engr. md. asaduzzaman dr. md. zahurul islam engr. subrata …bv-f.org/09. bv final.-13.pdf ·...

Solid Waste Management and Drainage Facility concerns

in the Real Estate Management: A Study on Dhaka City

Engr. Md. Asaduzzaman∗

Dr. Md. Zahurul Islam∗∗

Engr. Subrata Chowdhury∗∗∗

Abstract

The problems of solid wastes and drainage congestion in the residential areas have

become a major concern of the capital city Dhaka with the growth of real estate

sector. The objectives of the study are to investigate the present situation of solid

waste disposal and drainage facility of existing real estate management in Dhaka

city, to identify the impact of different real estate projects on the living environment

of Dhaka city and to adapt or undertake the protective measures to reduce the

adverse impact of waste on human environment and natural ecosystem. Data and

information have been collected through questionnaire survey and from different

secondary sources – books, internet, annual reports, online and printed articles,

journals and previous research papers on real estate sector. Apartment dwellers, real

estate companies, professionals and experts on housing were interviewed as a part of

focus group discussion to obtain comprehensive opinions. From the survey it is found

that in Shakari bazar and Mirpur Pallabi, Solid waste disposal and drainage

facilities and water logging scenario are worse. So, the solid waste disposal and

drainage system management should be improved immediately. A coordinated plan

for Dhaka city should be taken considering the techniques for ensuring planned

construction, the legal issues, the financial realities for taking some initiatives which

require financial allocation and the availability of the resources.

Key words: Solid waste disposal, Inter-building space, Drainage, Water logging, Living

environment.

∗ Assistant Director (Admin), Department of Military Lands & Cantonments, Ministry of Defence, Dhaka

Cantonment. ∗∗ Professor, Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), Bangladesh University of Engineering

and Technology (BUET), Dhaka. ∗∗∗ Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka.

Banglavision ISSN: 2079-567X

Vol. 13 • No. 1 • January 2014

102 Banglavision Vol. 13, No. 1, 2014

1. Introduction The generation of solid waste has become an increasingly important issue over the last two decades due to the escalating growth in population and large increase in waste production in Dhaka city. Improper management of solid waste is one of the main causes of environmental pollution and degradation in Dhaka city. Waste Management has emerged as one of the greatest challenges faced by Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) and Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) authorities. DNCC and DSCC are facing serious problems in providing a satisfactory service to the city dwellers with its limited resources and a poor management plan. Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development. Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environment. Uncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems, including contaminating water, attracting insects and rodents, and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies. In addition, it may result in safety hazards from fires or explosions. Improper waste management also increases greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. So, it is important to assess the pollution level for the protection of environment and natural resources that requires sustainable interventions in the Dhaka city. Therefore, a study on status of solid waste and drainage scenario of Dhaka city is carried out. So, the overall objectives of this study were:

1. To investigate the present situation of solid waste disposal and drainage facility of existing real estate management in Dhaka City.

2. To identify the impact of different real estate projects on the living environment in Dhaka City.

3. To adapt/undertake the protective measures to reduce the adverse impact of waste on human environment and natural ecosystem.

2. Present Scenario of Dhaka in the context of Solid Waste Management and Drainage facilities

During the liberation war, Dhaka had a population of about 70 million which now increased to almost 15 million. The rate of increase in population is more because of healthcare, education and many other facilities are more advanced in Dhaka city. The impacts of such unplanned development are tremendous in terms of quality of indoor and outdoor environment, socio-economic and environmental requirements. Hence it is high time for studying the housing environment both inside and outside of the residential buildings and make proper suggestions regarding their effects on the growth of Dhaka city. In the context the present research has been conducted with the goal of identifying the Engineering and Environmental issues and probable line of solutions to this problem.

Waste is an unavoidable by product of human activities Economic development, urbanization and improving living standards in cities, have led to an increase in the quantity and complexity of generated waste. Rapid growth of population and industrialization degrades the urban environment and places serious stress on natural resources, which undermines equitable and sustainable development. Inefficient management and disposal of solid waste is an obvious cause of degradation of the environment in most cities of the developing world.

Solid Waste Management and Drainage Facility 103

Unplanned development of buildings is increasing risks of earthquake induced accidents and is posing serious threat to the inhabitants and their belongings. Due to the absence of proper drainage facilities in the real estate projects, water logging is being created. Due to lack of proper solid waste management system in the real estate projects, degradable environment situation is being created every day. The solid waste disposal management of Dhaka City is major area maintained b DNCC and DSCC and cantonment area maintained by Dhaka Cantonment Board. Drainage facility management of Dhaka City is maintained by Dhaka City Corporations and Dhaka water supply authority (DWASA) and Cantonment area maintained by Dhaka cantonment Board. The inhabitants of the real estate projects are suffering from problems due to lack of necessary urban amenities.

When carrying out real estate development projects, urban development rules and necessary urban amenities like solid waste disposal and drainage facility rules and regulations are not strictly followed in most of the cases. Solid waste and drainage activity is being hampered because the concern bye-laws are neglected by the real estate developers or owners. So the performances of the real estate services with regard to the living conditions are not satisfactory and this is causing environmental pollution & serious damage to the environmental stability.

In Dhaka, per capita solid waste generation is quite low; however, due to huge and densely populated City, solid waste problem in Dhaka City is very acute in comparison to many cities of the developing countries. Daily production of solid waste in Dhaka City is more than 4000 Metric Tons (Figure 1). Of those 200 Metric Tons of hospital and clinical waste is a mixture of toxic chemicals, radioactive elements and pathological substances. 15 to 20 percent of medical wastes are highly dangerous for human lives. These waste when dumped with other municipal wastes in the open land poses threat to serious health hazard to the City people.

Figure 1: Generated Solid Wastes per day in Dhaka City


3. Impact of Solid Waste Disposal on Environment

Solid wastes generate severe impacts on Environment which are as follows: 1. Open air dumping creates unhygienic and poses enormous threat to the people. 2. Causes aesthetic problem and nuisance due to nauseating pungent odour. 3. Promotes spreading of diseases. 4. The situation further aggravated by the indiscriminate disposal of Hospital and

Clinical Waste. 5. Presence of extremely high level of Total and Facial coli form. 6. Pollute water bodies. 7. Carbon dioxide and Methane produced from solid waste are extremely harmful to the

environment. 8. Gases are produced in the landfills through aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of

organic compounds, which are threat to the environment. The nature of solid waste is changing over time and with development. Of the solid wastes plastic and polyethylene goods also cause problems towards human health, environment and drainage system. These goods are cheaply and easily available in the markets. The users do not care to reuse them. They rather throw these things out of the door and window. An Inception Report on Control & Management of Polyethylene bags in Bangladesh shows that people of Dhaka City alone used 600 million bags a day. During floods, floodwater did not drain quickly, as one of the major reasons was due to polyethylene in the draining system. Polyethylene and plastic materials are not biodegradable. Natural process cannot decompose it. Polyethylene remains intact in the soil, disturbs the flow of nutrients to the soil and hinders entering sunlight. It destroys the beneficial bacteria of soil compaction. In the long run it affected the foundation of physical infrastructures, if there is any on the plastic dumpsite. However, due to effective regulation for banning the polyethylene bags, this problem has been overcome. In Bangladesh, solid waste management is entrusted with the local government bodies. The responsibility of removing Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and disposing of it lies with the City Corporation. According to the Dhaka City Corporation Ordinance 1983, collection and disposal of solid waste in the DCC area of 360 sq. km is the responsibility of the conservancy department headed by Chief Conservancy Officer. The Ordinance has a provision for removal of refuses from all public streets, public latrines, urinal drains, and dustbins and for collection, transportation, disposal and treatment of such refuse (Figure 2). Among the 12 executive department of DCC, Conservancy is responsible for solid waste management including cleaning of streets and drains. Moreover, due to resource constraints, lack of available dustbins, shortage of funding, due to almost no direct user charges as well as in sufficient subsidies, and other institutional constrains, DCC in general has not been able to effectively collect and dispose of the waste properly. Most of the waste is visible on the streets and in the drains and there is almost no sanitary landfill or any other facilities like incineration. About 400 tons out of average 3,500 tons of solid waste, generated in the City every day, remains on the roads, open spaces and in drains (Raziur Rahman, 2003). So the streets remain unclean after daily sweeping and the drainage ditches and channels get blocked due to unwanted waste throwing. Rainwater also washed away these wastes and blockage the surface drains which hampers the natural flow of


storm water and creates water logging in different place of the City. Therefore, in most of the area in Dhaka City, solid waste has become a serious problem with health and hygiene consequences for City dwellers.

Figure 2 Solid Waste Streams in Dhaka City (Source: DCC, 2002)

4. Water Logging in Dhaka City

As the growth of population of Dhaka City taking place at an exceptionally rapid rate, the City is unable to cope with changing situations due to their internal resource constraints and management limitations. In recent years Dhaka City is facing extensive water logging during the monsoon (May to October) as a common and regular problem of the City like water pollution, traffic congestion, air and noise pollution, solid waste disposal, black smoke etc. Rainfall induced flooding is caused by high intensity storm rainfall runoff in the City area that is inundated for several days mainly due to lack of proper drainage system and inefficient management. It ascertain the inherent causes of such water logging and its effects on the City life from the perception of authorities of different development organizations, experts and people living in different parts of Dhaka City.


Heavy downpour occurs in Dhaka City during monsoon, as it is located on the extensive floodplains of Ganges and Brahmaputra. But the unplanned spatial development activities and growth of habitation due to rapid population growth are causing encroachment on retention areas and natural drainage paths with little or no care of natural drainage system that creating obstacles to properly drained out the urban runoff. Therefore water logging is taking place as different parts of the City remains inundated for several days. Inadequate drainage sections, conventional drainage system with low scarcity and gravity, natural siltation, absence of inlets and outlets, indefinite drainage outlets, lack of proper maintenance of existing drainage system, and over and above disposal of solid waste into the drains and drainage paths are accounted for the prime causes of blockage in drainage system and water logging. In addition, seasonal tidal effect and the topography of the City area also causing water logging.

This water logging becomes a burden for the inhabitants of Dhaka City and creating adverse social, physical, economic and environmental impacts. Disruption of traffic movement and normal life; damage of structures and infrastructure; destruction of vegetation and aquatic habitats; loss of income potentials are the encountered effects of water logging on City life. The storm water becomes polluted as it mixes with solid waste, clinical waste, silt, contaminants, domestic wastes and other human activities that increase the water born diseases. The stagnant storm water leads to the creation of breeding sites for diseases vectors that becomes a hazard to health as well as being unsightly and foul smelling.

Management of drainage system of Dhaka City is presently a challenge for the urban authorities because of rapid growth of population and unplanned development activities. Therefore, a close coordination among urban authorities and agencies and collaboration between public and private sectors is needed for effective management and sustainable operation of urban drainage system. Table 1 shows the prime causes for water logging in the City from a recent study.

Table 1: Causes of Water Logging in Dhaka City

Causes Percentages

Excessive Rainfall 74

Population growth and unplanned development 95

Waste management system 82

Encroachment 76

Topography 46

Scarcity and gravity of drainage system 67

Drainage management system 83

Development works during rainy season 40

Storage of construction materials 37

Lack of public awareness 60

Lack of regulations and its implementation 45


Water logging and its environmental consequences are the result of insufficient storm water drainage and lack of proper drainage management system. Storm water becomes polluted as solid waste, silt and contaminants are washed off roads. The runoff mixes with domestic wastewater and dumping of wastes beside the road, near the receiving water bodies and open surface drain causes significant increase in the level of pollution in storm water.

Improvement in the drainage system will improve the environmental situation in the water logged areas by eliminating stagnant water and associated problems like odors from decaying solid wastes, insects, scams and disease vectors as well as the incidence of local flooding due to rainfall. Therefore, especial emphasis on drainage development works will have to be considered and undertaken in the severely waterlogged areas to reduce the spreading of diseases and damage to public and private properties.

Water logging in Dhaka City is the consequence of unplanned development. Due to rapid urbanization with unplanned construction, most of the storm water drainage have been encroached, filled up, diverted and caused obstruction to the smooth flow of water to the outfall-rivers, creating severe water-logging in the City every year during monsoon incurring huge loss in terms of adverse social, physical, economic and environmental costs. Nevertheless, the devastating impact of the downpour that paralyzed Dhaka is a salutary reminder of the severity of the problem, and the necessity for the government to take counteractive measures on a priority basis. Dhaka City could hurtle towards an ecological disaster if destruction of the natural drainage and water bodies isn’t stopped and an effective management of urban drainage system isn’t set up.

Planning, design, operation and maintenance of urban drainage systems is a challenge for urban authorities because of unplanned development activities, and the effectiveness of storm water management systems can be directly linked to the efficacy of urban management. Therefore, for urban drainage systems to be managed effectively and operationally sustainable, greater emphasis needs to be placed upon:

a. Co-ordination between urban authorities and agencies those are responsible for different aspects of urban infrastructure provision and management;

b. Collaboration between government and non-governmental organizations and promotion of effective partnership with civil society and the private sector;

c. Training and human resource development for improved planning, design, and operation of urban drainage systems.

5. Materials and Methods

The research has started with the review of literature. A questionnaire has been formulated considering the difference in the selected places of Dhaka city and statistical compliance. Formal and non-formal interviews have been held with different categories of people for authentic information. Required data and information have been collected from different published and unpublished sources. Questionnaires related to base area of the buildings, no. of storeys, Building height, inter-building space, solid waste disposal and drainage facility of existing real estate management have been collected by direct interview with the inhabitants of the buildings. Monitoring of the survey has also been carried out. The field information


has been gathered and an analysis has been carried out. The results obtained have been compared and collated with the existing information. Finally, the Diagnostic Report has been prepared and the outcomes have been disseminated.

Approach Methodology:

The whole study is done through following eight steps:

6. Selected Study Sites

Based on previous statistics of real estate developments, some important locations/areas of Dhaka City have been selected for performing the study. The selected locations (Figure 3) are under North City Corporation (DNCC), Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) and Dhaka Cantonment Board (DCB). The study locations are Shakhari Bazar (P.S.- Sutrapur), Mohakhali DOHS (P.S.- Kafrul), Banasree Housing Society (P.S.- Rampura), Japan Garden City (P.S.- Mohammadpur), Mirpur Pallabi (Block - C) R/A (P.S.-Pallabi), Niketon Housing Society (P.S.- Gulshan), Gulshan Residential Area (P.S.- Gulshan), Uttara Model Town (P.S.- Uttara), Bashundhara R/A (P.S.-Badda) and Shantinagar (P.S.- Paltan).

Figure 3: Map Showing Study Locations


7. Results and Discussion

The study consists of practical field observation and field based data collection through structured & non structured questionnaires, formal & informal interviews with the inhabitants of existing buildings in some selected areas of Dhaka North and South City Corporation and Dhaka Cantonment Board. The relevant secondary data for this survey is mainly collected from different published & unpublished sources. The collected data are analyzed to address the main point of present inhabitants of Dhaka City areas with relation to their housing pattern and different essential amenities for comfortable and healthy living. Simple statistical methods such as averages and percentages are applied to compare different variables and then statistical graphs in term of table, Pie diagrams, bar chart are drawn to clearly point out the scenario.

Analysis of existing situation in the selected areas

Questionnaires related to Base area of the buildings, no. of storeys, Building height, Inter-building space etc. Have been collected by direct interview with the inhabitants of the buildings and direct measurements. Survey is also focused on areas like solid waste disposal and drainage facilities, the initiative taken by the regarding department for proper maintenance of the buildings are also considered in the study. Table 2 summarizes the responses from questionnaire survey of all the ten sites (Shakhari Bazar, Mohkhali DOHS, Banasree, Japan Garden City, Mirpur Pallabi, Niketon, Gulshan, Uttara, Bashundhara, Shantinagar) considered in our survey.

Table 2: Summary of respondents from questionnaire survey (10 of each area, total-100)

Mean for Score 10-base

SL Location Base area (sft)

Story Height (ft)

Inter building space(ft)

Solid waste disposal facility

Drainage facility

1 Shakhari Bazar 1016.00 4.90 50.20 4.08 3.00 3.20

2 Mohakhali DOHS 2393.00 4.80 48.00 18.93 6.40 7.00

3 Banoshree 1693.50 6.00 60.00 12.80 4.80 5.00

4 Japan garden city 6137.50 16.00 144.00 29.30 5.80 5.60

5 Mirpur Pollabi 1217.00 5.00 50.00 10.15 3.50 3.60

6 Niketon 2540.00 8.40 84.00 13.68 5.50 5.60

7 Gulshan 3030.00 4.60 47.80 37.53 7.00 7.20

8 Uttara 2200.00 5.40 54.00 18.65 6.30 6.40

9 Bashundhara 2100.00 7.10 71.00 17.98 5.50 5.40

10 Shanti Nagar 4420.00 12.90 129.00 15.95 5.20 5.40


Result Obtained from Field Survey to the Selected Areas for Solid Waste Disposal Facility

Solid waste is considered as one of the most serious environmental issues of today as economic development, urbanization and improved living standard in cities has led to increase in quantity and complexity of generated waste. Solid waste is an unavoidable byproduct of human activities. Solid waste consists of highly heterogeneous mass of discarded materials from the urban community, as well as the more homogeneous accumulation of agricultural and industrial wastes. Figure 4 shows solid waste management map of Dhaka city.

Figure 4: Different Zones of Dhaka city for waste management

The solid waste disposal facilities presently in most of the places are satisfactory. In Shakhari bazar and Mirpur Pallabi, the situation is worse. The unsatisfactory disposal affects human health, socio-economic conditions and also climate. Figure 5 and Photographs 1, 2, 3 & 4 shows average solid waste disposal facility of the buildings of the study areas.


Figure 5: Study about Average solid waste disposal facility for selected area

Photo 1 & 2 Scenario of the solid waste disposing system at Shakhari bazar

area

Photo 3 & 4 shows solid waste disposing system at Mirpur Pallabi area

Score Rate:

Inadequate (1 ~ 3) Moderate (4 ~ 6) Satisfied (7 ~ 8)


Results obtained from field survey to the selected area for mean existing drainage facility

Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from an area. The existing drainage facilities in most of the places are satisfactory. In Shakhari bazar and Mirpur Pallabi, the situation is worse. In these areas, the people were dissatisfied with the existing drainage system. Figure 6 and Photographs 5, 6, 7 & 8 shows mean existing drainage facility of the buildings of the study areas.

Figure 6 Study about mean existing drainage facility for selected areas

Photo 5 & 6: Views of the existing drainage system at Shakhari bazar area

Inadequate (1 ~ 3) Moderate (4 ~ 6) Satisfied (7 ~ 8)

Score Rate:


Water logginng

Most of existing drains remain blocked with garbage or solid waste. In wet season, the situation becomes even worse. Shakhari bazaar & Mirpur pallabi (Block C) area remains some pucca drain but they are very narrow and always the remain blocked by garbage or solid waste. As a result drains are in no function. So water logging problem is severe in those areas (Photo 9 & 10). Some case in found in the Mirpur pallabi residential area.

Photo 9 & 10: Scenario of the water logging situation at Mirpur Pallabi area

Photo 7 & 8: Views of the existing drainage system at Mirpur Pallabi area.


8. Summary and Findings At present as analyzed Dhaka City, the capital of Bangladesh the city has turned into first slum rich mega city and less educated populous city of the world. The size of Dhaka city has grown from 2.07 square km in 1700 to about 1526 square km in 2008. The centurial trend of unplanned urbanization generated serious deterioration of the environmental habitat quality measured by solid waste disposal facility, water logging and essential services. It is recommended that a coherent and homogeneous urban environmental solving is necessary with effective measures to make a better and liveable city of Dhaka. From the survey, it is found that,

1. The average base area and no of storeys and height of the buildings are higher in Japan Garden city and Shantinagar. The average base areas of the buildings are lower in Shakari Bazar and Mirpur Pallabi. On average, the building in Niketan is 8 storied, in Basundhara is 7 storied. Averagely 6 storied buildings are found in Banasree and Uttara. The other sites, the averagely buildings are 5 storied.

2. The solid waste disposal facility and drainage facilities in most of the places are satisfactory. Solid waste disposal and drainage facilities in Shakari bazar and Mirpur Pallabi, the situation are worse. Water logging problem is severe in those areas.

3. Due to the intervention of DSCC and DNCC in selected area (Shakari bazar and Mirpur Pallabi) improvement programs those area are getting access to drainage, sanitation and solid waste management (collection and waste composting) services, although these are still inadequate.

9. Recommendations Thus, as per the research findings the following recommendations may be made-

In Dhaka city, problems with habitation arise as rural people tend to live in Dhaka. To complete this study, the aim is targeted, work process is planned, and the data is collected from the selected area and analyzed properly. Finally were reached at the conclusion and made a list of some main events. Now we can propose a number of recommendations those are given below:

1. There are scarcities of houses in the large cities. Even if this problem is solved through construction of more houses, the problem would continue till the government changes its present policy of increasing the importance of the large cites and keeping blind eyes at creation of facilities and employment opportunities in the rural areas and smaller towns.

2. The present status of real estate programs were found to be for below the engineering and environmental standards and it need immediate attention. The construction of real estates of DNCC & DSCC must follow the hydromorphic soil based building code, without creating unscientific fear or whims.

3. The Real Estate Projects of DNCC, DSCC and RAJUK should be made as per with the specification made in this Environmental laws, now it is not favorable for habitants compost and public health.

4. DCC and in some cases, Developer’s should be encouraged and offered the best facilities for taking more programs in Shakhari bazar and Mirpur Pallabi areas on solid waste disposal and drainage management sectors.


Currently, the slum areas are unplanned and are in environmentally hazardous conditions. So, in the shakhari bazar and Mirpur Pallabi area, planned building structures should be built and solid waste disposal and drainage facilities can be developed by DCC, DWASA to give the those area population base a healthy living environment. So, this is the proper time to take steps for a well planned city.

Actions for Immediate Implementation To make an environment friendly futures for Dhaka, there are some immediate action plans to be taken urgently which are as follows:

1. Implementing the National Housing Policy: This is a priority for any sustainable improvements for Dhaka. A key element of this policy is in the enforcement of basic property rights.

2. Strengthening public institutions to implement the National Housing Policy: Much stronger and more credible public institutions are needed for this enabling strategy to work. The multiplicity of public agencies intervening in housing programs is inefficient and could be reduced with each agency having clear roles and responsibilities, operating under the umbrella of the National Housing Policy. If the National Housing Authority continues to be the overseer of the National housing strategy, it would be more effective if they focus on a policy and regulatory role rather than implementing housing projects.

3. Strengthening the performance of RAJUK: A full reform of RAJUK is needed. This could be based on the separation of the multiple functions it now exerts (planning, planning enforcement, land servicing, and housing projects), which generate conflicts of interest and are not implemented efficiently at present. Planning functions should ultimately depend on the local governments concerned, and could be assumed by a body gathering Dhaka City and the municipalities within the current RAJUK jurisdiction. Intra-city planning in Dhaka should be reinforced and DNCC & DSCC given increased planning authority within its boundaries.

4. Promoting coordination between DNCC, DSCC, RAJUK,WASA, the planning authority, line ministries and utility agencies in urban projects in Dhaka City: While ad hoc committees can be a viable short or medium-term solution to coordination problems, in the long run, the Dhaka City Corporation should be given more means to make a safe and comfortable Dhaka city. This long-term goal should be explicitly linked to any progress in the decentralization process in the country.

References:

A. Akter, R. A. A Study of Water supply, Sanitation and solid waste Management situation of slums in Dhaka city. Contemporary Environment challenges Bangladesh university of engineering And Tecnology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Asaduzzaman M. & Rejwon M. P. (2009). A Study on Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management of Dhaka Cantontonment Chaptered (Extended) Area and Slum Areas Adjacent to Dhaka Cantonment, B. Sc. Engg. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Stamford university Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh Åstrand, J. (2006, April 26). The Habitat Agenda-Urbanisation in Developing Countries. from Housing Development and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.


BBS. (2001). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Population Census, Preliminary Report, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Govt. of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Bhuiyan, S. H. (2002). Sustainable Environmental Sanitration and Water Survice: "Solid waste Management in urban Bangladesh". Retrieved from Germany: 28th WEDC Conferance, kolkata (calcutta), india. Barua, S. (2010, January - June 1). Housing Real Estate Sector in Bangladesh Present Status and Policies Implications. Retrieved from ASA University Review, Vol. 04. Chattopadhyay, S. (2001). A Practical Approach to Water Supply and Sanitation in Asian Cities, Building Issues, Voume 10. from Housing Development and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. ISSN 1100-9446. Corporation, D. C. (2004). Profile of Dhaka City (Brochure). Retrieved from Urban Planning Department, Dhaka City Corporation, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (CPD), C. f. (2003). http://unpan1.un.org. Retrieved from Strengthening the Role of Private Sector Housing in Bangladesh Economy: The Policy Challenges, Report 64. Der-Petrpssian, B. a. (2000). Construction and Environment-Improving energy efficiency, Building Issues, Voume 10. Retrieved from Housing Development and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. ISSN 1100-9446. D, B. (2003, November). Strengthening the Role of Private Sector Housing in Bangladesh Economy: The Policy Challenges. Retrieved from Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD). Environment, D. o. (2005). Dhaka City state of Environment. Retrieved from Ministry of Environment and forest. Grimes. (1976). OFJ. Housing for low income urban families: Economics and Policies in the developing world, The Johns Hopkins University Press, London. Islam, N. (1999). Recent Urban Studies Bangladesh, Dhaka. Retrieved from p- 111, 130. Mahtab-uz-Zaman, Q. M. (n.d.). Enhancing Social and Environmental Qualities in Shelter Design for ALL. from By Altering Shelter Design Regulations in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mahtab-uz-Zaman. (2006). In Search of a Habitable Urban Space-Built Ratio: A Case Study of Building Planning Regulation in Dhaka City. In Bay, Joo-Hwa and Ong, Boon-Lay (eds.). Retrieved from Tropical Sustainable Architecxture- Social and Environmental Dimensions, Architectural Press, Elsevier Ltd., Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-7506-6797-4. M. Alam, M.S. Amin and P.Nandi. Climate Resilient Disaster Vulmerable Livelihood Adaptations in Coastal Bangladesh. December 2012. J.Innov. Dev. Strategy 6(2):87-93, ISSN-1997-2571. MHPW. (1993). National Housing Policy. Dhaka: Ministry of Housing and Public Works, Govt. of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. RAJUK. (1995). Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakkhya. Dhaka Metropolitan Area Development Plan, Dhaka. REHAB. (2006). Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh Directory (2006). Published by REHAB, Dhaka. Rosenlund, H. (2006, May 04). Shelter, Climate and Comfort. Shelter Design and Development Programme 2006. Retrieved from Housing Development and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Seraj, T. M. (July, 2012). Private Sector Housing. Dhaka: Pearl Publications. ISBN : 978-984-33-5298-9. Seraj, T. M. (2003). Solving Housing problem through private sector real estate development in Dhaka Architecture and construction. Retrieved from Urban Development Volume 10, Dhaka, Quality Offset Press, P.156 UNDP. (1981). Shakland and Cox Partnership. Dhaka Metropolitan Area Integrated Urban Project. Ulrich Glawe, C. V. (n.d.). Solid waste Management in Least Devloped Asian countries - A comparative Analysis. WHO. (2002). Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Retrieved from Washington DC, USA Zahur, M. (2007). Solid Waste Management of Dhaka City: Public Private Community Partnership. Retrieved from Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University Journal, Vol. IV, No. 2, pp. 93-97. Zahurul. (Novomber,2001). Environmental Impacts of Drainage Congestion in Beel Kuralia and its Mitigation Approach. Institute of water and Flood Management, Bangladesh University of Engineering and technology. , Dhaka, pp. 1~163.

engr. md. asaduzzaman dr. md. zahurul islam engr. subrata …bv-f.org/09. bv final.-13.pdf ·...

Documents