HEARSAY re~~-I::q?~

Whenwe want to pass on information but we do not knowwhether theinformation is true or not, or we do not want to say wherethe information came

from, we can ~~g00~c~.!r?~~Yt,eform ~tth~se verbs (whichare called veić'~t.~.Icp.~,'thinking' or 'Gaying')~think, believe, re ort, consider, know, sa ,ex ect, resume,Gassume, acknow/edge, etc. + the infinitive.

Pi?VlC\f..;

Forms of the infinitive

Simple Continuous FaselvePresent infinitive to offer 1 to beoffering 2 to beoffered :3

Past (perfect) to haveoffered 4 to havebeen to havebeeninfinitive offering 5 offered 6

• Whenthe information is about a present srtuatton, we usethepattern: sb/sth + the passlve + present infinitive (1,2)

,e,;WC\Y

The Queen is 'thought to be one of the richeet: peopie in the world.Mrs Smith is beiieved to be staying with iriende.Theship is said to be sinking as we epeek.

• Whenthe information is about something inthe past, we ueethesb/sth + paselve + the perfect (past) infinitive. (4, 5)

The ehip le reported to bave eunk.The ship was reported to have been sinking.

• Whenthe emphasle is onthe object and not the subject, we use thepaaslve form (present and past) (3,6)

Thereeuite are rumoured to be faked.Thereeuite are rumoured to have been faked.

Write all six forms of the hearsay construction, adding time expreeslonewhere euitable.

Peopleeay/sald he (write) a book.tle. IS ~a,d to I..v{\+e..::; book f.-veJ'j .lvJo z::f" (S'.

He IS' ,$(\id +;;:, b.( LJ(\-\-:~ c.- 1::0.:,(.", nO~"""J LJ....,' 'v, r: \1'- ,.s: ~(), cl -le ko..v<. 'Ive l-tkM "" f:t:;oi~ (c JI )(.p,c!i'r:Jf'Ol?~ rc \..i .11...( oJ) () t-<;;' c ~",,,c;'" ~,<J' I,' • \Jr'- \ \,1

HEARSA Y exercises

Rewrite the following sentences using the HEARSA Y construction.

1. Don McCullin is one of the greatest war photographers. CONSIDERED2. He suffered from recurring nightmares after working in Vietnam. SAID3. The new president is amoderate. SAID4. He was an active trade unionist when he was young. KNOWN5. The rain will die out this afternoon. EXPECTED6. The escaped prisoner is heading for Scotland. REPORTED7. She has an income of over 100,000 euros. SUPPOSED8. Three people have been killed in an avalanche. BELlEVED9. They were skiing in the area when the avalanche started. PRESUMED

10. The rival factions are heading for an agreement on the disputed territory. THOUGHT11. It appears that the outlook for tomorrow's weather is good. APPEARS1 2. It seems that Tom has been expelled from school. SEEMS13. The ousted dictator has left; the county. SEEMED14. It looks like she is enjoying life now that the trial is over. APPEARS15. It seemed that the spokesperecn was avoiding the journallst.s' questions.16. Everybody expected them to break ul' soon.17. People think that neither eide wanted war.18. Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you.19. Everyone thought the painting had been destroyed.20. .Peoplesay that the company bid fifty million pounds for the ehares,21. People say the late Mr Johnson was difficult to work with.22. Feople think the jewels were stolen by one of the guests.23. It is believed that the Chinese invented gunpowder.24. Apparently the ship did not eust.ain any damage.25. It is thought that the two injured men were repairing high-tension cables.26. There is a rumour that the escaped prisoner isliving in Spain.27. We believe that the government has prepared a plan.28. People say that Mre Turner was having business difficulties.29. It was thought that the treasure dates from the 13th century.30. The police believe that a professional thief stole the statue.31. Everyone thought that Helen had mlseed the train.32. We have found that the tyres are unsafe.33. Th~ inspectorsdiscovered that the petrol tank was dangerous.34. We've discovered that the brakes are badly worn.35. We think that the electrica I system is a fire hazard.36. We expect the repalrs to be very expensive indeed.

f-tyP0TIt6-?,Z,INC1 (WISH-6S)9\C'+oo.fJ-o.J\::C UM"'+' Ch'~lc-e.

_.,.-,- __ ,--,1... /" V \JTo h!jpothesf.ze - to IM.aIee supposf.t!.oli\S, assuV\.\.ptwl'\-s, to speculate about ul'\-realLstt.c Dr f.lM.agLII\,Q~sf.tuatwl'\-scoV\.\.pC!yetne usC!ge of "flClst sLVV\."flLeLVI-tnese two seVl-tevu.es:

ti) she w!.5hts 5he ~ how to pltl/j teJ'LI/U5.b) sht ~ how to pltl/j ttJM45 whs»: she Wti5oY1l./jfive.

IVI-wl1Lcl1 of tl1e two seVl-tevu.es does tl1e subject I1Clve ClVl-uVl-fulftHed dyeClV\.\.?whLcl1 of tl1e two seVl-teVI-Cesyefel'S to tne "fll'eseVl-t?WhLcl1 of the two seVl-teVI-CesWVI- !j0U [t.V\,Lsh wLth ... , but shs does"",'t?TI'Cll'\-sLClte tl1e seVl-teVI-Cesto CI'OCltLC!l'\-.

00DALAlAXfLfARY V6R1SSr:..r:):;: ~-r ,:;;

Pmperhes:veo -s L"" 3.P.Sg. L"" Pres. SLw:pleveo -Lvcg forl'\.\.L"" questLo""s e>.vcdvcege>.tLves - L""versLovi-two foYl'\.\.S - preseVl-t e>.Vldpe>.st -"'" h,'S'v

o""LtJ be>.reL""fL~tLve (+U&s...,;)i:Jc; i;

? 'I ,..J \\C1 c' !.J

'-. r , ć ,.

FlA.NCT10NS - PRl/vtARY AND S6CONDARY

1.

PR6S5NTAN~F~TUR5 PAST1-. certe>.Lvutyj StGlU(iI\ost- ~.";.

posLtLve NegatLve t:<osLuve NegauVtSLw:pLe wLLL + Lv,fLv-v~hve '1 wo",,'t + L""f. 2. wLLL VI!Ave + 1>.P. :; wov-v't VI!Ave + P.P. e,co""tLVl-UolA..S wLLL be + S wo",,'t be + c;; wLLL VI!Ave beev-v + :;.. wov-v't VI!Ave bee"" + s

Pres."P!ArtLc,LpLe "PYes.PCl rtLGLpLe "pyes.PClrtLc,Lple "pyes.pt:lrtLGLpLe

r f"€J '0<-t~f 2. probClbLLLtyj vieJoja 1v-.ost. 807·sLl'\.\.pLe VlA.lA..St+ Lv,fL",,[tLve .9 C/AV\.·'t + LV~f~vl-[t~ve ~O 1 •.••• V'kuSt VIGNe + P.1>. 41 CC10 ...'t ho.ve + P.P. a.Co Vl-tLVl-UolA..S v..cust be + 1".:> c.t:l",,'t be + ~4 VlA.ust VlClve bee"" + 1S CClv-v'tVlClve bee"" + 1-'"

"pyes.PClrtLcLpLe "PYes.PClrtLc.LpLe "PYes.PCl rtLcL pLe Pres.PClrtLc,LpLeSLVlA.pLe +S:t. snouL~ + L""fL""LtLve 1;1 SViOL.tLdVl-'t + ~V0f. {3 sVlouLv! hClve + 1>.P. {!I sVloulv!v-v't VlClve+ pp20Co""tLVvUolA..S sVlOuLv! be + ,.'" sVlOuLv!V\.'t be + :22 sVlouLcl VlClve bee"" +~ sVlOuLvl veot VJClve bet""

Pres.PClrticLple "pyes'pClrtLcLpLe Pres. pClrtLcLpLe + Pres. PClrtLcLpLe 2.4

3. possLbLLLtyj MoqvecAa,st 00 %sLVlA.-pLe G;o1. VU:fI tJ + L""fL~tlve 2.s I'\.\.CltJveot .,.: .:(6 ~C!ij fwve + P.P. 2.?- V'ACl!j veot h!A\fe + !:I. 9

L""fL~tlve P.P.CO""UVI-UOIA..S VlA.CltJbe + ~~ I'\.\.CltJveot be + 30 ~'1.o\.ClVI hClve bee"" + YI I'\.\.CltJ veot VJClve beev-v 32u

pres.PClrtLcLpLe Pres.PClrtLc,LpLt "PYrs. Pcl rtLcL P Le + "PYes. PClrtLcL-pLesLl'\.\.pLe 5S"1- I'\.\.Lgnt + L""fL""lHve V'..••lgVJtV'/t + VKLg!rtt VlC1ve 4.f- P.P. V\.\.[gVltv-v't VJllve +

3-;' LvvfLvJ.tLve 34 3$ P.P. 3GCo""UVvUOIA..S V\.\.[ght be + ;>:."f V\.\.LgVlt veot be + 38 V\.\.Lght VJC!ve bu"" + w.Lght ""ot VlClve beeV\.

"pyes.PClrtLcLple "pyes.PClrtLc.LpLe "pyes.PClrtLc.lpLe ~!' + pr-es.PClrtlcLpLe 40s[l'\.\.-ple So;r. couLcl + ~v-vfLvit[ve V'kLgVJt V\.Ot + c.ouLd. VlClve + P.P. V\.\.Lgnt V\.Ot nClve +

"1./.1 Lv,fL~hve 42. 43 1>.1>. 44-coVl-tLVvUOus couLoI be + I'\.\.Lght V\.Ot be + co"{LoI nClve bee"" + I'\.\.Lgnt V\.Ot hClve bet""

pves.PClrtLcLpLe us pves.pClrtLcLpLe trG "pyes.PClrtLcLpLe 4-'7- + "pyes.PClrtLcLpLe 48

II. S6GONDARY FlA.NCnONS

PR5S5NT AN~ F~TUR5 PASTposLtLve Negauve postuve Negattve

<&to obLLgCltLoil\-.) obowel.GI..I'\.\.lA..St- stwvcg obLLgCltLO""; veot I1Clve to hClol to oILoI",,'t VJClvetopersoV\t!L U~ Sb S1 52.nave to - stvovcg iI\-Ot I1INe to l1aol to oILoI",,'t I1Clve to(o'bLLgCltLo"" - LV\.\.per-soV\t!L5:'-,

cl to (C\I:\;", .0

<. boci S;:k..cti.{~ '/C{~,L'J""o

<'\:>o.~ rd.",,,j

.:~ j'J.)

.>,- ..•••~»~

00 qlvt to ~fl\\td....0.'• f'J\C'\\\hU ....••.

sl1ou[d - w..LLciobLf.gCltLOV\- sVlOuLdV\-'t sVlOuLci nClve + P.P. slt1ouLciV\-'t nClve + P.P.or- ClcivLc.e 54 5S sc S:y.

2. perw..LsSLOv\- o.opUt'kMje cf..o~w.al::l w..aij V\-Ot wCls/wer-e ClUo0eci W I wClSV\-'t!wev-eV\-'t ClLLowecito i

sg ~ C;o 6''1C.RI/\, G2. c.aV\-'t 62- wes/were ClLLowecito v. wasl/\,'t!wer-el/\,'t aLLOweci to.c.ouLci Glf c.ouLcil/\,'t GS WCls/wer-e aLLoweci to wasV\-'t!wer-el/\,'t aLLoweci to

3. ClbLL~tH,

SlPo\ob~eRI/\, br; CClI/\,'t (;!7- couLci - geVl-tr-al abLlLtij 68 eoulc!V\-'t '0

WClS abLe to or- w..all\,Qgeci to WClSV\-'t!we..-eV\-'t ClbLe to -ji'!

- pClt"tLc.uLCir-ClbLLLtij OI/\,oVl-t dLclV\-'t w..CllI\,Qge tooc.cClsLoV\- G~

"/-. wLllLV'-0 Vl-t$S ~"o.i~wUl ,,2- woV\-'t ~3 wouLc/ + LV\-T- ~lf wouLclV\-'t + LV\-f. '9S

5. c.lt1arac.terLstLc. bel-1avLou..- -\Job; ~t.v.o pO",c•..ll",~·wUl '7G woV\-'t- =1-9- wouLc/ + LV\-f. '48' wouLci V\-'t':f. LV\-f. '95

DAR.6§ N66D

verbs dare aV\-ci //!-tedc.aV\- be wVl-St..-uc.teci as w..aLV\- verbs Cl~ as w..ociaL au)(LLLa,,-Les.

Mocial at.<)(lLLat"!1 c.OVl-Strnc.tLoV\- MaLV\- ver-b coV\-st..-uc.tLoV\-PosLtLve - !-te Vl-ttcis to go V\-OW.NegatLve !-te Vl-teciV\-'t go V\-OW. !-te cioesV\-'t Vl-teci to go V\-OW.IVl-terrogatLve Ntecl he go V\-OW? DOes ne Vl-teci to go V\-OW?

Need l1as two past fo..-w..s: V\-teclV\-'t lt1ave + P.P. of tl1e w..aLV\- verbciLciV\-'t Vl-teci to + tl-1e LV\-fLV'-ltLve

e)(.@J you Vl-teciV\-'t have bouglt1t tlt1e b..-eaci.b) you ciLciV\-'t Vl-teci to bUij tlt1e b..-eacl.

IV\-wlt1Lc.1t1oftlt1e two seVl-teVI-C-es tl-1e pe..-soV\- ac.tuaLlij bouglt1t tlt1e b..-eaci7

E)(Cl ylA:p Ies :Deg rees Of LLfQ,eLLv\Ooc{

Ce \'tI/! ~V\.ttj

i. R.[lI\,g VlLs 1I\,('('V1A.ber.!-te wLll be C!t VlOV1A.eII\,OW. (I am surr he is at home)DOII\,'t rLII\,g VlLs 1I\,('('V1A.ber.!-te WoV\.'t be C!t VlOV1A.e. (I am surr he doesn't Jenow the answer)!-te wLll VlC!veftll\,LsVle~ reC!~L~ btJ II\,OW. (I am surz he finished reading)!-te wLll Mt VlC!veft~sVte~reC!~LII\,g btJ II\,OW. (I am surr: he didn't finish reading by now)!-te wLll be ex:pec.tL~ C!c.C!lL (I am surz he is e,xpecting a caLL)!-te WOII\,'t be ex:pec,H~ C!c.C!lL (I am surz he isn't e)(pectlng a caU)!-te wal VtC!ve beell\,ex"pecu~ C!wlL (I am sure he was expecHng a caLL)!-te wLll V\,Ot Vtt:lve beell\,ex"pecu~ C!c.C!ll. (I am surz he wasn't e,xpecting a caLL)

::2.

3.

4.

5.

e.

;r.1?

---------:---------------

:10.

Ri,l/\,g I-1Lsl/\,uvvd:Jer. !-te w.ust be Clt l-1ow.e IMW. (I am alncast: sura he is at home)It's 1/\,0use Cls~Ll/\,g ToVVI-. !-te cal/\,'t ~MW tl-1e al/\,swer. (I am aLmost surz he doesn't know theanswar.)!-te w.ust v,Clve ftMsv,ecl reaclLl/\,g btJ I/\,ow. (I am aLmost surz he finished reading by now.)!-te cal/\,'t v,ave ftl/\,Lsv,ecl reClclL~ btJ I/\,OW. (r am alncast: surr he didn't finish reading by now.)!-te VVl-ust be expectL~ cl wLL. (I am alncast: surz he is e)(pecHng a caLL.)!-te CClI/\,'t be ex:pecH~ cl wLL. (r am atncast: surz he isn't e;cpecting a caLL.)!-te w.ust v,Clve beel/\, expec,t~~ cl wLL. (I am aLiUOstsure he was e)(pecting a caU.)!-te cal/\,'t v,Clve beel/\, ex-pect~l/\,g cl wLL. (r am aLmost surz he wasn't e)(pecting a cati.)Ri,~ I-1LsI/\,uw.ber. !-te sv,ouLcI be Clt 1-10VVl-e.(r am pretty surz he is at hance.)DOI/\,'t rLl/\,g I-1Lsl/\,uVVl-ber. !-te sl-1ouLcll/\,'t be Clt 1-10VVl-e.(r am pretty sicn: he isn't at home.)!-te sv,ouLcI v,ave ftl/\,~sv,ecl reClclLl/\,g btJ IMW. (r am pretty sure he finished reading by now.)!-te sv,ouLcll/\,'t v,ave:ftMsv,ecl bij IMW. (r am pretty sun: he didn't finish reading by now.)!-te sl-1ouLcl be ex-pecHl/\,gCl cClLL. (r am pretty surr he is e)(pecting a caU.)!-te sv,ouLcll/\,'t v,Clve beel/\, expect~~ cl wLL. (r am pretty surs he wasn't e)(pecting a caU.)!-te sv,ouLcI v,Clve beel/\, expecH~ cl wLL. (r am pretty surz he was e)(pecting a caLL.)!-te sl-1ouLcll/\,'t v,Clve beel/\, expecH~ cl wLL. (r am pretty surz he wasn't e)(pecting a caLL.)

i:1.

:12.

13.

:14.

1.5.

:1G>.

:1g.

13·:?D.

zr..

za,

:23.

24.

25. Ri,~ I-1Lsl/\,uVVl-ber. !-te W.Cl!j be Clt l-1oVVl-e.(He is maybe at honce.)DOI/\,'t rLl/\,g I-1LsI/\,u VVl-be1".!-te W.Cl!j Mt be at 1-10VVl-e.(rt is not ==» that he is at honce.)

!-te W.Cl!j v,ave ftMsl-1ecl reaclL~ btJ I/\,OW. (He maybe finished reading by now.)!-te w.a!j Mt v,ave ftl/\,~sv,ecl reacli.l/\,g btJ IMW. (He maybe didn't finish by now.)!-te w.a!j be expecH~ a wLL. (He is maybe e)(pecting a caLL.)!-te VVl-a!j Mt be expecH~ a w LL. (rt is not LikeLy that he is e)(pecting a caU.)!-te w.a!::j v,ave beel".r expecH~ a wLL. (He was maybe e)(pecting a caLt.)!-te W.CI!::jMt v,ave beel".r expectL~ a wLL. (He =s=wasn'te)(pecting a caLL.)etc.

2G>.

2g.

~.

30.

3:1.

32.

33 - 4$5 - tl-1e Li.~Li.l-1oocl i.s aLVVl-ost tl-1e SClVVl-eClSfOY-::2.5 - 32 al/\,cl i.t Ls WOITI-1y-ew.eVVl-bey-Ll/\,gtl-1Clt W.CI!::ji.s VVl-ost-possi.bLe, w.~gv,t is cl bi.t tess -possi.bLe al".rcl couLcI ex-presses tl-1e wea~est -pos.sLbi.Li.t!::j, but vertJoftel/\, tl-1etJ Clre i.l/\,tey-cl-1Cll".rgeabLebewuse tl-1e cli.ffey-el".rces Clre vertJ subtLe.

secoV'vdtll ytJ fUV'vct~OV'v$obL~glilHoV\r .

4.3 I w.ust stucltJ for VVl-tJexClVVl-S. (because rLike to lear». and r want to itarn)50 I clOI".r't v,Clve to stucl!::j for VVl-tJexaVVl-S. (r have aLready passed thenc.)5:1. we v,Clcl to weClr ul/\,LforVVl-s wl-1el/\, I was cl I-1Lgl-1-scl-1ooLstuclel/\,t. (it was a rulct)52. Iii\- sOVVl-es.cl-1ooLs,stuclel/\,ts cI~cll".r't v,ave to wear ul/\,i.foy-w.s. (their ruLes were different)

"...::.-=--.:.

53. I VllNe to stlAdtJ for VlA-tJe)(&lVlA-s.(because [f ( don't;, ('Li begrounded by my parent5)54 Yw sVlolALd dr~ve c&lrefIALLtJ. (r don't want you to get hurt; but its up to you)55 YOIA SVlolALdl/\,'t dri.ve recRJessLtJ. (for the same reasons as [n 5-1)56. YOIA SVlolALd VI&lve&ldded SO~ VlA-Oresug&lr ~I/\,tVle WRe. (r Like them sweetenST· sVie SVlOIALdl/\,'t VlClveape~d tVle Letter. ([t wasn't addressed to her)

peY-vVlLs.sLo~

SIJ. I VlA-&ltJLeClvetVle office. (as soan: as (f!n[sh work)53· YOIA ~tJ Ii\,Ot t&lRe VlA-tJC&lr. (r w[u need [t)GO. The stlAdel/\,ts; were &lLLowed to LeClveschool, before the bett. (the teachergave thenc psrncissian)6i. The stlAdel/\,ts; werel/\,'t aLLowed to Leave sCVlooL before tVie bett (because they had one more ctass)62. YOIA c&ll/\,pClr~ Viere. (this [s a park[ng area)63. YW CCll/\,'t pClr~ here. (this arza [s pedestdanfzecl)64. CoIALd IVICIve &l ClAp of coffee, pLeClse? (poLite way of asfe[J.1fjfor pef7/Ujss[on)GS. you cOIALdVl-'t Leave worR eG!Y"LtJ.(poLite way o{saytng No)

AbLLLttj

66. sVie CClI/\,ml/\, fast. (she [s a professfof/l-C?LathLete)6r I CClI/\,'t ml/\, fast. «( am a teacha; not a nocner )6i? I cwLd ml/\, fClst wViel/\, I W&lS tJolAl/\,g (qlA~te tJwl/\,g) (r was abl« to run fast untiL ( grew up and

gotLazy.)63· I ol/\,ce VlA-Cl~ged to ml/\, fClster tVl&l1/\,cl VlA-IACVItJ0lAl/\,ger WO~I/\,. (but that was onLy becauss my

Life depended on that)70· I couLdl/\,'t speCl~ 5'l/\,gL[sVi fLlAel/\,tLtJ wViel/\, I W&lS b. ([t came ncuch tatsr)r~· I WClSI/\,'t ClbLe to I d[dl/\,'t VlA-ClI/\,Clgeto olAtrlAl/\, tViC!t LCldtJ frOVlA-b.3 ever C!gC!~I/\,.

wLLLL~g ~e.s.s

T2 wL.LL tJw Vidp VlA-ew~tVi tVIose VleC!vtJ bC!gs? (Are you w[LL[ng?)r3. !-te ~s Ii\,Ot C!gel/\,tLeVlA-C!1/\,C!VI-dVlClS li\,OVlA-C!I/\,~rs; VIeWOVl-'t VieLp VleyW~tVl tViose VleavtJ bC!gs.

74· wVie~ver sVie C!sRed Vi~VlA-for VieLp, ViewouLd gLC!dLtJ heLp Vler. (He was a gentleman)rs· !-te wwLdI/\,'t hdp Vler W~tVl HlOse VleC!vt') hC!gs. (He wasn't w[U[J.1fj.)

clrlIArIActerL.stLe- belrlIAvLour

r6 !-te w[LL C!LwC!tJs tdL tVie sC!VlA-ejo~es C!bwt tVie bLol/\,des. (this [s somethiJ.1fj he aLways aaes)»». we C!LL~Ii\,OW tVlC!t VieWOVl-'t dClli\,Ce w[tVi Vier. (rUs typ[caL of hine)ri? !-te wOIALd C!LwC!tJs teLL tVie sC!VlA-ejOReS C!bolAt tVle bLol/\,des. (this [s somtthiJ.1fj he aLways d[d)7:). we C!LL~~w tViC!t VIewOIALdl/\,'t dali\,Ce w~tVi Vier (because it: wouLd besooo not L[ke hine).

.1'

.--,

,.r-"-. ~ _+_--------__:__:__:_-__;__;_::____.____;_-----v\fi'C\::. \<=" -4c-:\cO' i

~ \...I

He.se~d- S\,"'~e. ne~T s..",pte J'-~~~--=~I~-------+--~==~---+~------~-- ~e----------------t------------------,----- ej~!."-:/'_j;"

NO\).) To~ot'tow /1 ,.,/..«.---->.f--'-\e=-s""e.'-'-\.,'''-'-\+ __ ,,-'''\\_"·_"f\'--c; ~ K.; Wl-c. I hl.'\fej(A.h~~

I

--."-~

~eSTEtbAJ l\{v\C~'l''\d)::fC\s+ 'Pd+.ed-

:,:

0.v\ A.,J

I,-,

<J'G.cceoirn #,(. ',\\"iW.i'OA

!40 ~ ~lfi-rr-;

r"'""-.,

"BR6AKFAST MO NfB)LOC1vt6

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1516

17

1819

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

,.(1'( -}q *- ~co h~

r w~sl1 t;J0u'd eto sovv..etViLI16 about tl1at tap ~~ tVie S~~R,. DY~p, etn.p, etrf.p, Lt's chivLk\@ V\t\.e""~~~it'OUl!'vettl1e be!11i. tf- QW 0 ('d asReet tl1e pLuvv..ber to V\t\.tvwt ~t wne~ l1e CClV\t\.tto see Clbout tl1e VpLpes! yes, !AOUV\t\.CI!Aweu ViLetebel1~~ tl1C1t1:lCl1:leY.Ho_Lo.ue..,k:fl:I.V.P-+tD.t.u,l.111~eetcl wC!sVieY L~u U ,- r ,"oJ-rJ.z-:·v-aLL OUy vv..C!rrLeetLLfe.. r Viqpe ~ou'ye Pyouet of JjOUyseL .f wLsVi 'PClula woulet~'t Reep le~vL~@J!ltU!ld.Cig.IlZ~1i'\, he..R,gcnel!'v tClble. stLLL, we SViCl~'tViC!vel1erV\t\.ucl1 l0ll'vget'. ~~ be tLvv..eto w~sVi net' gooet lucR,. f eto~'t R,li'vOw.No sooV\.tr ViClSoV\.t g~yL got neYseLf V\t\.ClrrLeettl1C1~Cll!'vOtneyViClSto follow suLt. It's V\..CIture,-1suppose. 111ere 'sIi'vOtl1LII'v0we CCl~ eto Clbout Lt. 111el!'vLt'LL !:le tL.vu.e -{CJ!f-l,,(;$ to tkw..~&ut-lad..~.:.. It's I!'VOgooetYustlLII'v0 k:j0UYpapey - I R,Ii'vOWk:joU't'e LLstell'vi.lI'v9.A~k:jwt!k:j, Reg Ls all t'Lgl1t. Moye brClw~ tl1C1~ byaL~, Lf tjou ClSR,V\t\.e,but Vieetotes o~ our'Paula. IWLsl1 the~~.~ tVieLYVl-\L~s about tVie wVie~ CI~ t e wl1en: I vlDpe Vie etotsvY'ttClRe ner too taY -f~.es.tw..~ I wLsn Reg Viaet~'t brought tl1et oaf 0.:f-CLf-r.ie1lMLC2{ViLSl1et'eLCI~t~gVit. !-te was SCltlLII'v9 cl few tl1LII'v0SL~ veytl quesHoV\..CIble taste, r tViougl1t. you sl10uLetl1ave put tjout'foot etow~. IwLsVi tl0u l1C1et.!-tOVl-tStLtj, tl1et'e were tLMes WL-\PIIL I \Al1.~hed-the~~yt-ln wp,{Lri swall "\AI J1A.,eup. Do~'t WOR-Clt v\t\.tover tVie top of tj out' pClpey LLR-etl1at! LoO~L~Clt Me ClStl1ougl1 tl0u l1aet V\.tvey seeVk v\t\.tbefot't!l l10pe tjou wo~'t get too cillđ..1C,,r~.-'lt:..1?IiIULC!'sweddLVl<@. NeVer l1C1veI felt so eMbCln"asseet as I

ctLcto~ tl1e LClst occasw~. r sL~eyeLtj Viope tjou cto~'t M~~ a ~_ ouyseL wLtl1aLL tVielLttLe fILbbertf.gf.bbets L~ Reg's fClMLlk:j. It's tLV\t\.t kloU yeaLLseet tl1C1tsLllk:j bel1avwut' lLRe tl1C1t,wl1LcI1 MClk:j seeV\A..qULte I1C1YVvtLessto k:jou, MClIu$ V'!M:feel cl fruMp CI~ cl ViCls-bee~. Do~'tcougkl liRe tl1C1t - I elOji\,'t lLRe Lt. C\.c-h~1A...-

TI1eye's 'PClulCl,slClV\t\.v1A.L~Cll"ouv\;dupstt:lLrs. ~-l,.ct-b&~Jao_ t cLose cl elOOY!stLll, we sl1a ~'t l1C1vel1ey MUCI1 lOll'v0ey. !~eJ1ili;lp.J::ape. tlllli?, ....a.bau.t wb~V!e _q,I1LLelt'e~ a Ye goL~e ..: Lf Q~i9..RauL.a....k,~. at sVie WCl~eel ~sVie's cl LwClk:js bee~ l~R,etl1at, tnougVi. rt's bee~ OV\.t-(Mj. aftet' ClV\.Otl1et',wLtl1 l1eY.lt's tLMe l-30u weye off to WOyR,. you'lL MLsS k:j0UYtt'aL~ Lf tjou eto~'t get cl V\t\.oveo~.!~.~~ ~~~~~~SO ~gY~~ DOI!'v'tfoyget tlour- case, Avwt taRe tl0ur- V\A..Cle- [.t lQOR.s as Lf

weatl1et"s of, to tur-~ V\..CIst~:It's cl gooctjob I Loo~ Clftey tl0u. Ar-e~'t tjou gOLII'v9to gLveV\A..ecl Iztss?

i.2.

.3.

4-.

S.

G.

To wVioV\t\.LStl1e V\A..oli'vOLogueaetetr-essect?'It' (lL~ i) yefers to ...wl1at, ClCCOt'elLII'v9to tl1e speClRer-, sVlOulel tl1e per-so~ she LSSpeClR-L~ to be asVJaV\t\.eetof?!-tow VVt.CI~tjetC!ugl1teys etoes tl1e speCl~Y l1C1ve?'TVie~' (lL~ g) V\t\.ea~s '"wl1C1t two CyLtLeLSV\A..Setoes tl1e speCl~y V\t\.a~ of Reg, Clvwtwl1tj etoes she bClsLcalltlClppY'oveof 11~VVt..'TVie cI1Ll[i{ye~' (l~~ 23-24-) Clre ...WViC!t LS Lt tVtC!t 'PC!uLa CCl~li'vOtV\A..C!Reup l1er V\A..L~etClbout?WVtat eVLeteV\,Ce~s tViere LI!'vtVte VVt.ol!'vOlogueof r-espo~se btl tVie persol!'v ClctctYesseet?sUV\A..VVt.ar-tzetl1e pClssage fr-oVVt.Viusbavwt's pOL~t of view.

y-.g.

z, H-!j'Pot\l1e.s~z~~ C!bout the 'Past

H-yP0TIt6-?IZINCi (WISH-6S)9(('tpo.r<!-ctJicc UAA~-h CiVl~'lC€-

__~--~~ ? v ~Ta. hk1pothe.sLze - to w..C!1u SappOSLtt.ov..s,assuli\.tptt.ol/\,S, to sptculate about ul/\,r-eal(,sHcer Lw..agLIi\.C!'1::1sttuatt.oV'vsc-oli\.tpare the usage of Pelst sLV\-<..-pLeLV'vthese two seVl-tevu,es:

n) Sht wishes sht ~ how to pLtiy ttnvtfs.b) She ~ how to pLtiy t:ennis wht/l'l-she wns o/IUy five.

IVI- WhLCI1 of tl1e two seVl-tevu,es cloe.s the subject nave elI/\,uV'vfuLfLLLecl clY"eelV\-<..?WI1Lcn of tl1e two seVl-tevu,es Y"efers to tne pre.seVl-t?WI1Lcn of tl1e two seVl-tevu,es CClV'v!jou fLV'vLShwLtn ... , but sh« aoesn: 't?TY"al/\,slate tl1e sell'vtevu,es to C-roatLa V'v.

1.. H-!jpothe.sLzL~ about the preseM aVl>d-(umre

WLsne.s about tnt pre.seVl-t aWil tV!e futuY"e aY"ee.xpY"e.ssecl wLtn tl1e foLloWLII'v0 e.x-presst.oV'vs aWilcOlI'vStruct!.oV'vs:

~~~-~ wLsl1

• If oV'vL!j, • As Lf / As tl10ugn

• It's t!.V\-<..e

• wouLcI ratlt1eY"..n,'e \-\lG \\ \-1 I~ - bi Q LU "" \je.s~ ". ll%h § l(onLy celV've.xpY"e.ss

Cl) state - SLvu.-pLe 'Past - I wished I Lived in Ny (but ( don/tj .b) C!ctt.oV'v/ evell'vt - wouLc! - I wish you wouLd give it: to me. rf OYvly you wouLd givt it to me.wl1eV'v we e.xpY"e.ss a wLsn o.boiAt ouxseLve.s - we cio VI-Otuse wouLd, but tJouldIf olll-Lt:jl couLcI speaK:. FY"evu,lt1.(we C;.aV'vvu.alu tne v:~slt1 cOVV\.ttrne)

l(onLy aVl-c!COVl-stY"uctt.oV'vWLtl1 wi-?hare usecl for actt.oV'vs tl1o.t are LV\-<..pY"obabLeto V!appeV'v. wlt1eVl- LtLS pY"obabLe thClt the o.ctt.oV'v/ evell'vt wLLL taK:.e pLace, we «se the cOl/\,strnctt.oVl- WLtlt1hope - I hope t:j0(,(feeL / wLLL feel better toV\-<..Orrow.

~O 0\(\< ~o.lG{L'~

• As if/AS thou@h - 'Past sLvu.pLe teVl-se - .she behaves as if / as though she were aqueen (blAt she LSVl-'t)

• Its Chf@h)time-+ the Lg~Vl-Ltk DrsLV\-<..-pLe'Past- Its time to go. (we) !t's tLV\-<..ewe weVl-t. Dr It's tLVV\.tfor us o.

+ sLV\-<..ple'Pas· - It's t!.vu.e thet:j weV'vt (sb etse)

• wo(,(LcI Y"CitheY"- + bare LvtffVl-~ti.ve ~ I w~z.,ddrtl~her go home t~af/l:st~y here. ĆK::~ ~\Jblec-1 I O~ C-O\, b' I"\<-1to (~C rncI(Jv b,i> IJ+'

+YClst SLV\-<..-pLe\.' wouLcI Y"ather t:j0(,( wel/\,t noV\-<..e.(sb etse)

'Past 'PeY"fect - I wish / If onLy / !wouLd rathsr she hadn /t gone thers.Wo(,(LcI LLIu - + perfect iwfinitive - ( wouLd Lilet to have Lived thsn: I would have Liletd to htlveLived then:

---

(NVf;R.S(ON

7Dtt" (). 1'\

"f::..t r~ .-J:o:1... Ques.tl..OV\..$ - Av + s + MV + O/c,oV1ApleV1AeV\..t

2. cOV1Apcm::jHvet~e ... t~e COV\..$tructl.oll'v

The JWisier the chiiarsn: were.,the tess was he pLeased. (vt.OYV1AC1LWO possLbLe!)3. 5xcLClV1ACltortjsell'vteV\..Ce.s- Clrcl1C1Lc,poetw

How green was my vaLLey!4. After tl1e foLLowLV\..gCldverbLClLeLeV1AeV\..tsClt tl1e beg~lIW\ill'v0 of tl1e seV\..teV\..ce:

a) CldverbLClLexpressLoV\..s wLtl1: NO, NOT" N5V5R, NOWH5RE, N5ITH5R, NOT, NOT

ONLy ... l?>UT ALSO, NO SOON5R ... THANIn JWcase wiLLyou be e)(cused. .]Ju LU01/\ '+ bc e:kV.J.y:Q ,/1 ~ ~ ('qse

I { VYI ~'e ~--L t:00e8 PV4 ~..l.Cl' 1'.

Not until he tases everuthing wiLLhe stop gambLing. ~ \illll 't '-'ar 0","v t.\::'" (""vY'i UL' ,Never have I se{n'Wo this. I ••owe. ~ <!-Je! ~ "\\ fVI d,o ~ .:

No sooMrdid he enter the 1"00/11(. than: the fighting began.'1hc +~v\"'0~., =, .soo,;,GJ ~ ~~_

Not onLu has shephoned hine. but atsa visited.him in his studio.Shr.. h?.l,,'- o"'\~ yk"'~ [",;").~u "eN:;, \""t+to "~~ov-":t.O lA,.,·"b) CldverbLClLexpre.ssl.oV\..s of lI'vt0.r lI'vtgClHoV\..: SCARC5LY, S5t:!-DOM, RAR5LY,

'~'" ~(t:.~. ,~CC

l?>AR5LY, HARDLY, LlTTL5.HardLy did she kJWw what: she was doing he ~i~ ~ w\r\011 st-«, wc;5 doi,,'('LittLe does he care abaut: het: 'r\(., ~((~ €".L+fe. iA<?Oli4- \'0, , '

'\ 'N'- '\"e[,c),o,. ~~ rOMe ,,\.,,'SeL~V1A dLd tl1e teClcl1ers gLve ~V\..to studeV\..ts' pressur-e to postpOll'vt tl1e rests v

"BUTI! wl1eV\..t~e Cldver!:Js-HARDLY, SCARC5LY CI~ "BAR5LY V1Aod~ftj cl vt.OuV\..Drcl pI"'OV\..OuV\..,rClt~er tl1C1V\..cl ver-b, ~V\..versl.oV\..D05S--j:' ..ibf"'O-r:cV<.r-;- -

Ylo\M.I ---------

HardLy ~ ba 'I;:t Cf!me.I'\""h

se-arceLy ten eepg were on the canceri:c) CldverbLClL expres$Lov\"$ w~tl1 ONLY

onLu after an operation was he abLe to waLk. t1e w~ VI \,tk, +o . -"",e.0 c.-f'-(J, .u , ( w,f( -rC\..-", " "

onLy whs»: she is convinced that he stopped drinJeing, wiLLshe taJee hin« bacJe."o."e..\\ 'cO Cldver-bLClLeX't'we.ssLoV\..$w~tl1 so ClV\..dSUCH -

r J cd ~'~~So ncuch did he Loveher that we pitied hine. t+e.eoced ;,G <~ •••..;cL, Jt '" ...;"-

such was herjoy that shejumped at: over the ptace. ftt'1 JJ vJc,S .svoke) Cldverb~L expre.ssl.ov\"$ of pLClce

There stoed the nicest man IVe ever sse»:!nside the raonc were a fewoLd tha irs. p., fc..w OGd v!Ao..; (S we.::, c i IH:::U ~V\C iOO "",,-

5. IV\..coV\..ci~tLoV\..CILs \{\ Ae-

flX$t coV\..d~t[oV\..CILwLtl1 shouLd.- ShouLd you confide in ncs. I wiLLteU you my secrzts.(r-ranwat WO,' If you shouLd e-onfide in me ...Jsecond conditfonaL with wCl$/wer-e to: Were you to beconc« the president, we wouLd bevery proud. (r-rarncat. WO: If you were to become the president ...Jthird conditionaL.· Had you done what:you had to do, I wouLd have congratuLatedyou. (r-ramca: WO: If you had done whai: you had to do, ...J

3

r

After studtjt""0 gral"ol.l"oI.ar(l1tjpotl1esLzL~ a~ t~vtrsi.o~), u~erlt~e t~tl1el;RcAKFAS-rt MO N OLO'1 l-\.c all e.xal"ol.pltsof I1ljpDtl1estzt""0 a~ t~VtY5i.o~tl~ do tl1tfollowt~ wr~tses:

: R.epl1rase tl1e se~el'\,Ces wttk tl1e words gLve~.i. f-te d~esV\.'t ~v\.ow tl1e C!V\.swerto everl:jtkLV\.g, but tkat's. kow ke tC!l~.

f-tetC!l~: AS \~ he fvteu; +h.c ~~\J.Jc:...1 -le eV1j+l\\lA6'z. The clLclV\.'tleave tkeLr V\.twaclclres.s.

I wts~ '., 11\01,1' te+f h~ r t>..e..vJ CAdd. t-~.,·1 .

3. I clo~'t R,V\.owtf tjou ltR,e tke -pveseV\.t I have bougkt tj0u.I hope .ti1::.c k :ue-Se.<A.-+ \ 'no.;1e ~iAT \'\-<xJ

-4-. f-te k $V\.'t vealltj betv\' clvag0ecl thyougk a keclge bacR,wayds., but tkat's how heloo

f-teLoo~ <AS if he htl<J leeP-- 4{Cf"'lqd -l-(,\ow, (;" o\. hedJCs. DLel hou clelLvertke l"oI.esst:1geI gave ljou? \I V CJ

I kope !~Q\' Oe ~,ueje."l f\e.. \Y'e_~S'.qo.e. \ ~e JOu.G. I elLclrt te~ key wl1eV\.she was kere !:)esteYcla~! V

IwLsh I \I-'I"'+o&.\ h~ U1hcM Shc. wC,S ke.Jc..J-. The locR, Ls s.tyLR,LV1-0aVl-cltkat's OUy sLgVl-t:1lto go.

It's HI'\I.t \ v .\-o ,,!Q.

lS. The ~VlLlclyeV\.LV\.tke styeet wt SCytt:1V1<\,at the tops of tkeLy voLces.I wLsh I, e CM &:h ~ ;, H, c -str e. . t wou cd. '" I..j.. S cA Ul VV- • "

). It's ow pt:1st ouv HVI<\,efOY goLVl-g,t:1V\.elwe've stLLl heye.It's HVI<\,t ,-.Je (e-U' '.",'~ t

1.0. Tht:1tfs.the doctoy'S Ct:1youtsLele; s.Ol'\l.toV\.tLs.ru. -peykaps.Ittoo~ I (i.;' '1 ~ '>oMegA e i S I e.(

ii. f-te 'J;rV\.'t co~ceV\.tYCltefoy aV\. houy OI"so; tVlat's hLs trouble.'fo~ltj he. (o,,, ce",.j,J't>.+< -tOr CVV' ~(.)v(or .sO

1.~. He k' sV\.'t wov\. the pyLze alYeaeltj, but tkt:1t's how ke's acH""0.f-te's actL g c, \ \ r:: hI: c;1re.ć«\j v.JOu +lo" cpr le

1.3, DO!:) u ~V\.OWw~at l:j0u are cloLV1-0wLth the televLsLoV\.set?I kope r",ovJ LU\'V"(. 'lOV ~lc doi,,? vv· •..t.... .li.c 4.(.v 5,1 Je+-

1.4. I elo,~V\.Ow wVlat tj0u are cl~LVI-0'wLth tkt ttle.Jr.sLoV\. set.IwLs.k~\J\ew ,.uhAt \10.1 ,Jele. 601J\''> wr\i, ~.-tv ~

1.5, I elLclr't R,V\.owtl'lt:1t'Progva~VI<\,ewas o~ =.V\.LqJl'It.I wLsk 1: ~qd I:::.t,..OWVi..- i ,:>-I.o~a""w.t \ 045 CM fc, c+ h'9'~+-

. \ ~ J

RepnYAst tACn stV\.Ul'\.C.e,begL~~""0 wttn tl1e L.t~erLtuo! worel Dr -pl1rast. Not tl~lrtqL.tLre t~veY5i.o~.

1.. Tl1e!:) LotSlA.alll:jgo clowV\.to the couV\.tY!:j OV\.frLc!C!!:jS.(JIA H ;~\\ ..:.b\e" '>-', uoJ1. ...., en doc.-'IA lo ,f1,..e ('ou!",/.,J,j.

~. The!:) stt:1krtV\. L.oVl-clblV\.at wetR,e~S 'o'v.l!:j ov\. rare OCVR?Wv.s.t1t~ 0'1 ("'Ire. oCcc,..s'Ol-1 J' 00 -l 11e..., lA.~\ ',,,, ,,()~ O,,, uFefev-&-.

e elclest soV\. ~ offers. to ~o tl1e Wt:1sl1t~ ul"Sei200W1 d<X"-I ·k,c. dd e.s+ .so~ orLe -lo do I:/Ac wc. ..dl.li.<::] "I"

4. A V\.tLgkbour g,I6LteuV\.tr'qlecte~l!9 L~vLtecl thel"ol. to a Local pt:1rtl:j.QuilG u"'e')(rr.e~e\4 . '" Ile-, o l,b:>'-lf l'ttiVI~ -tt..q,v, -To "" ~<""'l.(

- ,I, LJ I. '.' j , F""'-, !..'J-s. you sU k~1"oI.at k!'s oest wYJe~tYJk~S Are {ilOk~ WYOIt\,{il,W~&V\ f1t,'V1(5'S ""t~J?I'~3 Wlt:)V,Q I čl:;;;,>' Jer? t.,r'""" c1 '" c,.-s toe.rt-,

b:AC\( u,X::'ld~. you eee kLI-1.<.at kLs best Q~l!:j wheV\:\hLV\.~s Clre{iloL~ wYOk\:0.n. I. \'jO'~'"0"""",-\ vJv,C",- fltt('Y-l-S ",,-,<:VvJIO<-<q do 'fau -.k'''t''' 1.''''-'' c;-l 4,'-4: b:>-J~v v v

J-. I v,t:1clscC!yceLIj set foot outsLde tke dooy wneV\.tkere was a trel'\l.t~ousclt:1-p oftv,uV\.cley.

.sc",,(cet\\ ~A I ~+ ·(00-+ out-s,Ac. tv\c dool cJ"-C\II ~~r.\( WC~ c, ".: +/~e ,s. Mys Sl"ol.~tk hC!@Ll:jevtr:pt:1sses t:1elal:j cOl"ol.pletel!:)ft!lt1bf Acc~elev.ts.

Wo.(de~ e..vd CXX":' MU .s1\tJ't1'1 rc;'ss tl&"J COW1,,*Id'J -/Jee ...j. I.!Jttl& tkougkt a !:jet:1yt:1goHIt:1t Iwoulel be sLttLI'I.0 keye to~a!:j.

~:\"He dl'O' I +1\11\1:. '" lee" "1(. 1-1.,(,,+ ",'j'>l.('d.,< 1, .•.·l'A ir..tl(' Jtd"\.,,'.1 \l

1.0. -I wLll ~ tytj to Vl<\,t:1R,eMys. caYf'ey Laugh C!~t:1t~.~e-vel "(VAlA wid? I -fi« -I-a ,v,e;"'. f.11.J ('" pr[ G,u.z,l,

1.i. suck aV\.opportuVI-Lt!:joccu,~ to few l'eq>le. -.!;.I":J"c/"~ \.J

1..,. -k,.rJ f'~0f*'c diJ Sue-(., 0\.",' 0\')1:01 -tv", ~I cccu ( .i~. t-te gave tkt tl"ol.-pyessLoV\.,to cl few peq>ke, tkat ke dLel V\.O WOy~.~. .1.

10 c, A-vl peoerC( he QC;'-V( c\,v' (VI'I)I('>5'. '" -Woc, ~ d,d Vo-=> eu::>\::.

:L3. you wtll J&Q.\; Vl<\,a!UVl<\,uchprogy'e!;s uV\.tLl t;Jou COV\feV\.trCltel:j0l1reffom.fu+ ,,"he ::J'tlU coV\(e.~,-k'''''k ~OY( ",,{-{cl ~s 'jou wo",' ''1tlc\''- e '~1...cL, . °04

('%.

H. I COl6kclsee UOu at I-1.<.tJhouse eLthev O~ MOVl<clfll;JDr OV\.Tl1esclC!!'j.Ed1,~ OV\ 1{o",dc,'1 01 0'" lue ~dc\\., ! C{)v~.d .s::c '\00 t'\ 11\\') l'\ou...~

Q I ~1.5. I coulel go wttktjou to tke races V\.tLther OVI<MOMfll:j vyor ov\.TuesclC!!:j.

!.:BI -\. \,c..\ OvI )t\ov.dt>.." lA 0\ GIA -rve~ d.0I 1.\ c00ć'd I ep Wl H,~ -\.c, +t-s e (?<('e-t.s u ~

3.

REPORTED SPEECH

li! "'!> l-tj& HrpO v, E:-C>\We can report statements, questions and cOlIundnds.

1. STATEj'vIENTS

Direct speech - Ann: «I'll buy a Playstation. »Reported speech - A1l1l said that she would buv a Plav station.~~ . .\ve introduce an indirect sentence with a le.- pot {;{\q verb.

, s.t p(MMost frequent reporting verbs are SOt,-\ -and __ Tuo:.-,-,,~ _The difference between them is: V

.scu to som~body + that clause /~~ something

__ -'-'kf}.J""'- somebody something >___ -'(~~;I;,,- somebody + that clause

Examples:1. He __ -",-SO\=.:.;(d~__ to me that he would love me forever.2. He ~; 5 . the truth,3. He kt!d me the truth.4. He -h:-O.d me that he would love me forever.

The main rule in reporting what people said is a tense __ ;:;.::...c..h.:....'...!ft--'- _

Present Simple ~past simplePresent Continuous ~past continuousPast simple ~past perfectPast conti.nuous ~past perfect continuousPresent perfect simple ~past perfect simple Slr,,~"1 ho<ve Civd ,r, ~h !Of S;,j<>"S' &,..,<;1, .!b·d

Present perfect conti.nuous ~past perfect continuous-e \~"," ''''e"" ~ t;v:\:J jl\ 1-" S; "4-

Past perfect simple and continuous have nowhere to go~- -e. 'Y'i'<tl''''''''o c

\Vill~\voul Am/is/aregoingto~was/weregoingto,Ti" ;:7"Aj Ju '0".::1 """"J<:- J< $4,,{ ,et,<.- vQ~ v">'''J I". 'CJ "t(··~,,<<-

Example.s;. ,d ",f h..c.! GuMI! eJ,?'j. II. S"'V'c:h .,JC{('c/ +~o.+- -s1A!Z I/t'\,J-e~ ~Q.J' ·;.iJ "IMqw."'-I+. .•..( /!!.t..e"1 01:-,;)o, I .11 ( V· 'd: .NI %!1A.' ,. et Vo"J ,I) lo V

-...Đ(Q\vv· l~, \} JI, r i"o",/.~ j'MIOIbt ;Sp«(J\ ,),,<1. wc,~ t"-o",,O s\)ccef t-t,o<,v.~ ,I(l' v1 91o.V;VQ 0V,.('('. -,

0,1"-" -. t V U I _ tJ 1 cl ,.sc·,r--oi< .Jo,'d +f'\C'Ji- Shc hevd :1°"-'<" i-'<> .f'c4od +v« (!.le",;·"N "'!~"'I0~r"AA"" \ vJCMT' +o ~CitlCCt-. )f..i:J U fJ("I' ". V r j.-,,,, . (, ,-, '. '!'. ( .,~J.. l M(.r.\:he. o.e. . Jq( Ciltl sc.,d +'(,"', 1-. ~hc id bee,.v. (/0 D' •••.r :-: ;",0 (~;",ig,:' ," \ VJ 6j J q o' I" Q .f-o SVVlO"'. tJ-' '11WI • ", '. ,

\! V Other changes +ML pC<l,Q>J J de>; ({ 'JI ~ S'r.e /-..&,-<1 '. ~,,+,,\.1

·sl...t ?.od t{,,1'd : •.. 'U6 <~~.t:':t t c-."t ~e..s-.:;~(/(\,~::d.., So.'iđ SL1e

today ~ that day (often omitted)tomorrow ~the next / the following day / the day after

yesterday ~ the previous day / the day beforethis evening, week, etc, ~tl1at evening, wee, ete.

here +s-there

now ~then / at that moment / at that time L.. , '"i-.CWQ 'Z...- i.toU/.(' 0,"',> -!> .sl'l.<" ".JC..<A~d 'V ~')O """<>--e <..i; !o.e-to/~

ago -e-before / previously l IIJ,,,,,\:e.ci ·re !J00 (J

this -e-that / the / it ("Listen to this!" - He told me to listen to hira / to what he was going to say and not: He toldme to listen to that)

0"0 6- that -e-that / the / itthese ~thoseI, you, we ~he/ she, I, theyme, us, my ~hirn/her, them, his/heryour, our, mine, yours, ours ~ my, their, his/hers, mine, theirs

When does the verb not change in reported speech?

a) when the situation in question has not changed and is known to the reporter to still be true.Example:

d Jj Gr\J (J> c-.("C. " ~~

~IClI""I''\ 'tv) \/ o:r(C

r c.

b) ';X:'henthe reporting verb is in the present tense this also shows that the original statement is still true as wereport it. "\ . • .$c;, d1 ~ct\\'.l ,+ shc lec.w bClvq.(,o.~ p,. (\CJJ<:.

Example: SO\ (r,\<, i .1C\\Je bovJ t,t cl Io.W..l(, I <Jc) ';X:'iththe Past perfect tenses and some modal verbs (see the end of the page).

II. QUESTIONS

111echanges to tenses and time references etc. for reporting questions are the same as for reporti.ng statements.There are two types of questions:

)"',"1... . b" ith wh d (\vn_ W~ I.•~~ W~\j \'\~k" l[mlAl "'h"~ )LVf)""r~ .1a \"~1l- q,uest:1on~- eginning wrt w -wor s \ w nen, , ).w .. :.. , (:;:J .. 'V p ,.'N •....... -). ----......

b) 'r:es-No quest:1ons- quest:1onsto which the answer IS either 'J.R..J: or ts:~ .

a) To report a wh- questions, we. (step 1) repeat the wh- word, (step 2) use the pattern subject-vetb. NOT verb-subject and (step 3) apply the tense shift.«\V'here are you going? » He asked me VJ~e,(C I (if'U "bI' '" o '. , v U«\V'hathave you done?» He asked me uJ~.q +- \ ha d <:::lo~«\V'hydid you Ieave her? » He asked me \.,1 YI \I I I) c; d f'eJ-t t..e.-(,(CONTINUE WITH EXAi'vIPLES OF YOUR O\Th') 0

b) To report a Yes/No questi.on we (step 1) introduce a reported question with the words If/Whether, (step 2) usethe pattern subject-vetb. NOT verb-subject and (step 3) apply the teuse shift.«Have you seen that Inewadvert? » He asked me \ f { "'0.,J ~ .l- ,",,,,, '--- "ON ad" (I<1./:-.«Do you like het? » He asked me It:: le:...'!:.ed lo, «!.J. '.«Are you his brother? » He asked me ; .f' (\ Il C;:.J Ir. '\\ ~{-O+ h,c,J

(CONTINUE ';X:1THEXAMPLES OF YOUR OWN)

An exception to the word order rule that has to be applied in reported questions is the following: If the originalquestion begins with \V'Hi\T, WHICH or WHO followed by BE + COi'vIPLEMENT, we can put the complementbefore OR after the verb BE in areported questi.on.Example: '\V'ho is the winner? (tbe )ViI/neris a complement). She asked vJhc> -t-k 'N ,I'rei wc::; ~ '

wl>lo """"..\ ~ 1<),'''''''''::..1III. COl\f1\L\NDS

We report a command by a reporting verb and to + itlfitlitive (if the command was positive) or not to + it!fitlitive if thecommand was negative. .

Examples:

Many modal verbs do not change when they are reported. Those that CAN change are:• can changes to could ar lIJOU!d be able to• lvill changes to wotild• needn't changes to didn't need to ar didn't baoe to ar nouldn't bave to.• must changes to had to or tuasf nere to when it is used to express an obligati.on placed on someone by another person,to had to when it is used to express and obligati.on placed on oneself, but doe s not change when it is used to makeassumptions,«You must go now. » She said I had to/was to leave irnrnediately.«She must be rich. » She said she mtist be rich.• mestn't changes to Ivas/1JJerenot to.• may changes to might (or could !fit is used to expresspermission].((I may corne to the party. ))She said she might come to the party.(rYou may smoke here. )) She said Ive cou/d smoke there.

';X:1lenreporting conditionals there are two rules:a) first report the main sentence and then the dependent one.b) apply the tense shift for zero and first conditi.onal; second, third and rnixed conditionals remain the same.rf you heat ice, it melts. She said that ice MJ.kd iJ' .j'?~ ~~.':<;~.. ,I.'::" .., , .rf you study a lot, you will have good results. She said that .. "1°>' ~.OY:~·4'f':-~~··· J!'.~..,/~f~.~ .. i\;,;l. p .lIOv' ~~uol~·"coJo.If v uld hav d tim Sl id th tJ"'" wo,.P-l. hA~('C"\oo.:-i J....'M( IC- '*' \.,-;1 V ';·ou came, you wo lave a goo trm.e. le sat a ,-w ~.'y:-'! , .. ,.:-t , .........• ~v.v.CQ,Me

. c V 'JIf you had come, you would have had a good time: She 5< cl that ": , : '" .

J""-,, , \ F \ .:t>if'€ h;", , VJ, I!A cCAX,Q ~

H·C 1N'O..J~a ('",ef ,./"( l'f "4...~' i-; ,'y.-

REPORTED 5PEECH

Rewrite these sentences as indirect speech.

1. The man asked me: 'How do you change people's attitude6?'Th..e. Ih?\(AOIfW Me.. h..ot..V o\rd ':jr c..~\C'v;qe reo~fJ .?\{. .•• ?vd!Js

_p \ 4f"2<>t'-TIVMy husband told me: 'lf you want to keep your job, work hard.'l~ Ltu~be~ J ~ nA(. b vJO i I::: ~CI rei,.?, ( LA) "'" (.1 f eJ ~<::-,

- t - ••••...\~ •.••\',~'r'ft\c.,..,.... ... --.. - .\!\)

Helen's siater asks HelJn: 'Do you have manyfriends here?'I () - ho.,S f

\~ I S .5' iSLc..r 0S i:r tl..e C4t ;f ~r ( V ,'f/""(.; f e~.ds ? de .

The applicant asked the secret.ary: 'Can Isubrnlt; alate application?'Tka ~ r ~'u\"\'d cwW +ht ~~ e..-,!..erj if he covlGd Subl!""'+- '" te, 4: Off c<'\,·c\"

2.

3.

4.

5. Tom asked John: 'Where did ,)!ouget t.hls hat'?'

TO!IV 0': 'r-",,-; -:j01. t, \.VfleA ć IM.. "'DJ

6. The pre6ident wanted to know: 'Are you going to vote for me'?'

.; L..e Itf(?.Ji~+- "VOe'A ted ~ ~ ~f t~( WL.,fc U/O7. The man told U6:'There i6 no cause for alarrn. Go down the 6tair6 without panicking.'

The V'CI., T:c,(!.j 05 .ft.o\,L ~c- {)Je.,s; vO Ce; <se: for Ql1~ 1"'"" )~~+ we ~ r:§O cf?c'.I./\ *C -s~,rs vJ\f-fr.OIJ pCtllIO)::A'IAQ( 0 •• ci &," <4r.~.. ~l:>c4lJ,J '/--o

Tom's 6i6ter 6aY6: 'I often help my brother with his hom2work.'

~ Sot(j5. ·nnt she of~ h~eFs he.( ~(.)f-h?\ '.J,6-v, t;." o~-.,v~J'\::.

When she came, Sue sald: Tm sorry I was late yest.erday.'IfJkw Sh( C ("Ir. c ) &Je .s~ rd. f1"c,,t .ctl'le. tJJ~ ~'-' CfJ -s k h0d ~ (le..f.e f{.Q

d.C\J. eetoceThey told U6:'Fam Is not coming. She has 60mething else to do.'

C\h;;\

Th() l~d vS -M..o,+ ?Ol.~" Oi V\tO+ COlNl(CJ y~+- -rh(.. h.~d >::O'v\A0M1:(J {~x ~

SU6an told them: 'Ileft my umbrella here yeet.erday.'

S:-v<;a. "" tofd f?'fJ-;,v... {"[..,O, t ~4. k.Ad ~f- kr u /,v<.!.rf dee; +M" le.. ;/-L--re oI.c~\ be,{f.>/cV

8.

9.

10.

11.

12. William 6aY6: 'I think it i6 going to rain tonight.'

CV;CUo..V'l )~S t~C)t.L ~e. ~\i/\\:::.f C.\- .s 'fJOil'J f-~

13. I asked: 'What time d film 6tart, Peter'?'teA-0

?'.,s. t o V Lv~ Ir h~L h Ć. ~VtA S-.f.e,.. d.cd

14. Maria asked the examiner: 'When will I know the re6ult6?'

15. Iasked the saleeman: 'How does the photocopier work?'( c\ s 1c..e4· tl,t~ -st4CcsVv='-" ~ow j H1l.. Pit-dOfvc0f '''"-1 vOI.J: ed,

16. Henrytold Tom: 'Pa55 me the salt, please.'1 1~ 1-. Ii _I -( k-.. ~S h; /V\ H e,ftCN' r G tOUCl. OW1 ' <.-', \

Scd+

17. Jane 5aid: 'It doe5n't look ae if /'11 be arriving until after eight.':ir. ,,' _I kh·1 ;? (r.p,d" It- Loot-cd Cl,.J ; r -s"e\)(;10\(, ..:;,c<, o' ?\'t-

VI -P-h ( @1',,!l.'Tom told me: 'lf §ou come on time, teil them 1'11be late.'

"lO\M ti2t(}1 I~C +o {dQ +v..~ 1:e.. wov~, ~

cJl<i ~ <:'l. ( r 1'1)' " ••• U M 1_;("(;

18.

~k: ;t C,qWlG ,o I

..., Mi!-.

Pam asked me: 'How much does tihis pullover C05t?'

:PO',,", clS:~e.d ""c how ~--v'c-t. 'he-tJ .}(.c\t- r"Uove..r Co.s+

20. The man wanted to know: 'Does thi5 train go to Gatwick Airport?'l' -:, C e-t J I.p - .Je...,A.c...L-o C; crt-vh-Ok:. I~' f kr';r ~ ~~....... \..fJP'\..:....e..,p ~...c ~,OVwl I t '\.C\::, ~,(/\ I f

19.

Retell this aialogue.

MARY: I am eure you have heard of Marion Taylor.TOM: Who is she'?MARY: She is the girl who was kidnapped by aliens in 1993.TOM: How do you know that for 5ure?MARY: She had a camera when they captured her and managed to make sorne photos of theallens.TOM: I don't believe ito lt; ls hard to believe eornetihinq like that. How old wae ehe at the time?MARY: I don't know, but I don't think her age i5 lrnportarrt ..TOM: If she had been a little girl she could have imagined the whole etory,MARY: I heard she was fond of science fiction films. Maybe ehe really imagined it all.TOM: of couree she did. She just; wanted to attract attention.

. uM

Mary eald .. r.~0.t ~~~ ;v.C?~.•.. ~<{.\~••• ~ ~'f:.ef h~.~~ '?.f.. h0. \.1'.9~ .. :: ~J(~!; .Tom asked ~.~~ I..>J.~.q : ....•.••. H0.(i{J.~ Mrr. ..V'! ~ .•••••••••••••.••••••••.•••••..

Mary eald that M.T ~S..", t0.~.... t(~..!"!~?..~I{q.•~f~ ~~i.:t;l{l'?f<,4 'l(j ..~0~~ .. \ 0. .. '~~5 ?>.Tom asked. ..,hf:'-~~..~.r?N l-:0.4 fhe; J:':9.U:f'.. :.~.~ .. ~o~ ~(J.r.c .Mary eald .. :1:1'0.t H.r:. ~~\<;I••• ~,:,d ~ S-~;(I1\~.q ':'-! ~.CM •• -!.~!!.~~s..r-:c;-.c;(.. ;::t.-p.(-y(~J... ~'?;I cl '''~ -h.-,,,,,f ~h.(.

.hv:;! ~Ii""'<'t.~u! t:o r:-:'.\~ p..0r.:.tp.s '?~.. {-'0P •.. ~.0;~ .Tom 5aid ..'/'("'0 r..h,t. lI\t?d .. hQr b?u~?d... !.L.. ••••••••••••••••••• '.' ••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••

and he adde: .~.t-;.;i·(I;-~t::r·.tj~" .$P.~t}..i~~ .. ~~~ .. T.".c.... : ......•........•..•...He asked .... Q ••••••••••••••••.•••.•••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Mary 5aid .. .-n~'~.~...I~•• T : J..'.4:,:.~ ~~<?~~ and she added that.. S.~p. <?-.i,d,l'\':1:' ••.•.••• ~:'r-.~ !:-f.,f ••• 0~ •.• ~~~ ....• .t~iI{"'f9f~,~ •.•••.••••••.•••.•••.•••..•.••••••.

Tom sald .. :: .:.: M.J, ~~9.~~d ~~.vf.~ i.'Y1q.Cy·.'}~J -:!':~..... ~ .~~.<<..... -F:i.?f.ll.. .!.(.~.(.~.... ~,,:,.1 mr. ~'. ;'; 0'H c,c ~!'.r.( \ , r-i--.{I; '(d(LVo: •••••••••••••••• :'~ ••••••••••••

Mary said .. ~.~cd: ~.0.c: ~ ~.";.rd h.0. i: H.T ~. f.~.".ef. .. qf. ~F. f:~.f .She also said .. J0.~ ~tAt U'!:eI.)-'. !t;\';'.I.r:~~ !t ..0!:e : .Tom agreed and sald t:1--.<:'.~ f;.,.':: ~0d.,~.!\~.~ ~ .. 0.-ffJ.Qy!-- .• -f\-{te.v. r.0:'. .

.,. .

Indirect speech

Indirect speech: statements

Note applying to all indirect speecn exercisesWhen the speaker says you, and the person spoken to is notidentified, it is good practice for the student to assume that theremark was made to himself. you will the n become I1me ar we/us.(Answers in the key will be given In fIrst person forms.)

'You can phone from the office,' he said.He said I could phone from his office.

This must not, of course, be dane when the person spoken to isidentified:

'You can phone from my office, Ann,' he said.He told Ann that she could phone from his office.

Note that when you stands for one, it is reported unchanged:. 'You can't bathe in the rivers,' he said, 'they're full of piranhas.'

He sa id that you couldn 'I bathe in the riuers as they were full ofpiranhos.

Put the following statements into indirect speech.

1 Tm going out now, but 1'11be in by nine,' he said. (Omit now.)2 Tm working in a restaurant, and don 't much care for it.' she said.3 'I cari't live on my basic salary.' said Peter. 'I'II have to offer to do

overtime. '4 'My young brother wants to be a tax inspector,' said Mary. 'I can't

think why. None of my family has ever been a tax inspector.'5 'We're waiting for the school bus,' said the children. 'It's late again.'6 'I've made aterrible mistake!' said Peter.

'You're always making terrible mistakes,' I said. 'You should beused to it by now.'

7 'We make f450 a week,' said one of the men, 'and send most of ithome to our wives.'

8 'It's lonely being away from our families,' said another, 'but we earn,three times as much in this factory as we would in our own country.'

9 'We've been here for two and a half years,' said the man who hadspoken first, 'and were going to stay another six months.'

10 'I've got a job on an oil-rig ,' said Paul."That'll be very hard work,' I said.'I know it'll be hard,' he replied, 'but I don't mind hard work, andit'll be agood experience.'

lndirect speech

11 'The ice will soan be hard enough to skate on,' said Tom.'I'lIlook for my skates when I gethome,' Ann said.

'12' Tm living with my parents at present,' she said, 'but I hope to haver a flat of my own soan.'13 Tm leaving tomorrow,' she said, 'by the 4.30 from Victoria.'

'We'lI come and see. you off,' we said.14' 'L've just bought a car,' said Peter, 'but it's not insured yet so I can't

! take you for a drive.'15 'I'd like to speak to Susan,' said Mary, 'but I'rn bathing the babies

I and they will drown if Ileave them alorie in the bath while I go to! the phone.'

16 Mary has just received a postcard from Ann, beginning, Tm coming! up to London next week. I hope you and Jack will meet me for lunchlane day.' tImagine that Mary is reading this card to Jack. Begin: Ann

\says ... ) ,

17 'Nothing ever happens in the village.' shesaid. 'Ir's like a deadvi11age. All the young people have drifted away to the towns.'

18 'I've missed my train,' said Bill.. 'Now 1'11 be late for work and myboss will be furious. ''We'1I wait for you if you're late,' they said.'They are supposed to be landing at London airport,' I said. 'But if

-.l=""-I;,'he fog gets any thicker the plane may be diverted.''If you lend me the chainsaw,' said Mary, '1'11 bring it back the dayafter tomorrow.'

22 'I hate getting up on dark mornings,' grumbled Peter.'It is horrible.' agreed his wife, 'but the mornings will be lightersoan and then it won't be quite so bad.'

23 'The sales are starting tomorrow,' said the typist. 'As soan as we\ /finish work the whole typing pool is going to make a dash for theI \shops.' ,

) 'I hope you'Il all get what you want,' I said.24 ,'I wish I had something to eat,' said Peter.

I' 'You've only just had lunch,' said his sister. 'I don't know how youcan be hungry again so soan.'

25 'If you're short of money 1 can lend you f50,'said my aunt, 'and youcan take your time about paying it back.'

26 'I usually take my dog out for a walk when I come home from work,'he said.

27) 'I have a message for your brother,' I said.I 'He isn't at home,' said Ann. 'He left two days ago.'

28 'I bought this bag in Milan,' I said.'You shouldn't have bought that colour.' said Peter. 'It doesn't go

)

with your coat.'29 'I must hurry. My father is always furious ifany of us are late for

meals,' she said.30; 'If you want to smoke you'll have to go upstairs.' said the busV conductor.

Indirect speech: questions

Put ~he following into indirect speech. The first ten questionsrequire no change of order: . .

He said, 'What is happening?'He asked what was happening.

1 'What happened to Mr Budd?' said one of the men.2 'Which of his sans inherited his estate?' asked another

;Who is ?oing to livei~ the big house?' enquired a third.4 ,Wh~t will happen to his racehorses?' asked sameone else.5 Which team has won?' asked Ann.6 'Which team won the previous match?' said Bill.7 'Who is playing next week?' he asked.8 ;Who will be umpiring that match?' asked Tom.9 Who wants a lift home?' said Ann.

'Who hasjust dropped a no note?' lasked.-rr :Wnere is the ticket office?' asked Mrs Jones.

12 ,What shall I do with my heavy luggage?' she said. (Use should.)13 What platform does the train leave from?' asked Bill.14 'When does it arrive in York?' he asked. /"

. 15 'When was the timetable changed?' lasked.16 'Why has the 2.30 train been cancelled?' said Ann17 :How much does ~ day return to Bath cost?' Mrs J~nes asked.18 ,Why does the price go tip so often?' she wondered.19 ,How can I get from the station to the airport?' said Bill.O When are you cam ing back?' I asked them. .

bI ?s a retu~n ticket cheaper than two singles?' said my aunt.~ Do puppies travel free?' asked a dog owner -,

23 'Can I bring my dog into the compartment with me?' she asked.24 'Does this train stop at York?' asked Bill.25 'Can you telephone from inter-city trains?' said the businessman.

m'Does the 2.4·0 have a restaurant car?' he enquired.

27 'Can you get coffee on the train?' asked my aunt.28 'Do they bring it round on a trolley?' she said.29 'Are there smoking compartments?' said the man with the pipe.

'Have you reserved a seat?' I asked him. .

Extra exercise: read the last twenty questions, using one of the, following prefaces: I wonder/I'd like to knowlDo you know?/Have

you any idea?ICan you teIl me?11 'Do you know where the ticket office is?'12 'I wonder iohat I should do with my heauy luggage. '

Indirect speech: questioris

A new student Paui has come to the college and the other studentsare asking him' questions. Imagine that he reports these questionslater to an English friend:

1 Bill asked what countryJ. came from.

l~What country do you come f~~~;?' said Bill.2 iHow long hav~ you been here?' s~id ~nn.3 'Are you working as well as studymg? asked Peter.4 ('Have you gat a work permit?' Bill wanted to know.5 'What are you going to study?' asked Ann.6 'Have you eiirolled for more than one elass?' said Peter.7 'Do you want te buy any second-hand books?' said Bill.8 'Have you seen the library?' asked Ann.9 "Do you play rugby?' said Peter.

la i'WiII you have time to play regularly?' he went on.'l1'Did you play for your school team?' said Bill.12 'Are you interested in acting?' asked Ann.13 'Would you like to join our Drama Group?' she said.

. 14 'What do you think of the canteen coffee?' asked Peter .

Mary and Tom, with their san, John, aged 11, have recently come tothis area. Mary wants to find a school for John and asks herneighbour Mrs Smith about the local school. .

, (a) Later, Mrs Smith reports these questions to her husband:'Is it a mixed school?'She asked il it was a mixed school. .

(b) Alternatively, supply suitable answers to Mary'squestions andthe n imagine that Mary reports tI1e conversation (her questionsandMrs Smith's answers) to her husband Tom: .

I/.

36 'Were your boys happy there?' -'Yes, they were.'I asked il her boys had been happy there and she said that theyhad.

15 'How long has it been a mixed school?'16 'Do you like the headmaster?'17. 'Is he a scientist ar an arts graduate?'18 'How many children are there in the school?'.19 'How big are the elasses?'

.~2;_~~!.~_!~e~~}.a_s~.es~t!~~_IE~d?'.