english law terminology-1
TRANSCRIPT
ENGLISH LAW TERMINOLOGY
PART I: THE LEGAL SYSTEM
Provides – zagotavlja provisions - določbe
Overview of – pregled nad rulings – sodbe
Law-making process – zakonodajni postopek refers to – nanaša na
Justice system – pravosodni system derived – izhajajo
Law of torts – odškodninsko pravo fundamental - temeljnih
Designed – namenjen arrived at trough - rezultat
In the Framework – v okviru in the second sense – v drugem smislu
Civil law system – kontinentalni pravni sitem breach of contract – kršitev pogodbe
It aims – namen/cilj
Insight - v pogled
Superiority – vladavini
Code – zakonik
Different Approaches – drugačni pristopi
CIVIL LAW –legal system developed from Roman codified law, established (ustanovljen/izpostaviti) by a state for its regulation
COMMON LAW – legal system which is the foundation of the legal systems of most of the English-speaking countries of the world, based on customs, usage and court decisions (also case law, judge-made law)
CRIMINAL LAW – area of the law which deals with crimes and their punishments, including fines (denarna kazen) and/or imprisonment (zaporna kazen) (also penal law – kaznovalno pravo)
Article – člen
Based on – temelji na
Bound by – zavezano plain - preprosto
Codified – uzakonjen unambiguous - nedvoumen
Disputes – spori intention - namen
Legislation - zakonodaja
Precedents – prejšnja sodna odločba višje oblasti
REGULATIONS – rules issued by a government agency to carry out the intent of the law; authorized by a statue, and generally providing more detail on a subject than the statue
ORDINANCE – law enacted (uzakoniti) by a town, city or county (okraj) government
BILL – draft document before it is made into law
DIRECTIVE – legal device used by the European Union to establish policies at the European level to be incorporated into the laws of the Member States.
STATUE – formal written law enacted by a legislative body
Property tax – davek na premoženje
Seizing – zasega
The law stipulates that… - določa/definira
The law provides that…
The patent law specifies that…
The law states/sets forth/determines/lays down/prescribe that… - DOLOČATI!!
TYPES OF COURTS
Tried – obravnava
APPELLATE COURT (court of appeals, appeals court) – this is where a case is reviewed which has already been heard in a lower court
CROWN COURT (okrožno za kazenske zadeve) – this is where serious criminal cases are heard by a judge and a jury in the UK
HIGH COURT (glavno pritožbeno telo) + DIVISIONS (odelki) – this is usually the highest court in a jurisdiction, the court of last resort
JUVENILE COURT (za mladoletnike) – this is where a person under the age 18 would be tried
LOWER COURT (or court of first instance – crown court and magistrate’s court) – this is a court of primary jurisdiction, where a case is heard for the first time.
MAGISTRATE’S COURT (sodišča za nižje kazenske zadeve) – this is where a small crimes are tried in the UK.
MOOT COURT (simulacijsko sodišče) – this is where law students argue hypothetical cases.
SMALL-CLAIMS COURT (sodišče za spore majhne vrednosti) – this is where cases involving a limited amount of money are handled.
TRIBUNAL (razsodišče) – this is where a group of specially chosen people examine legal problems of a particular type, such as employment disputes.
CIVIL COURT SYSTEM
1. JUDGE – public official (javni uslužbenec) who has the authority to hear (pristojnost obravnavati) and decide cases Hearing – obravnava
2. CLAIMANT – person who initiates (začne) a civil lawsuit3. A EXPERT WITNESS (strokovni izvedenec) – person who has specialized knowledge of a
particular subject who is called to testify in court4. APPELLANT (pritožnik) – person who appeals a decision to a higher court5. ADVOCATE – person who pleads cases in court
To advocate – zagovarjati6. CLERK (administrativni uslužbenec) – employee who takes records, files papers and issues
processes7. BAILIFF (sodni izvršitelj) – officer of the court whose duties include keeping order and
assisting 8. REASONABLY PRUDENT (skrben) PERSON – hypothetical person who uses good judgment or
common sense in handling practical matters; such a person’s action are the guide in determining whether an individual’s actions were reasonable
9. DEFENDAT/RESPONDENT – person who is sued in a civil lawsuit
DOCUMENTS IN COURT
AFFIDAVIT – zaprisega v pisni obliki – a written statement that somebody makes after they have sworn officially to tell the truth, which might be used as proof in a court
ANSWER – odgovor na tožbo – the principal pleading by the defendant in response to a complaint
BRIEF – dopolnilo tožbe (explaining the case in details) – a document or set of documents containing the details about a court case
COMPLAINT – tožba – in civil law, the first pleading filed on behalf of a plaintiff, which initiates a lawsuit, setting forth the facts on which the claim is based
INJUCTION – odredba (court order to stop doing something) – an official order from a court for a person to stop doing something
MOTION – zahtevek – an application to a court to obtain an order, ruling or decision
NOTICE – obvestilo, zaznamek – a document providing notification or a fact, claim or proceeding
Notify – obvestiti
PLEADING – argument, zagovor, utemeljitev – a formal written statement setting forth (določa) the cause of action or the defence in a case
WRIT – uradno pisanje – a document informing someone that they will be involved in a legal process and instructing them what they must do
To draft a document – sestaviti/oblikovati
To issue a document –izdati
To file document with an authority – vložiti
To serve a document on someone (or to serve someone with a document) – vročiti
To submit a document to an authority – predložiti
A CAREER IN THE LAW
1. LAWYERS
Advise – clients, defendants, corporations
Draft – contracts, decisions
Litigate ( pravdati se) – disputes (spori), cases
Practice – law
Represent (zastopati) – clients (stranke), corporations, defendants (toženci)
Research – law, cases, legislation, decisions
Bar – odvetništvo; odvetniška zbornica
Defence – zagovornik
Government – pravobranilec
Practitioner – praktik
BAR
Bar - – a bar is a term for the legal profession itself
Bar association – is the association which regulates the profession.
Admitted to the bar – sprejet: person who qualifies to practice law
Disbar – izključen; disbar lawyer – is to make him unable to practice law
STUDYING IN THE UK
Bachelor degree in law – diplomirani pravnik – LLB – 3 years Comprises – vključuje
Call to the bar – poklic Bar examination – odvetniški izpit
Pupilage – odvetniški kandidat Barrister – odvetnik
Apprenticeship – uvajanje Solicitor – pravnik izven sodišča
Barrister – a lawyer who is qualified to plead on behalf of clients
Bar vocational course (BVC) – a training course which enable people who wish to become barrister and who have registered with the Inns of Court to acquire the skills and knowledge to prepare the for the specialized training of the pupilage
Call to the bar – a ceremony held at the end of this training course, when a candidate enter the profession
Bar association – organization regulating the legal profession
Bar examination – in the USA, an important test taken by law-school graduates which, when passed, qualifies a person to practice law
Admitted to the bar – granted entrance to the legal profession
Disbar – to compel a lawyer to stop practising law
Advocacy – zastopanje Conveyance – prepis
Extensive experience – obsežne izkušnje Merger – združitev
Acquisitions – prevzem Trainee – pripravnik
Sole traders – s.p. Unlimited liability – neomejena odgovornost
In-house counsel – notranji
Provide representation in the court – zagotoviti zastopanje na sodiščih
Referred to as counsel – klicani GDL – graduate diploma in law
JUDGES
Circuit judges – okrožni sodniki Lays down – predpisuje/določa
Mandatory requirements – obvezne zahteve Lord Chancellor – minister za pravosodje
Statutory requirements – zakonske zahteve Probation Service – pripravništvo
Fine, commit to imprisonment – denarno kaznuje ali pdredi zapor
Give a suspended sentence – pogojna obsodba Offence – kršitev
Seek an injunction – zahteva odredbe Respondent – 2.stranka
Interim injunction – začasna odredba
The judge can:
- Grant or refuse an injunction – odobri ali odkloni odredbo- Alternatively, require an undertaking – po drugi strain lahko zahteva ukrep
Arbitrary consideration – not based on reason, random
Credibility of witnesses – can be believed
Predicated on a dispute – based on
Defendant asserts – state something is true
Attempt is unavailing – unsuccessful
Re-draft – popravil Tenant – najemnik
Landlord – najemodajalec/ ženski spol – landlady Lease – najem
Breach – kršitev The assignment clause of the contract – klavzula/določilo
Closing argument – zaključni argument Argue – trditev
Writ – document Slightest defect – najmanjša napaka
Rendered useless – neuporabno Equity – pravičnost
Prevail –prevlada Enact – uzakoniti
Amending act – novela zakona Remedy – popravi
MPs – members of the parliament Majority – večina
To oppose – nasprotovati Wording – besedišče
To outweigh – prevagati To argue – trditi
Ambiguous – dvomljiv To deal with – soočiti se
Content – vsebina To settle – poravnati
Statutory interpretation – zakonska razlaga Opaque – moten
Contrary – nasprotno
LEGISLATION
Primary legislation – ustava
Secondary or delegated legislation – sekundarna/delegirana
Statutory instruments – podzakonski akti
Bye-laws – lokalni akti
Act is passed/adopted (sprejet) in order to (za namenom da) update or amend (posodobi) existing legislation
Circumstances – okoliščine Ensure compliance – zagotovi skladnost
Consolidate laws – združenje zakonodaje : bringing together into one statute al the existing statutes on one topic
Repeal obsolete laws – razveljavi slabe zakone repeal ≠ enact
Scrutinise the provisions – pregled določb Enshrines – uzakonja
Initiate – sproži Consultative process – posvetovalni postopek
Adopt, enact, passed Acts of parliament.
Enact new statutes.
Updated or amend existing legislation.
Repeal obsolete law.
Codified statute law and amendments into one Act.
Consolidated law by repealing and re-enacting in one statute provisions .
COMMON LAW
Override – nadvlada Subject to interpretation – podvržene razlagi
Binding on – zavezuje Consider – upoštevati
Bound to follow – zavezani slediti Must be applied – se mora uporabjati
During a trial – tekom sojenja Cite cases – citirali/sklicevali se na sodne določbe (ci’tation)
Referred to – sklicevati Applicable – se uporabi
LATIN TERMS
Stare decisis – principles of binding precedent
Ratio decidendi – the rule at law reasoned
Obiter dictum – persuasive authority
COURT SYSTEM
Hear evidence – presojajo dokaze Matters of fact – dejanska vprašanja
Points of law – dejanska vprašanja Civil action – civilna zadeva
Undefended divorce – sporazumna razveza Jury – porota
Juror – porotnik Appeal – pritožiti
First instance – na 1. stopnji Claimants – tožniki
Seek a legal remedy – zahtevajo pravno sredstvo Harm – škoda
Injury – poškodba Appellants – pritožniki
Are tried – so obravnavani With petty crimes – za manjša KD
Minors – mladoletniki Indictable offences – hujša KD
Conviction – obsodba
INTERNATIONAL LAW
Supranational law – nadnacionalno pravo
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties – dunajska konvencija o poškodbenem pravu
Charter – listina Framework/outline conventions – okvirne konvencije
Binding source of law – zavezujoči vir prava
Pattern – vzorec Have become a principle vehicle – so postal glavni akterji (nosilci)
Establish – vzpostaviti Sovereign – suveren
Customs union – carinska unija
EUROPEAN UNION LAW
To impose – naložiti Imposition – naložitev Measure – ukrepi Recommendations – priporočila
Goods (blago) – anything which can be bought or sold
Customs duty – any charge (carina) that is imposed on goods because they are imported
The common customs tariff (skupna carinska tarifa) applies to all goods imported into EU from other countries.
Member states – države članice
UN – The United Nations
Successor – naslednik Is concerned with – se ukvarja s
Maintenance internatonal peace and security –vzdrževanje mednarodnega miru in varstva
Headquarters – sedež Issued – izdana Defining – opredeljuje Extracts – izvzeti
Detention – pridržanje Exile – izgon
Remedy – pravno sredstvo Slavery – suženjstvo
RECOMMENDATIONS AND OPINIONS – are view and preferences expressed by EU institutions
REGULATIONS – are detailed instructions which are applicable throughout the EU and which are directly binding on the member state’s national legal system
DIRECTIVES – are EU decisions which are binding on the EU institutions and the member states; but they are only general instructions on the goal to be achieved
DECISIONS – are fully binding on those to whom they are addressed; do not require national implementing legislation
COMMUNICATIONS – are published by the commission and set out the background to a policy area.
CONTRACT LAW
For valid contract to be formed is necessary that offer is made and accepted.
Value – vrednost
Consideration – avans ali ara; known as promise in common law system (e.g. promise to make a gift)
Enforceable contract – izvršljiva pogodba
Binding – zavezujoča
Counter-offer – nasprotna ponudba; that is a new offer to the first party which then may be accepted or rejected
Valid – veljavna
Essential terms of a contract – bistvene sestavine; the price and the subject matter of a contract
Deals with … - zadeva Promises – obljube
A contract is formed – pogodba je sklenjena Require – zahteva
Formation – sklenitev Oral contract – ustna pogodba; contract by spoken words
Sale of land – prodaja zemlje Obligations – obveznosti
Rights – are something positive which a party wants to get from a contract (e.g. the right to payment of money)
Obligations – are something which a party has to do or give up to get those rights (e.g. the obligation to work)
Breached the contract – kršitev pogodbe; party does not do what it is required to do under a contract (kar bi po pogodbi morala storiti)
File a lawsuit - vložiti tožbo
Breach of contract – breaching party (stranka kršiteljica) or non-breaching party (stranka nekršiteljica) – injured party – poškodovana
To award damages – prisoditi odškodnino
Remedies for breach of contract :
Specific performance – izpolnitev pogodbe: where a court orders the breaching party to perform the contract (that is to do what is promised to do)
Damages – odškodnina: refers to (pomeni/je) money which the court orders the breaching party to pay to the non-breaching party in compensation (izravnava) – compensation for their loss
Restitution – povrnitev: to have what they gave returned to them, available only in certain circumstances
Assignment – party may want to transfer its rights under a contract to another party – prenos naslova – cesija
Party assigns (gives) – prenese
ASSIGNOR - assigning party– prenosnik
ASSIGNEE - party who gets the rights – prejemnik
To perform – izpolniti Acceptance - sprejetje
A party - an offer – accept, make, form, reject
The parties – a contract – breach, enforce, negotiate, form, perform
The court - damages – award, accept, negotiate, reject
Lawyer – lawsuit - file
Agreement – soglasje Arise – je nastalo
Fundamental – temeljno Reference – sklicevanje
Lease – zakup Loan agreement – posojilna pogodba
Sales agreement – prodajna pogodba
Consultancy agreement – is a legally binding agreement about the nature of working relationship between two or more researchers in a research project.
A hire purchase agreement – lizing Hire contract – najemna pogodba
Service contract – storitvena pogodba
Offer – ponudba: the offer is submitted by the purchaser, who offers to purchase at a specified price and will usually incorporate the terms of the invitation to treat into his/her offer
Auction – dražba Vendor – prodajalec
Make an invitation to treat – invite an offer : vabilo k podajanju ponudb
Conditions of sale – when payment will be made
Submitted – poda Purchaser – naročnik
Acceptance – sprejem: there must be an unqualified agreement to proceed on the basis set out in the offer and it must be communicated to the offeror (the person making the offer)
Offeree – the person receiving the offer – if he states that he accepts the offer subject to contract, then no contract is formed.
Unqualified agreement – nepogojna/brezpogojna pogodba
Subject to contract – predmet pogodbe Instantaneous – trenutno
Uncertainty – nejasnosti Vague – dvoumen/nejasen
Consideration – for a contract to be enforceable something of value must be given
Intention – namen/volja: it is assumed that contracting parties intend to crate legal relations, particularly in commercial circumstances.
Rebuttal presumption – izpodbojna domneva: an assumption that can be contradicted
Capacity to contract – poslovna sposobnost
Agents – zastopniki Representatives – predstavniki
Contracting parties with the authority to act – pogodbene stranke s pooblastilom
Enforceable – izvršljiva
Implied from conduct – konkludentno: by the behaviour of the contracting parties
Effective – učinkovito Contracts of guarantee – garancijske pogodbe
Contracts for transfer of shares – pogodbe o prenosu delnic Deed – dejanje
Contract by deed – konsenzualni kontrakt
Contract may be:
- Defective: z napako- Consequently be void: nični- Voidable: izpodbojni- Unenforceable: neizvršljiv
Lapse of time – zastaranje Limitation period – zastaralni rok
Barred from – preprečen Public policy – javni red
Fraud – goljufija Rescission – odstop
TORT LAW – odškodninsko pravo
Misrepresentation – predstavljati se za nekoga drugega
Contractual relations – pogodbeni odnosi
Civil wrong – civilni delikt
Medical expenses – stroški zdravljenja
Monetary damages – denarna odškodnina
TORT: is a civil wrong that can be remedied (odpravljen) by awarding damages.
CRIMES
Arson – požig; setting fire to a building
Assassination – atentat; killing a public figure illegally and intentionally
Assault – napad; acting in such a way as to make someone believe he will be hurt
Bigamy – bigamija; going through a ceremony of marriage when you are still married to someone else
Blackmail – izsiljevanje; getting money from people by threatening to publicise facts they do not want revealed
Bribery – podkupnina; offering money corruptly to get someone to do something to help you
Burglary – vlom; entering a building illegally and stealing things
Embezzlement – poneverba: using illegally or stealing money which you are looking after for someone else
Espionage – vohunjenje; trying to find out secrets by illegal means
Extortion – izsiljevanje; getting money from people by using threats
Fraud – goljufija; getting property or money from people by making them believe untrue things
Forgery – ponarejanje; making an illegal copy of a banknote or document
Libel – pisna žalitev; writing, publishing or broadcasting a statement which damages someone’s character
Manslaughter – uboj; killing someone unintentionally or in mitigating circumstances
Mitigating circumstances – olajševalne okoliščine
Murder – umor; killing someone illegally and intentionally
Perjury – kriva zaprisega; telling lies when you have sworn an oath to say what is true in court
Oath - prisega
Piracy – piratstvo; copying patented inventions or copyrighted works
Robbery – rop; stealing something by using force or threatening to use force
Slander – ustna žalitev; saying something which damages someone’s character
Smuggling – tihotapljenje; taking goods illegally into or out of a country
Theft – kraja; stealing, taking property which belongs to someone else
Treason – izdaja; betraying your country to a foreign power
Accuse /charge – obožba (criminal charge: a formal accusation made before a court by a prosecuting authority – organ pregona
Acquit – oprostilo; what a jury or judge himself does at the end of criminal trial if finds the accused defendant not guilty
Arrest – prijetje; to take or hold a suspected criminal
Confess – priznanje; to voluntarily state that one is guilty of a criminal offense
Offense – kaznivo dejanje; crime or punishable violation of law of any type or magnitude
Drop – opustiti; Engage – najeti
Fine – kazen Grant – odobri
Plead – Release – sprosti/izpusti
Seize – zasega Served – odslužiti
COMPANY LAW – PRAVO DRUŽB
Distinct – različni/ločeni
Business entities – poslovni/gospodarski subjekti
Legal person – pravna oseba
Shareholding members – družbeniki
Can own – ima v lasti
Enter into contracts – sklepa pogodbe
Limited liability – omejena odgovornost
Members of a company – člani družbe/družbeniki
Debt – dolg
Separate personality – ločene osebnosti Tax treatment – davčne obravnave
Inherent flexibility – vgrajena prožnost Initially – sprva
Sole proprietor – samostojni podjetnik Public listed company – delniška družba
Shareholders – delničarji; those who invest money in it and get shares – delnice in return
A board of directors – uprava; people who manage the affairs (vodijo posle) of the company
Creditors – upniki; those to whom the company owes money
Regulators – zakondajalci Company formation – ustanovitev družbe
Agent – zastopnik Accountant – računovodja Certificate of incorporation – potrdilo o ustanovitvi Issue – izda
Memorandum of association – osnovni document; states the principal object of the company (določa glavni cilj/predmet)
Articles of association – regulates the company’s internal management and administrative affairs (upravljanje družbe)
Conduct of meetings – vodenje sestankov
One-tier system: eno-tirni sistem (en organ upravljanja)
Administrative board – upravni odbor (UK)
Executive officers – izvršilni organ – chief executive officer – CEO - glavni
Non – executive officers
Two-tier system – dvo-tirni system
Management board – uprava
Supervisor board – nadzorni svet
General meeting
Extra-ordinary general meeting – EGM (izredna skupščina)
Annual meeting – AGM (redna letna skupščina)
Consolidated version – prečiščena verzija
Societas Europe – European company
Company name – firma
Balance sheet – bilanca stanja
Profit-and-loss account – izkaz finančnega uspeha
Monitor – spremljati
Serves on - ?
Winding up – prenehanje družbe (bankruptcy or liquidation); process of bringing a company to an end
Funding – raising money to pay for a business or business idea (financirati)
Business vehicle – poslovni subjekt; type of company organization
Directors’ duties – responsibilities of leading company officers
ADVERBS
- Describing time of action: before the verb (e.g. often, usually, currently,)- Describing manner of action: before/after the verb (e.g. slowly, carefully, clearly, quickly)- Qualifying an adjective: before adjectives (e.g. particularly interesting, incredibly detailed,
extremely difficult)
Utra vires – beyond the power (čez meje) Personal liability – osebna odgovornost
Perpetually – nenehno Despite – kljub
Ownership – lastništvo As it allows – saj omogoča
Perpetrate – zagrešiti Acts beyond the power – dejanja, ki presegajo pooblastila
Lift (UK) or pierce (US) the corporate veil - to prove that a corporation exists merely as a completely controlled front (alter ego) for an individual or management group, so that in a lawsuit the individual defendants can be held responsible (liable) for damages for actions of the corporation.
Partnership – is a business association which, strictly speaking, is not considered to be legal entity but, rather, merely (samo) an association of owners (združenje lastnikov).
Cease – preneha
DUTIES:
Duty of care – directors must exercise the care of an ordinarily prudent and diligent person under the relevant circumstances.
Prudent and diligent person – skrbna in vestna oseba
Fiduciary duty – the director must act in the best interests of the company and not for any collateral purpose –namen zavarovanja.
State of health – zdravstveno stanje Accounts – financial statements
Bonus – stock dividend (dividend – dobiček na delnico) Capitalisation issue – cash dividend
Auditor – revizor; Company secretary – sekretar
Liquidator – likvidacijski upravitelj Managing director – upravni director
Official receiver – stečajni upravitelj Promoter – predlagatelj
Proxy – prokurist, zastopnik direktorja Receiver – upravitelj
Shareholder – delničar Policy – politika
Acquisition - pridobitev (shares) Jointly and severally – solidarno
Joint and several liability – solidrana odgovornost Duty of confidentiality – poslovna skrivnost
Reluctant – odklonilni
Ustanoviti družbo: - to create a company
- To form a company (formation) - to incorporate (incorporation)- To establish a company (establishment) - to constitute
TORT LAW
TORT – a wrongful act that causes harm to another person for which the injured party may request damages.
Damages – odškodnina defendant - toženec
Fraudulent misrepresentation – predstavljati se za nekoga drugega primary aim – glavni cilj
Contractual relations – pogodbeni odnosi provide – zagotoviti
Civil wrong – civilni delikt relief - povračilo
Medical expenses – stroški zdravljenja deter - odvrniti
Monetary damages – denarna odškodnina potential tortfeasors – potencialni povzročitelji škode
Remedied – odpravljena tortious conduct – škodno ravnanje
Harm – škoda (physical – telesna, emotional – duševna, financial – premoženjska)
Negligence – malomarnost monetary damages – denarna odškodnina
Private property – zasebno premoženje compensatory damages – nadomestitvena odškodnina
Misstatements – napačne izjave punitive damages – kaznovalna odškodnina
Trespass – motnje posesti loss of earnings capacity – izgubljeni dobiček
Assault – sihični napad future expected loses – pričakovana prihodnja škoda
Business torts – poslovni delikti
Interference in contractual relations – vmešavanje v pogodbene odnose
Intentional torts – namerni delikti Unfair competition – nepoštena konkurenca
Negligent torts – delikti iz malomarnosti
Strict liability torts – odgovornost ne glede na krivdo (objektivna odgovornost)
Defective products – proizvodi z napako Overlaps – prekrivata
Liable – odgovoren Standard of proof – dokazni standard
Outcomes – izid Conviction – obsodba
Proximate cause – neposredni vzrok; the word proximate means ´direct` or ´immediate`
Claimant/plaintiff – the person who brings an action in a court of law
Defendant – the person against whom an action is brought in a court of law
Finds for that party – when a case is decided in favour of a certain party
Affirm that judgment – when a court states that a judgment of a lower court is true
Reverses that judgment – when a court changes the judgment of a lower court to its opposite
Entitle to – upravičen do Entitles – opravičuje
Entitlement –upravičenje
Negligence – the breach of a duty of care which is owed to a claimant, who in consequence suffers injury or loss
Trespass – an interference with private property
Damages – financial compensation for loss or injury
Damage – physical or economic harm or loss
Strict liability - total legal responsibility for an offence which has been committed
Defamation (žalitev dobrega imena/ponižanje osebe) – publishing a statement about someone which lowers the person in the opinion of others. Libel – when in a permanent form (žalitev v časopisu); slander – if it is in speech (v ustni obliki)
Suppliers – dobavitelji To sustain (an injury) - utrpeti
Debt repayment - odplačilo dolga Insolvency proceeding – stečajni postopek
Non-contentious litigation – nepravdni postopek Timetable – narok
Adhere to timescales – spoštujejo/ se prilagodijo Initiated – začnejo
Claim form – tožbeni obrazec; writ of summons Summons – poziv
Specified or unspecified monetary sums – opredeljen ali neopredeljene denarne zneske
Served on – vročena Admit the claim - prizna zahtevek
Form of admission – obrazec za sprejem; the document in which the defendant agrees to the cliam made by the claimant
Counterclaim – nasprotna tožba; the document in which the defendant makes a claim against the claimant
Fast track – hitro odločeno
Disclosure – razkritje; the process by which the claimant is required to inform the defendant of documents they hold relevant to the claim
Temporary halt – začasna ustavitev
Dissenting opinion – odklonilno ločeno mnenje
Concurring opinion – pritrdilno ločeno mnenje
CRIMINAL LAW
A crime – kaznivo dejanje joyriding – vožnja s tujim vozilom
Omission – opustitev kidnapping - ugrabitev
Armed robbery – rop larceny - tatvina
Arson – požig manslaughter - uboj
Assault – psihični napad money laundering – pranje denarja
Battery – fizični napad obstruction of justice – oviranje uradne osebe
Burglary – vlom rape - posilstvo
Domestic violence – nasilje v družini shoplifting – kraja v trgovini
Drug trafficking – preprodaja drog stalking - zalezovanje
Drunk driving – vožnja pod vplivom alkohola tax evasion – utaja davkov
Embezzlement – poneverba theft - tatvina
Extortion – izsiljevanje vandalism - vandalizem
Forgery – ponarejanje white-collar crimes – criminal belih ovratnikov/gospodarski kriminal
Fraud – goljufija
Homicide – umor
Insider dealing – zloraba notranjih informacij
Matching verbs + nouns:
- commit a crime (KD) - an offender commit a crime- resolve a dispute (rešiti spor) – a judge resolve a dispute- bring a suit (vložiti tožbo) – a victim/lawyer bring a suit- render a verdict (razsodba porote) – the court/a judge render a verdict- sentence an offender (kaznovati kršitelja) – the court/a judge sentence an offender- Suspend a sentence (odložiti kazen). the court/a judge suspend a sentence
Penal law – kaznovalno pravo
Prosecution – kazenski pregon; prosecutor - tožilec
Initiated - začne
offence –kršitev; offender – kršitelj
various punishments – različne kazni:
When someone is sentenced to execution – na smrt – they are killed as legal punishment for crime Corporal punishment – telesna kazen Loss of liberty – izguba svobode - When someone is sentenced to imprisonment or incarceration – zapor – they are put in prison for crime Suspend the sentence – pogojna obsodba When someone is fined (impose a fine) – naložiti denarno kazen – they have to pay an amount of money as a punishment for breaking a law When someone is put on probation – pogojna – they are given a period of time when they must behave well and not commit any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison When someone is put on parole – they are released before their prison sentence is finished, with the agreement that they will behave well When someone is placed on community service order – družbeno koristno delo – the court requires an offender to perform unpaid work in their spare time and to contribute to their community
sentence – kaznuje beyond reasonable doubt – brez razumnega dvoma
government supervision – vladni nadzor standard of proof – dokazni standard
proscribes – prepoveduje balance of probabilities – ravnotežje verjetnosti
criminal act – KD preponderance of evidence – ravnotežje dokazov
criminal intent – naklep/namen felonies – hujše KD
conviction – obsodba misdemeanours - prekršek
burden of proof – dokazno breme petty theft – mala tatvina
trier – razsodnik
accused - obdolžen
SUSPECT – osumljenec ACCUSED - obtoženec
WRONGDOER/OFFENDER – kršitelj CONVICT – obsojenec
charged with a crime – obtoženi/obdolženi zločina investigation – preiskava
apprehend – primejo detain in custody – zadržijo v priporu
crown prosecution service – okrožno državno tožilstvo evidence – dokaz
realistic prospect of conviction – realne možnosti za obsodbo
caution – dodatna preiskovalna dejanja public prosecutor – državni/javni tožilec
a warrant of arrest – nalog za prijetje – a court document authorising the police to detain someone
legal aid – pravna pomoč
defence costs – stroški za obrambo summary offences – blažja KD
indictable offences – serious crime the alleged offences – domneva
an indictment – obtožnica – a written statement with details of the crimes someone is charged with
cross-examination – navzkrižno zasliševanje
burden of proof – dokazno breme bail – varščina
disclosure – razkritje witnesses – priče
whereabouts – nahajanje reduced sentence – zmanjšana kazen
acquitted – oproščen - the defendant is found not guilty by the court and discharged
EMPLOYMENT LAW – INDIVIDUALNO DELOVNO PRAVO
Termination of employment – prenehanje delovnega razmerja
Employment tribunals – delovna sodišča
Terms of employment - pogoji za zaposlitev
Employment legislation – delovnopravna zakonodaja
Labour law – kolektivno delovno pravo
Protecting the disabled – varstvo invalidov
Recruitment – postopek za zaposlitev
Employer – delodajalec
Employee – delavec
Trade union – sindikat (US – labor union)
Recruiting process – postopek zaposlovanja Marital status – zakonski stan
In respect – v pogledu
Terms and conditions of employment – zaposlitveni pogoji
Genuine occupational qualification (GOQ) – pristni zaposlitveni pogoj; only female applicants are hired for jobs at an all-women hostel
Reasonable adjustment – razumna prilagoditev Hire – najeti
Identities of the parties – navedba strank Entitlement – upravičenje
Redundant worker – presežni delavec Collective bargaining – kolektivna pogajanja
Strike – stavka Picketing – stavkovna straža lockouts – izprtje Seeking injunctions – zahteva začasne odredbe
To render – to make Prospective earning – pričakovani dobiček
Discriminatory dismissal – an employee is fired when she becomes pregnant
Redundancy dismissal – an employee is laid off because his employer had insufficient work for him to do
Unfair dismissal – a worker’s employment is terminated because he took part in lawful union activities
Ethnic origins – narodnost
Strike-breakers – stavkokazi (delavci ki jih delodajalec zaposli, ko so drugi delavci na stavki)
To outlaw something – to make something illegal
To bring a claim against someone – to assert (zatrjevati) a legal right alleged to have been violated
Entitlement – right to benefits specified by law or contract
Claimant – a person asserting a legal right which has been violated
Voluntary = optional
Key = important
Vast = huge
Confidential = private
Conventional = traditional
To waive (ukiniti) – to give something up - right
To hear – to listen to a case at a relatively formal proceeding – a case
To plead – to argue a case in court – a case
To apply – to make use of something (when deciding a case) – a law
To appeal – to formally request that decision of an inferior body be reviewed by a superior one – a case
To challenge (izpodbijati) – to question something – a law, an award, a case
Settlement of disputes – reševanje sporov contractual provisions – pogodbene določbe
collective bargaining – kolektivna pogajanja alike – tako
statutory rights – zakonske pravice minimum wage – min plača
employment particulars – pogoji zaposlovanja time off – dopust
itemised pay statement – razčlemba plače sick pay – bolniško nadomestilo
family/parental leave – družinski dopust transfer of business – prenos podjetja
termination of employment – odpovedni rok deduction – odtegljaj
part time – krajši DČ full time – polni DČ
fixed term – zaposlitev za določen čas commencement of employment – pričetek zaposlitve
restriction on the action/restrictive covenant – prepoved zaposlitve pri konkurenci
grievance procedures – postopek s pravnimi sredstvi variation of contract – sprememba pogodbe
unilaterally varied – enostransko spremenjena constructive dismissal – odpoved s strani delavca
gross misconduct – delavec se neustrezno obnaša
SICK PAY – salary paid when an employee cannot work because of illness
FIXED TIME – restricted period of employment set out in contract
TRADE UNION – organization which represents the workers, who are its members, in discussions of pay and working conditions with their employer
EMPLOYMENT TRIBUNAL – specialist court dealing in disputes between employers and employees
EMPLOYMENT PARTICULARS – written details of a position in a company
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING – negotiations between an employer and a trade union on terms and conditions of employment and work
COMPETITION LAW – KONKURENČNO PRAVO
CARTEL – kartelni sporazum, sklep podjetniškega združenja ali usklajeno ravnanje: a group of similar independent companies who agree to join together to control prices and limit competition
MERGER – združenja : the joining together of two or more companies
OLIGOPOLY – oligopol: a market situation in which a small number of firms compete with each other
MONOPOLY- monopol: an organization or group that has compete control of an area of business so that others have no share
rooted – izvira prohibit – prepovedati
trusts – skladi trustubusters - ?
economic efficiency – ekonomska učinkovitost relevant market – upoštevni trg
high barriers to entry – visoke ovire za vstop (vstopni pogoj) penetrate the market – prodor na trg
price fixing – določanje cen inter-related group – medsebojno povezana skupina
parallel behavior (to adopt) – usklajeno ravnanje output decisions – izhodne odločitve
aspect – vidik abuse of dominant position – zloraba prevladujočega položaja
predatory pricing – predatorske/roparske cene tie-in arrangement – vezani posli
joint-ventures - skupna podjetja merger regulation – uredba o združitvi
market power – tržna moč
limiting anti-competitive concentration – omejevanje protikunkurenčne koncentracije