ENGLISH WRITING(1)

Diction

The Book Report

Format

一、 Diction—choice and use of word

1. Levels of Wordsformal/ common/ colloquialExample: interrogate question ask

Our president is a nice guy.

Paul is a nice guy.

2. The Meaning of Words Denotation : specific ; directConnotation : associative; suggestiveEx: The island was warned that a storm was

coming.His last words brought on another storm.

They lived in a small town.

I can never forget the little town where a spent my happy children’s.

modest / humble

bravery/ fool/ hardiness

statesman/ politician

famous/ notorious

thirsty/ misery

slim/ skinny

3. general/ specific wordsShe was born in Asia.She was born in Beijing.

Their neighbor is a very nice old man.Their neighbor is a very kind and helpful man.

The film I saw last night was good.The film I saw last night was amusing and

instructive.

Replace the words in red.(a) nice boy/ job/ book/ cara lovely girl/ time/ surprisea well-mannered boy/ a satisfying job / an interesting book/ a beautifully-designed cara sweet-tempered girl an enjoyable time an exciting surprise

a wonderful cook/ party/ eveninga terrible trip/ weather/ storyan imaginative cook/ a successful party/a moon-lit, tranquil evening/an adventurous trip/ freezing weather/ a frightening story

I am firm.You are stubborn.

I am slender.You are thin.He is skinny.

tiny, diminutive, minute

Some _____ rooms in white and red have been built for the kindergarten children’s amusement.

A _____ old lady approached, her head barely reaching the level of the shopper’s counter.

There is a beautiful, ____ silk flower on her cap.

Diminutive means something is smaller than normal or common things. E.g. The bed room is small but the parlor is diminutive.

Minute means extremely small; very careful and exact. E.g. minute grains of sand.

Tiny means very small or little, and it denotes things smaller than that diminutive does. E.g. They were prominent eyes yellowed with tiny red veins.

Look at that lovely little boy.Look at that small boy.Look at that tiny boy.

little suggests attractively and pleasantly, indicates affectionate regard;

small, obviously an appreciative term; is neutral, simply signifying “not big”.

tiny means extremely small, implying the abnormal growth of the child;

Following are groups of common words and learned words.

end terminatebreak fractureclear lucidclever intelligentshow exhibitquit resignprove verify

Sentence1)express a grammatically complete

thought------has a subject and predicate begins with a capital letter ends with a punctuation mark2) example:Bees make honey.Walking along the river bank.

Exercises: Correct the following sentences.1 ） Tom’s mother spoils him, they give him

money to brush his teeth.2) The X-ray will be painless, don’t be

concerned.3) The sofa looks new, it is actually five years

old.4) Howard is never late for work, he has an

alarm that plays reveille.

五种基本句型：S+V(主谓句 ), The sun rises in the east. S+V+O( 主谓宾 )，My brother bought a new cell phone. S+V+O+O( 主谓宾宾 )，My father gave me a gift. S+V+O+C( 主谓宾宾补 )，He made the baby laugh. S+V+C( 主系表 )， The grass turns green.

Exercises: Translate the following sentences.这堂课持续了 3 个小时。他找到了治疗癌症的方法。她喜欢集邮。 时间会证明我是对的。 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。 This class lasted three hours.He found a cure for cancer.She is fond of collecting stamps. Time would prove me right. My mother made me a new dress.

Types of sentences1) In terms of purpose:

declarative/interrogative/imperative/

exclamatory/

2) In terms of structure:

simple/complex/compound/

complex-compound

Both Mike and Jack like playing ball.

The car that Mike bought yesterday cost $20,000.

Peter watches TV in the evening, and so does his brother.

Exercise: Write a simple/ complex/ compound sentence on the following subjects:

my first jobthe novel I like bestthe worst day for me in a week

The worst day for me in a week is Wednesday.The worst day for me in a week is Wednesday

because I have to attend a meeting.The worst day for me in a week is Wednesday,

but I always get a surprise at last.

英语段落的特点

统一性 ---- 必须围绕一个主题

连贯性 ---- 条理清晰，衔接自然流畅

A ） Radio is very useful in our life. We can listen to music and broadcast over it. We can also learn something new about the world.

B) I like our English teacher. He is thirty-three years old. He is very strict with us but very kind. He likes playing basketball. His class is very interesting and lively. He works hard. I like him and my maths teacher.

连贯性 :① 使用平行结构。②重复一个词或一个词组。③使用代词代替上一句提到的名词。④人称 \ 数 \ 动词时态保持一致。⑤使用合适的过渡词语。

After Alice backed out of the driveway, her car stalled. Then it wouldn’t start again. She finally pushed it to the curb and went back into the house. She didn’t go to school. Fortunately, she only had one class on Friday.

Exercise: Computers play an important role in our life.They can do most of the things people can do.

They can give you information on buying and selling things, provide you with suggestions of how to deal with certain illness and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt that people can live much easier with the help of the computer.

Major Parts of the Book Report1.Information about the writer2.Summary about the book3.Comments on the book

1.Information about the writer(1)his name(2)the books he has published (3) the years of his birth and death (4) the publisher of the book Practice: P6

2.Summary about the book1) read the given passage with care, underline

or make notes of the main idea) write out one-sentence paraphrase of the

central idea of the whole material) make a list of all the main points that you’ve

underlined following their order) write your rough draft) go over this rough draft) reviseEXAMPLE ； P8

3.Comments on the book本书的优缺点本书的社会影响、历史意义作者的写作风格

FORMAT

1.Arrangement2. Capitalization3. Punctuation

Title Writing1.in the middle of the first line

2.Capitalize the first letter of each word except articles (a/an/the), short prepositions (in/on/with ),and coordinating conj. (and/or/but/nor/for), and the to in infinitives

3. can be followed by a question mark, quotation marks without a period

Examples ：Traffic Accidents In China on Punctuality Why do Fashions in Clothes Change? How to Get Rid of Bad Habits Never Tell A LieWhat is Happiness?Women in the Modern World the Tape Recorder Advantages of A Job Interviews Do Lucky Numbers really Bring Luck?

Outline 1.Deciding on a

topic ： who/what/when/where/why2.Formulating a thesis 1 ) a topic sentence 2) clear & specific(P21)3. Collecting details

Structures of Outline: 主题 + 中心思想 + 次中心思想

Thesis:

I Main idea

A Sub Idea

1 Detail

2 Detail

B Sub Idea

II Main idea

A Sub Idea

B Sub Idea

III Main idea

A Sub Idea

B Sub Idea

Types of Outline:

Sentence outline(P15)Topic outline (P16)

1) 越高层级的序号和越少的行首缩进代表的是越高的重要性；越低层级的序号和越多的行首缩进代表的是越低的重要性 , 更加细节性的论述或描述 .

罗马数字 （Ⅰ ,Ⅱ ）表示文章的不同部分；大写字母（ A, B ）是文章第二层次的结构；阿拉伯数字（ 1, 2 ）是支持性语句及例子；如有下一个层次 , 可以用小写字母表示（ a,

b ） .

2) 提纲中的每个部分及其下属部分代表的是文章每个部分的内部逻辑关系 , 各个部分反映的是文章各个部分之间的逻辑关系 . 通过提纲中的序号及行首缩进可以清晰地判断出文章的逻辑结构 .

3) 具有同等概括性的论点应当以平行的标题出现 . 在提纲的每一部分 , 具有同等概括性的不同论点以平行标题的形式出现（使用相同的缩进 ,字母和数字） .

. 4). 每一个二级部分都应当应当至少由两个部分构成 , 即 A,B… 都应当至少各包括下一级的 1, 2…. 这是 一个论点在逻辑上来说是不能被分成一个部分的 . 如果出现如下所示的论点：

5). 所有的标题都应当以平行或相同的的语法形式进行表达 . 在上文中的提纲样板（ topic outline ）中 , 所有的标题都是以平行或相同的的语法形式进行表达 , 每一个标题都是由一个名词加上修饰语所构成 . 在 sentence outline 中 , 所有的标题都是由完整的句子来表述的；而在topic outline 中主要是词或短语 .

6. 文章的介绍和结论部分可以不在提纲中出现 .在忽略介绍和结论部分的情况下 , 提纲所覆盖的主要是文章的主体部分 . 虽然开头与结尾对于一篇文章来说是非常重要的 , 但是 , 当作者没有被要求在提纲中列出开头与结尾 , 或者并不期望通过加入开头与结尾来达到特定的结构及阐述特殊问题的时候 , 介绍和结论部分是不必在提纲中出现的 .

I make preparations for a trip to the United States

I. Getting the necessary documents A Passport B VisaII. Making financial arrangementsIII. Buying clothesIV. Taking care of medical requirementsV. Packing A Suitcase B Bags

My Native Town I. Geographic location A. Location B. Surroundings 1. Circled by mountains 2. Passed by a river in front 3. Covered with trees at back II. The town's layout A. Buildings 1. Low houses 2. A few high buildings B. The streets 1. The main cement street 2. The other stone roads III. An early morning scene of my native town A. Women washing by the river B. Farmers working in the fields

My Ideal Job I. Teaching is very important in spreading

human knowledge and pushing the society forward．

II. Teaching is my interest and pleasure． A. A teacher has long vacations． 1． I can travel during the vacation． 2． I can write articles． 3． I can arrange my own time． B. Living among the young people makes

me young forever．

主题句写作技巧1) 完整性Beautiful sunset last night.driving on freewaysThe importance of goldIs it necessary to take a part-time job 2) 概括性American food is terrible.American food is tasteless and greasy because

Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.

3) 可写性A .Let me tell you something about

overpopulation．B. Why has the world population been increasing so rapidly in the last decades？

A. In Hemingway's story “Soldier’s Home” ，Krebs tells his mother that he wants no part of God's Kingdom．B. In Hemingway's story “Soldier’s Home” ， Kreb is a lonely ， cynical veteran．

4 ）作者明确的态度 I am not sure if it is necessary for college

students to take part-time jobs.

5) 简洁I think university campus should welcome all

visitors.

Write the thesis for the following topic

the importance of a family(P16)

Family plays an important role in maintaining the stability of society.

Family plays an important role in an individual’s life.

Family plays an important role in the process of children’s growth.

How to Keep Fit 1. 健康是幸福生活的保证。 2. 保持健康的几种方法。 3. 美好的未来需要健康。

SENTENCE OUTLINE

I. Health is the guarantee of one’s happiness.II. One can keep fit in three ways. A. He is to pay attention to hygiene. B. He is to exercise regularly. C. He should be optimistic.III Only in good health as well as in high spirits

can we greet the future PRACTICE: P21-22

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