counts ....... ................. ' .......................... . 41
AOCIBDOC Measurements ......................................... 42
v

Microbiological Analysis ............................................ .... . 43
Jar Test Set Up and Sample Collection ................................ 43
Poliovirus and Echovirus Stocks ..................................... 44
Preparation of Bacterial Stock Suspensions . ........................... . 46
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) Procedure ......................... 48
Microscopic Examination .......................................... 49
Pilot Plant Studies ...................................................... 50
NOM Fractionation and Characterization .................................... 50
Dual Coagulation ....................................................... 51
CHAYIER 4: JAR TEST RESULTS OF OYTIMlZED COAGULATION FOR REMOVAL OF TOC AND OTHER WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ................... 55
Baseline Coagulation ................................................... . 55
Optimized Coagulation .................................................. 58
PH Dependency .................................................. 58
Acid Addition .................................................... 61
Coagulant Type .................................................. 62
Coagulant Dose .................................................. 66
Compliance with Proposed TOC Removal Requirements . ....................... 66
Impact of Optimized Coagulation on Settled Water QUality ...................... 67
Turbidity and Particle Removal ...................................... 67
Ultraviolet Adsorbance 254 (UV A",) ................................. 68
Disinfection By-Product Removal .. .................................. 71
Residual Aluminum and Iron . ....................................... 80
Color .......................................................... 80
Biodegradable Organic Matter . ..................................... . 8D
Optimized Coagulation Under Cold Water Conditions . ........................ . 89
Optimized Coagulation with Powdered Activated Carbon ....................... 89
Optimized Coagulation with and without Acid Addition ........................ 91
Enhanced Softening .............. ....................................... 93
VI

CHAPTER 5: OPTIMIZED COAGULATION AND MICROBIAL REMOVAL ......... 101
Baseline and Optimized Coagulation ....................................... 108
Microbial Indicators .............................................. 142
Coagulant Type ................................................. 143
line Treatment .... ............................................. . 144
Cold Temperarure ............................................... 144
Reproducibility of the Microbial Assays .. ............................ 147
CHAPTER 6: NOM FRACTIONATION AND CHARACTERIZATION ............... 151
Results .............................................................. 151
Assessments ... ....................................................... 152
Molecular Weight Fractions . .... _ .................................. 152
Humic and Non-Humic Fractions ................................... 155
Hydrophilic Acids and NeutralsJBases Fractions ..................... _ . 158
Reactivities of different types of NOM to DBPFP ...................... 160
Effect of bromide concentration in raw and treated waters .... ........... . 161
Correlations .................................................... 162
Categorizing Source Water CharacterizatiDn ........ ........................ . 163.

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