english for border and coast guarding. student's book · 2020. 12. 18. · english for border...

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English for Border and Coast GuardingStudent 's Book

ENGLISH FOR BORDER

AND COAST GUARDING

Student 's Book

Plac Europejski 6

00–844 Warsaw, Poland

T +48 22 205 95 00

F +48 22 205 95 01

[email protected]

www.frontex.europa.eu

Print version: PDF version:

TT-06-17-747-EN-C TT-06-17-747-EN-N

ISBN 978-92-9471-293-6 ISBN 978-92-9471-294-3

doi:10.2819/84347 doi:10.2819/847022

FPI18.0033

© Frontex, 2019. All rights reserved.

Photo © copyrights by pixabay.com (p. 109), Fotolia.com/akhenatonimages (p. 58), Fotolia.com/Clickmanis (p. 62),

Fotolia.com/Elnur (p. 63), Fotolia.com/CenturionStudio.it (p. 69), Fotolia.com/Dmitry Vereshchagin (p. 69).

Additional photos © copyright by Frontex.

Graphic design by Foxrabbit

ENGLISH FOR BORDER AND COAST GUARDING

3English for border and coast guarding

The job of a border and coast guard

UNIT 1

Unit Outcomes

> Identify the rewarding and challenging aspects of border guarding

> Describe your job

> List the basic items of border police equipment and their use

> Identify several border-guarding jobs

7 unit 1 The job of a border and coast guard Part 1 The job Part 2 Basic equipment and duties

17 unit 2 Border checks Part 1 Border checks Part 2 Border crossing points

29 unit 3 Border surveillance Part 1 Border surveillance Part 2 Border patrolling

41 unit 4 Document check Part 1 Documents Part 2 Document fraud

51 unit 5 Descriptions Part 1 Describing vehicles Part 2 Descriptions of persons

61 unit 6 Crimes at the borders Part 1 Criminal investigation Part 2 Crimes at the borders

71 unit 7 Migration and trafficking in human beings Part 1 Trafficking in human beings Part 2 Migration and migrants smuggling

81 unit 8 Fundamental rights (FR) Part 1 Fundamental rights and migration Part 2 Fundamental rights and data protection at the borders

91 unit 9 Border and coast guarding in Europe Part 1 National and European border and coast guarding Part 2 Frontex

103 unit 10 Communication skills for border and coast guards Part 1 Spoken interaction Part 2 Written interaction

115 Revision tests

127 Key to revision tests

131 Glossary

139 Listening scripts

To the learner

English for Border and Coast Guarding is a pre-intermediate level

language student’s book designed to meet the needs of border and

coast guards while performing their duties, in line with their mission.

Topics and texts have been carefully selected from real scenarios at

border checks or during border surveillance activities. It addresses

trafficking in human beings, migrant smuggling, fundamental rights,

the context of European and international border and coast guarding.

The content reflects authentic learning needs based on identified job

competences for which specialised English is a necessity.

The student’s book is intended as a classroom use and self-study

tool for border and coast guarding students and professionals alike.

The package consists of an interactive student’s book covering ten

large border and coast guarding topics and all related language

functions and skills, accompanied by a pen drive with the recordings

of the listening exercises. The student’s book also features a glossary

of essential specialised vocabulary organised by units and the scripts

of the listening exercises.

The package is complemented by a web page on Frontex Aula where

students can find answers to exercises and audio files and a teacher’s

book with explanations, answer keys for the course book and tests.

We hope you enjoy learning with English for Border and Coast Guarding.

The Authors

Ileana Chersan

Amalia Nitu

6 English for border and coast guarding

7English for border and coast guarding

The job of a border and coast guard

UNIT 1

Unit Outcomes

> Identify the rewarding and challenging aspects of border and coast guarding

> Describe your job

> List the basic items of border police equipment and their use

> Identify several border and coast guarding jobs


UNIT 1 ⁄ PART 1

The job

Task 1 Look at the posters and answer the questions.

1. What is the best title for each poster?

2. Which poster would make you decide to become

a border or coast guard? Why?

3. Which poster would be better for recruiting border

or coast guards in your country? Why?

Task 2 A. Why do people want to become border or coast

guards in your country? Rank the following

suggestions from 1 to 7.

Because it is constructive and exciting.

Because they are better paid than the rest of

society.

Because they have the chance to go abroad on

missions.

Because they want to serve their country.

Because it is a family tradition.

Because they enjoy wearing a uniform.

Because they find it an interesting option.

9Unit 1 ⁄ Part 1

B. Think of some of the obstacles that someone would need to overcome in

order to become a border guard. List them in the table by writing the most

difficult challenges on the top and the least difficult ones at the bottom.

Then write the solutions to overcome them. Present your ideas to the class.

Obstacles / Challenges Solutions

Task 3 Write a leaflet (200 words) to motivate people to become border or coast

guards and to succeed in their career.

Take into consideration the aspects discussed in the tasks above.


Task 4 Look at the pictures in tasks 5 and 6 and identify the border guarding

environments.

Task 5 Read the text about Katharina Haas.

A. Choose the correct variant.

Katharina Haas is 32 years old. She is a superin-

tendent and works for the Austrian Federal Police.

Currently she is working at the international airport

in Vienna as a passport (1) controller / supervisor.

Her daily work begins each morning with a

(2) briefing / description of the situation over the past

24 hours. She is presented with the detections, the

most relevant changes or events in the operational

situation and, if possible a (3) forecast / prediction.

She is currently (4) assigned / enlisted to first-line

control, which means that she is the first person

representing a law (5) enforcement / implementing

authority that gets in contact with the traveller.

Her (6) task / objective is quite complex: she has

seconds to decide if the person in front of her is

the (7) owner / issuer of the ID document presented

or if the document as such is counterfeit. If that

is the case, or even when in doubt, she sends the

traveller to second-line control for a more in-depth

(8) surveillance / control.

B. Now answer the following questions.

1. What is Katharina Haas’s job?

2. What happens during the briefing?

3. Why are her current tasks complex?

4. What happens to travellers whose documents are allegedly counterfeit?

11Unit 1 ⁄ Part 1

Task 6 Read the text about Mihai Alexe and write True or False next to

the sentences below.

Mihai Alexe is one of the shift leaders at the Borș BCP.

Working at the Romanian border with Hungary is proving

to be both interesting and challenging at the same time.

A particular characteristic of the border checks in the area is

the common Romanian-Hungarian one-stop-only control.

The border checks are carried out in the territory of the

Schengen state, and therefore the Romanian border guards

work side by side with their Hungarian colleagues in the

facility located at Artand, the Hungarian counterpart to the

Borș BCP.

As a shift leader, Mihai interacts directly with all the staff

working at the BCP from the very start of his shift. He needs

to be aware not only of the operational situation but also

of the volume of traffic, the challenges caused by the use of

equipment and the way the different authorities working

at the BCP, such as customs, phytosanitary inspection and

police, interact.

1. The Romanian border with Hungary is a blue border.

2. The Romanian border with Hungary is a Schengen external border.

3. The border checks in the area are one-stop-only control.

4. Romanian border guards working at the Borș BCP carry out border checks

together with their Hungarian colleagues.

5. Mihai Alexe is the head of the Borș Border Police Sector.

6. Mihai Alexe is in charge of asylum rescue operations.

7. Monitoring the traffic flow at this BCP is one of his daily tasks.

Task 7 Compare Katharina Haas and Mihai Alexe, considering their job and

workplace, their duties and particular aspects of their jobs.

Task 8 Write a short description of your job. Mention the following.

Your workplace.

Your occupation and position.

Your daily tasks and duties.

The best aspects of your job.

The challenges your job entails.


Task 1 Read the text about Adam Kowalski. Complete the text using

the following words.

self-defence surveillance portable service

detects requested shifts smuggling

Adam Kowalski is a Polish border guard working

at the border with Ukraine. His daily task is border

(1) , and while on patrol he is accom-

panied by the (2) dog Borys. His work

can sometimes become challenging depending on

the type of crimes he (3) at the border.

During his (4) Kowalski has detected

cases of tobacco (5) , but has also faced

cases in which migrants detected at the green border

have (6) asylum. To effectively carry out

his tasks he uses (7) light equipment

such as binoculars and TETRA radio. During the night

shift he uses the most modern thermo-vision equip-

ment. For (8) purposes border guards

are also equipped with pepper spray, an extendable

truncheon, handcuffs and personal weapons.

Task 2 Answer the following questions.

1. What is Adam Kowalski’s daily task?

2. For what purposes do border guards use equipment?

3. What items of equipment do border guards use for self-defence?

UNIT 1 ⁄ PART 2

Basic equipment and duties

13Unit 1 ⁄ Part 2

Task 3 Underline the pieces of equipment in the text, then match them with their

definitions below.

Restraint devices designed to secure an individual’s wrists close

together.

A short, thick stick carried as a weapon by a police officer.

A professional mobile radio specifically designed for use by

government agencies, emergency services (law enforcement,

fire departments, ambulances), public safety networks and

the military.

Heat sensors that are capable of detecting differences in temper-

ature and that generate images of the observed scenery based on

information about the temperature differences.

An aerosol device containing oils derived from cayenne pepper,

irritating to the eyes and respiratory passages and used as a

disabling weapon. It is used in policing, riot control, crowd

control and self-defence.

Task 4 Listen to a border guard talking about intervention teams and joint operations

and answer the following questions.

1. Where did the first joint operation take place and what was it called?

2. What were the specialisations of the officers deployed?

3. What kind of specialised equipment was deployed in the area?

4. How can a dinghy be detected before reaching EU waters?

5. What is the greatest challenge of a TVV crew?

[01]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_mobile_radio

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_departments

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_safety_network

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military


Task 5 A. Look at the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) fact sheet and explain

why and how they use their resources in their daily tasks.

B. Now explain these words.

pedestrians

apprehension

to seize

pound

mile

Task 6 Read about Terespol border crossing point and circle the correct form

of the verbs.

Terespol is one of the busiest land-border crossing points on the EU’s

eastern border. The border guards here (1) are / are being on constant

lookout for smugglers of fuel and, particularly, cigarettes. The BCP also

(2) represents / is representing a major gateway for stolen vehicles. At this

moment the strategic importance of the BCP (3) grows / is growing, and

it is currently functioning as a focal point. In fact, these days, Frontex

(4) prepares / is preparing to deploy specialist guest officers to support the

local authorities. The BCP (5) has / is having excellent facilities to check

trucks, including super-sensitive heartbeat detectors, sniffer dogs and

a radiometric scanner to check for radioactive materials. The guards also

(6) patrol / are patrolling the bank on the Polish side, with quad bikes and

tracker dogs. Forty-two trains (7) stop / are stopping at Terespol every day. Today

the train from Brest (8) has / is having 360 people on board, 80 without visas.

Fifty of these (9) claim / are claiming asylum. Martin, one of the guest officers

on duty at the train station, describes the persistence of one woman whose

passport (10) contains / is containing 28 stamps of refusal of entry.

Sou

rce:

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15Unit 1 ⁄ Part 2

Guest officer

They are officers (1) to perform border checks and border-surveil-

lance tasks under the command and control of the authority of the country

hosting the operation. The opportunity to (2) information and

knowledge on document forgery, (3) vehicle identification, etc.

with colleagues from other countries is very useful.

Task 7 Complete the text using the following words.

undocumented exchange force crossings unit

fugitive deployed facilities searching arrival

returning routes responses well-trained stolen

Screening expert

Their job is to establish an assumption on the nationality of an (4)

person who irregularly crossed or attempted to cross an external border, with

a view to (5) them to their country of origin. They support the

host Member State experts in performing screening interviews at reception

and detention (6) in the operational area.

Debriefer

They are specialist officers deployed to operations to collect information by inter-

viewing migrants detected during illegal border (7) . Information

related to the departure and (8) points used by the smugglers, the

addresses of safe houses, the (9) , the size and type of boats used

to cross the sea, the prices paid to facilitators is further processed and turned

into intelligence for analysis and will then contribute to decisions concerning

operational (10) .

Dog handler

When disasters or critical situations occur there is one team that will be

at the borders, (11) for explosives, narcotics and weapons: the

man and the dog. As every border guard knows, there are instances where a

(12) dog can out-perform technology due to its mobility and lack

of dependency on circumstances and the environment. It is not acceptable to

use a dog to chase a (13) . unless he represents a danger. But it can

be technically possible to train a dog in multiple tasks: use of (14) ,

search and rescue, etc.

Shift leader

A shift leader supervises the duties allocated to the border check

(15) , coordinates staff by delegating duties and assigning

tasks and is responsible for the actions and measures taken.


Task 8 Who does the following: guest officer, screening expert, debriefer,

dog handler, shift leader? Several answers may apply.

Writes a report after an assignment or an incident

Conducts interviews and checks belongings

Works with interpreters

Searches for and detects forged documents, explosives,

narcotics and weapons

Detects trafficked or vulnerable persons

Task 9 Write a list of a minimum of three daily tasks a screening expert / debriefer /

shift leader needs to perform on a daily basis and the equipment needed

for these tasks.

17Unit 1 ⁄ Part 2

Border checks

Unit Outcomes

> Distinguish between border control, border checks and border surveillance

> Identify the actions performed during border checks

> Explain the functions of a border crossing point

unit 2


Task 1 A. What is the difference between border control, border checks and

border surveillance?

UNIT 2 ⁄ PART 1

Border checks

B. Describe the picture below.

Task 2 Read the text about border checks.

A. Choose the correct variant to fill in the gaps.

Throughout the ages, civilisations, empires and nations have marked the boundaries of their

territories to control the passage of people, to collect taxes and to defend their lands.

In the modern world, (1) are performed on all travellers crossing borders to

ensure they meet all the requirements for legal (2) . Border control also helps to

(3) cross-border crimes, such as trafficking in human beings and the

(4) of drugs and other goods, and to (5) the importing of illegal

arms, counterfeit medicines and (6) species, among other things.

There are three types of borders – land, sea and air (known in border control as green, blue and

white borders, respectively). Green and blue borders refer to the land or sea boundaries between

officially recognised border (7) on major roads and rail (8) or at sea

ports at which all (9) crossings should take place. The green or blue borders may

19Unit 2 ⁄ Part 1

be monitored by modern (10) technology or human patrols. The term air borders is

rather misleading, as the controls are not at the borders shown on maps; they are

(11) at the passport-control (12) at international airports.

Border guards make sure that people crossing the border have the necessary (13)

and the right to enter the country or territory. This can be a (14) process and

queues are not uncommon at BCPs during peak travel periods. The overwhelming majority of

people crossing borders do so legally and for legitimate reasons, such as holidays or business

trips. These travellers want to get (15) with a minimum of fuss and delay. Others,

however, try to (16) border controls, either at BCPs by using false documents or

hiding in vehicles or between BCPs by crossing blue or green borders on foot or by boat without

being checked. Modern border (17) is all about making the border tight enough to

(18) people abusing the system but fluid enough to let legitimate travellers through

as quickly as possible.

1. a. supervision b. checks c. jurisdiction d. controls

2. a. entry b. entrance c. passage d. movement

3. a. safeguard b. combat c. encounter d. shield

4. a. dealing b. traffic c. trade d. smuggling

5. a. hold off b. prohibit c. prevent d. obstruct

6. a. endangered b. exposed c. helpless d. hazardous

7. a. entry points b. crossing points c. passing points d. junction points

8. a. tracks b. bands c. lines d. stations

9. a. appropriate b. legitimate c. reasonable d. rightful

10. a. surveillance b. control c. patrol d. scrutiny

11. a. handled b. charged c. ruled d. conducted

12. a. compartments b. booths c. chambers d. desks

13. a. recognition b. papers c. identification d. description

14. a. time-consuming b. delayed c. backward d. hurried

15. a. over b. in c. around d. through

16. a. bypass b. sidestep c. abstain d. detour

17. a. administration b. board c. management d. directorate

18. a. distinguish b. detect c. observe d. reveal

B. Now answer the questions:

1. What is the purpose of border checks?

2. What types of borders are there?

3. What are the difficult aspects of border crossing management?


Task 3 Read the text ‘Border checks on persons’ extracted from the Schengen

Borders Code.

A. Complete Part I of the text with the following words.

means of transport thorough checks invalidated holder

minimum check misappropriated consist of databases

third-country nationals counterfeiting

Part I

Border guards carry out checks at external borders. The checks may also cover the (1)

and objects in the possession of the persons crossing the border. All persons shall undergo a

(2) in order to establish their identities on the basis of the production or presen-

tation of their travel documents. Such a minimum check shall (3) a rapid and

straightforward verification, where appropriate by using technical devices and by consulting,

in the relevant (4) , information exclusively on stolen, (5) , lost and

(6) documents, of the validity of the document authorising the legitimate

(7) to cross the border and of the presence of signs of falsification or

(8) . On entry and exit, (9) shall be subject to (10) .

B. Five sentences have been removed from Part II of the text.

Choose from the sentences 1–6 the one which fits each gap a–e.

1. has not already exceeded the maximum duration of authorised stay in

the territory of the Member States

2. the third-country national concerned has sufficient means of subsistence

3. which is valid for crossing the border and which has not expired

4. the purpose of the intended stay

5. the members of the family

6. for signs of falsification or counterfeiting

Part II

Thorough checks on entry shall comprise verification of the conditions governing entry and,

where applicable, of documents authorising residence and the pursuit of a professional activity.

This shall include a detailed examination covering the following aspects:

a) verification that the third-country national is in possession of a document , and that

the document is accompanied, where applicable, by the requisite visa or residence permit;

b) thorough scrutiny of the travel document ;

c) examination of the entry and exit stamps on the travel document of the third-country

national concerned, in order to verify, by comparing the dates of entry and exit, that the

person ;

d) verification regarding the point of departure and the destination of the third-country nation-

al concerned and , checking if necessary, the corresponding supporting documents;

e) verification that for the duration and purpose of the intended stay, for his or her

return to the country of origin or transit to a third country into which he or she is certain to

be admitted, or that he or she is in a position to acquire such means lawfully.

21Unit 2 ⁄ Part 1

Task 6 Read the text and answer the questions:

1. Which are the EU non-Schengen states?

2. Which are the non-EU Schengen states?

3. What are the effects on travellers and border-guarding authorities

after the reinstallation of border control?

Travel in the Schengen area is normally free of border and

passport controls.

Under current rules Schengen states can reinstate ID checks

at their borders with other zone members for 6 months when

there is a terror threat, extending that for up to 2 years in

exceptional cases.

Five countries, Austria, Denmark, Germany, France and

Norway, restarted border controls after the 2015 attacks in

Paris and in an attempt to control the movement of refugees

and migrants arriving in the bloc in unprecedented numbers

during that year.

Schengen rules allow for the reintroduction of such border

controls for up to 2 years, and those now in place expire in

November. But the reintroduction of so many checks raised

concerns about the collapse of the Schengen zone, seen by

many in Europe as a symbol of unity and freedom.

Task 4 Under what circumstances can border control be reintroduced at internal

borders?

Task 5 Listen to the recording about the challenges in border control caused by

the organisation of the 2012 European Cup and how they were dealt with.

Answer the following questions.

1. What types of borders were affected by his event?

2. What was Frontex’s role in relation to this event?

3. What measures were taken to ensure the security of the external border

and at the same time the speedy passage of bona fide travellers?

[02]


Task 7 Read a case study and tick the correct actions from the list below and

argument your decision.

Markus Schneider is a German citizen travelling from Kiev to Warsaw. At the

land-border crossing point the officer in the booth is performing the following

actions. Tick the correct actions from the list below and explain your decision.

☐ passport check

☐ looks at the German citizen and compares his image with the passport photo

☐ puts the passport under the UV light to check the security features

☐ puts the passport in the MRZ to check the person in the international

databases

☐ asks questions related to destination, travel ticket, purpose

and duration of stay in Poland

☐ applies entry stamp on the passport

☐ checks for visa to enter Polish territory

23Unit 2 ⁄ Part 2

Task 1 A. What is a border crossing point (BCP)?

B. What happens at a BCP?

UNIT 2 ⁄ PART 2

Border crossing points

C. Read about an operation carried out at

border crossing points in the Western Balkans

and list all the actions taken

Known as Joint Action Day (JAD) Dual, the

operation targeted cross-border crime in the

Western Balkans region and at selected border

crossing points at EU’s Eastern border. It

focused on the detection of facilitated illegal

immigration and smuggling in excise goods.

Its specific aim was to enhance the cooperation

between EU member states and authorities in

non-EU countries involved in the fight against

crossw-border crime, especially related to

illegal immigration, stolen property and goods

smuggling.

In addition to the arrests of suspected people smugglers, 761 irregular

migrants were detected and 119 people were refused entry. The authorities also

recovered 19 stolen vehicles.

During the operation also smuggled cigarettes, alcohol and drugs were

detected, along with weapons and ammunition. The intelligence collected

during JAD Dual will be used in investigations into criminal networks involved

in migrant smuggling.

Frontex-coordinated European Border Guard Members deployed at selected

border crossing points at EU’s external land borders participated in the action

along with customs authorities from several member states, Europol and

Interpol experts.

Source: frontex.europa.eu


Task 2 A. Read the following duties of border guards performing checks at different

BCPs. Put them in the table below, under the headings.

a. Persons may remain inside the vehicle during the check or alight from their

vehicles.

b. Checks shall be carried out on passengers and staff crossing the external borders.

c. The operator takes the requisite measures to physically separate the flows of

passengers.

d. Install or operate separate lanes.

e. Passengers who board an internal flight shall be subjected to an entry check at

the place of arrival of the flight from a third country.

f. The checks shall be done either on the platform, in the first station of arrival

or departure on the territory of a Member State or on board, during transit.

g. Transfer passengers shall be subject to an exit check at the place of departure

of the onward flight.

h. The border guard may order the cavities of carriages to be inspected.

i. To ensure safety and smooth flow, movements at the border crossing points

shall be regulated accordingly.

CHECKS ON ROAD TRAFFIC

CHECKS ON RAIL TRAFFIC

CHECKS AT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS

B. How are these types of checks different from each other?

25Unit 2 ⁄ Part 2

Task 3 Read about the main two purposes served by a BCP and answer the questions.

To prevent entry by individuals who are eitwher undesirable (e.g. criminals

or others who pose threats) or simply not authorised to enter.

To prevent the entry of goods that are illegal or subject to restriction,

or to collect tariffs.

1. Why are wanted criminals not allowed to enter another country?

2. What types of persons may be a threat to a country?

3. Name some illegal goods and goods subjected to restriction.

Task 4 Match the jobs at the border crossing points with their definitions.

Shift leader First-line officer Second-line officer Specialised personnel

In addition to carrying out border checks, he/she has the tasks

of profiling passengers and picking out suspicious persons for

thorough checks

Document experts, outdoor controllers, vehicle experts, dog

handlers, transportation identification specialists, video surveil-

lance operators

Ensures adequate revealing of risk passengers, for example

those with false documents, and apprehends human smugglers

and other persons who could endanger Member States’ internal

security

In charge of supervising the duties allocated to the border-check

unit. He/she is responsible for the actions taken and missions

carried out, and must be aware of the events at the BCP and of the

actions taken by the border guards.

Task 5 What records should be kept at the BCP in order to improve situation

awareness and to facilitate analysis? Choose from the following list.

☐ records of alerts

☐ passengers’ nationalities

☐ average waiting times

☐ records of entry/exit

of Romanian citizens

☐ detected false documents

☐ records of travel documents

☐ apprehended facilitators

☐ basic information from the other

authorities working at the BCP


Task 6 Put the security classifications in order.

EU CONFIDENTIAL

RESTRICTED

SECRET

TOP SECRET

Task 7 Read the information in the table and find out the following.

1. The security classification

2. The date the message was sent

3. What organisation the message was sent to

4. Where the message is sent from

5. The subject of the message

6. The point of departure

7. The time of the landing at the base

8. The uniform

9. The use of weapons

10. The executive powers

EUBAM MISSION IN RAFAH

CLASSIFICATION: EU CONFIDENTIAL DATE: 1 March 2011

TO: Austrian Ministry of the Interior FROM: EUBAM Raf.

ATTN: National point of contact

FAX NO: +43 785001300 FAX NO: +

SUBJECT: Commencement of deployment for Austrian SNE

Total number of transmitted pages including this page: 1

MESSAGE

1. The aim of the present message is to announce the beginning of the deployment of Austrian SNEs (seconded national experts) within the mission.

2. The officers are to depart from Vienna airport on 17 March, 14.55 ET hrs and land at the base on 17 March, 18.35 ET hrs.

3. During the accomplishment of their duties they will wear a EUBAM armband attached to their national uniform and will carry an accreditation card.

4. The use of lethal weapons is exclusively limited to self-defence, while the use of non-lethal ones such as mice or telescopic baton is not prohibited but not considered a good practice.

5. The executive powers of the SNEs consist of advising the local staff with regard to the most appropriate decision to take. Basically, they do not have executive powers and are therefore advised to develop a close professional relationship with the local staff.

6. The officers who will be using service cars are to follow the offensive/defensive driving training organised at our venue.

7. Any amendment to the above can be enforced only based on the prior agreement of the head of the mission.

8. Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us using the details provided above.

27Unit 2 ⁄ Part 2

Task 8 Find synonyms in the text for these words:

beginning

leave

assignment

completion

headquarters

provision

Task 9 You are a shift leader at an air border crossing point.

Plan your shift considering the following factors.

First line Second line Personnel Risk analysis

Access (entry/exit)

Booths (control booths)

Customs (cooperation)

Transit area

Technology (e-gates)

Forensics

Cross-border crime office

Surveillance room (cooperation with airport security)

Areas of responsibility and competence

Dog handler

Annual/sick leave

Passenger flow

Sensitive flights

29Unit 2 ⁄ Part 2

unit 3

Border surveillance

Unit Outcomes

> Identify the purpose of border surveillance.

> Distinguish between land, maritime and air surveillance.

> Explain how surveillance systems work.

> List border patrol duties and activities.


Task 1 What is border surveillance?

UNIT 3 ⁄ PART 1

Border surveillance

Task 2 A. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the following words.

abnormal available irregular main

operational relevant unauthorised

The main purpose of border surveillance is to prevent (1) border crossings, to

counter cross-border criminality and to take measures against persons who have crossed the

border illegally. The (2) tasks of the border surveillance teams are the following:

> detect, identify, report, track and, when needed, intercept all vehicles suspected of carrying

persons crossing, circumventing or intending to cross the border in an (3)

manner or to circumvent checks at border crossing points, or of being engaged in the

smuggling of migrants in the (4) areas;

> prevent irregular migration and cross-border crime;

> provide situational awareness in the area of operation by identifying normal and

(5) traffic;

> document (by taking photos and / or videos) all actions (detection, tracking and interception)

and submit all (6) materials to (7) authorities.

Source: Handbook to the operational plan of joint maritime operations.

B. Explain detection, tracking, identification and interception at the border.

31Unit 3 ⁄ Part 1

Task 3 Look at the picture and compare land (terrestrial), maritime (marine)

and airborne (aerial) surveillance.

Ad

apte

d f

rom

: G

eo T

rad

e B

log.

Air support Unmanned aerial surveillance

Radar / camera tower

Marine support

Mobile surveillance system

Port of entryU.S. border

Unattended ground sensors

Air and marine station

Command center

Border patrol sector headquarters

Border patrol station

Mobile data terminal

Agent vehicles


Task 5 Read about the BATS integrated border surveillance system.

A. Fill in the gaps with new words made from those listed on the right.

External borders are a critical priority since through their (1)

public welfare is threatened by activities such as illegal (2) ,

smuggling, terrorism, etc. In this context, BATS offers an integrated

border-surveillance system ensuring the (3) , location and

targeting of these activities swiftly and accurately, 24 hours a day, even in bad

weather and low (4) conditions. A command and control centre

gathers information from a variety of (5) creating a tactical

situation awareness picture to inform law (6) forces, in real time,

about any threat so they are able to take immediate action.

BATS works in close contact with Frontex, the EU agency coordinating

the (7) cooperation between Member States in the field

of border (8) .

Task 4 A. Look at the diagram and fill in the gaps with the following titles.

early warning classification as a threat coordination of the operation

data fusion evaluation of the interception

B. Explain how a surveillance system works.

Intelligence data1.

2.

3.

4.

Operator Experience

Sensor Data

Reference Data

Direction & Size

Radar plots

System tracks

Obtained Information:Nature, Volume,Movement

Possible points of arrival

personalisation of the threat

Visual confirmation

Units selection

End of Opearation

Communicationwith units

Continuous display of the units

Follow up of the Operation

IR plots

resources management

early interception

5.

Ad

apte

d f

rom

: m

istr

also

luti

ons.

com

violate

migrate

detect

visible

sense

enforce

operate

secure

33Unit 3 ⁄ Part 1

B. Place the sensors integrated by BATS in the appropriate boxes.

electro optical sensors / video surveillance / ground surveillance radar /

communications interception / radio equipment tracking / tower mast /

onboard vehicles (commercial and military) / manpack / aircraft helicopter /

unmanned ground vehicles (robots) / transportable in vehicle / aerostat /

unmanned aerial vehicle / active fence/electric security fence /

surveillance radar with automatic and continuous tracking capability

Detection /localisation

Recognition /identification Tracking

Surveillance platforms

Fixed siteMobile ground platforms

Deployable ground platforms

Airborne platforms

Task 6 Listen to someone talking about the European Border Surveillance System

and fill in the summary with the missing words:

Member States cooperate and share responsibility for Europe’s (1) .

The European border surveillance system (Eurosur) communicates with

(2) centres. In the Italian centre the police and border guards

work together to tackle (3) migration and cross-border crime.

They also save (4) travelling in overloaded boats. Frontex is the

agency that manages the (5) network for Eurosur. Eurosur has

three objectives: to increase situational (6) , to improve the

reaction (7) and to save more lives. The European Union Satellite

Centre uses radars, weather forecasts and (8) data to detect

unknown objects. Once identified, (9) -risk border areas can

benefit from European support.

[03]


Task 7 Consider the risks at the national borders in your country and write a memo

describing the problem and asking for support.

35Unit 3 ⁄ Part 2

Task 1 A. What irregular situations

can be found while patrolling

the borders?

B. How can these situations

be identified by border and

cost guards?

Task 2 Read about regular border patrol duties and activities and arrange them

in columns. List other activities in the table.

a. Detect, prevent and apprehend undocumented aliens, smugglers of aliens and

illegal narcotics at or near the land borders by maintaining surveillance from

covert positions.

b. Patrol international land borders and coastal waters.

c. Respond to electronic sensor alarms in remote areas.

d. Detect and prevent the illegal entry and smuggling of aliens into the country.

e. Communicate and/or give verbal commands to aliens and smugglers, using

translators if necessary.

f. Perform line-watch duties, traffic checkpoint operations, city patrols, trans-

portation checks and other law enforcement duties as assigned.

g. Detect and prevent the entry into the country of terrorists and terrorist

weapons.

h. Prevent the illegal trafficking of people, narcotics and contraband into

the country.

i. Interpret and follow tracks, marks and other physical evidence of illegal aliens

and smugglers.

j. Use cutting-edge technology, such as infrared scopes during night-time

operations.

UNIT 3 ⁄ PART 2

Border patrolling

Border patrol duties Border patrol activities


Task 3 Describe the pictures using phrases from task 2.

37Unit 3 ⁄ Part 2

Task 4 Read about the additional duties and responsibilities of a border guard

patrolling the border and match the titles with the description.

Mobile response team Peer support programme

Horse patrol K-9 unit

Bike patrol Off-road vehicle unit

This programme comprises a group of skilled riders that conduct targeted enforce-

ment operations in terrain-challenged, environmentally protected and privately

owned sensitive geographic locations.

These special operations facilitate the apprehension of all cross-border threats

by utilising the unique tactical law enforcement advantages of stealth, mobility,

agility and accessibility.

The programme uses dogs to detect concealed humans and narcotics, search and

rescue, patrol/special response, human-remains detection and tracking/trailing.

This comprises specially trained agents who utilise all-terrain vehicles to secure

areas of the border that are inaccessible to regular vehicles and intercept drug

runners and illegal aliens.

This programme is a national group of organised, trained and equipped border

patrol agents who provide a rapid-response capability to fluctuating levels of risk

along the border.

The mission of this programme is to offer confidential assistance and support to

all border patrol employees and their family members in times of personal need or

due to traumatic incidents.


Task 5 A. Scan through the article to find out

what these headings refer to:

‘The thin blue line’

‘Blue borders, green issues’

‘The long arm of the law’

The thin blue line

A routine day’s work by Frontex at the blue borders

goes beyond the detection of migrants. When on

patrol, patrol crews do not only encounter scenes

involving illegal immigration but also other forms

of cross-border crime and a wide range of illegal

and dangerous acts. These parallel activities often

oblige officers to either intervene or take another

appropriate action in the interest of freedom,

security and justice.

The most obvious duty performed by guest officers

at the blue border is surveillance. The main task

is to prevent unauthorized border crossings, to

counter cross-border criminality and to take meas-

ures against those who have crossed the border

illegally. This is done by carrying out enhanced

border surveillance and checks on persons crossing

the external borders.

But the story does not end there. Often the crews

end up rescuing overcrowded boats that are sailing

in treacherous weather conditions. This is a com-

mon scene that the maritime crews have to endure

on an almost daily basis. If not rescued, these

migrants would have faced near-certain death.

And so patrol crews load sometimes dozens or even

hundreds of migrants onto their vessels as part

of Europe’s largest search-and-rescue operation.

But sometimes the sea border authorities cannot

arrive in time and have to do something far worse –

the job of collecting dead bodies from the sea. To

people-smugglers, migrants are a commodity – the

third most lucrative after drugs and guns – and

the criminal networks that make large amounts of

money from them have no scruples. They routinely

overload boats to maximize their profits and often

do not even supply migrants with life jackets or

other floatation devices.

The open sea has always been the most problematic

environment to control, and hence it has always

been exploited by many forms of smugglers and

pirates. It is an unfortunate fact that trafficked

drugs cross the blue borders of the EU regularly.

So what does a patrol crew do when faced with

such a situation? All appropriate actions are taken

to counter any illegal activity. The ‘ship rider’

has been an effective solution giving powers to

the vessels to execute arrests in territorial seas.

The term ‘ship rider’ refers to a liaison officer from

the Member State hosting the operation, who is

on board of the Frontex deployed vessel. Powers of

arrest are vested in this officer and thus Frontex-

coordinated vessel has the necessary powers of

arrest courtesy of the ‘ship rider’ on board.

Blue borders, green issues

The sea is not only a communication channel and

an economic asset however. It is also a crucial

natural environment, and pollution related inci-

dents also form part of the job. Technical means on

Frontex’s patrols have on many occasions reported

incidents to the competent authorities, which

have subsequently issued fines to ships that have

polluted the sea.

39Unit 3 ⁄ Part 2

The long arm of the law

Blue border activities are not limited to surveillance

and patrolling. Any criminal activity or breach of

the law must be relentlessly followed up until the

perpetrator is brought to justice. This is the only

way to guarantee EU freedom and security. For

any wrongdoer to be Post, May prosecuted, every

case has to be collected, collated, corroborated and

forwarded to the relevant authority for further

action. And all of this has to be done in a timely

manner, so speed is essential.

Due to increased mobility and globalization,

cross-border crime has progressed much faster

than the collective ability to regulate it. And it is

in these unregulated areas that organized crime

can flourish. The list is everlasting and contains

trafficking in human beings – including women,

children and human organs – trafficking of drugs,

weapons and counterfeit money and false docu-

ments, to name but a few.

The Border Post, May 2011.

B. Now carefully read the article. Defend or reject the following statements.

1. A routine day’s work at the blue border goes beyond the detection of migrants.

2. The sea-border authorities rescue all the migrants that are sailing towards

Europe.

3. Search and rescue operations represent a common practice at the blue border.

4. The ship rider has limited powers and can only patrol the area.

5. Increased mobility and globalisation have made cross-border crime progress

faster than our ability to regulate it.

Task 6 Write a short story (150 words) for a magazine about a rescue of migrants.

Describe the scene. Give information about where, who and when.

Describe the rescue mission. What happened?

Conclusion. How did it end? What happened to the victims?

41Unit 3 ⁄ Part 2

unit 4

Document check

Unit Outcomes

> Identify the types of documents checked at the border

> Identify passport security features

> List methods to uncover passport fraud


Task 1 A. Give some examples of travel documents.

B. What aspects of travel documents are checked at the borders?

UNIT 4 ⁄ PART 1

Documents

Document category Document type

Task 2 Put the words below in two columns under the headings.

emergency/provisional visa identity card service/official

vehicle licence/log book exit stamp ordinary stamp

diplomatic passport seaman’s book national passport

travel document issued to non-nationals driving licence

residence permit entry paper entry stamp

43Unit 4 ⁄ Part 1

Source of the specimen: http://prado.consilium.europa.eu/EN/5284/viewImage_146881.html

Task 3 Write the questions you need to ask to get the following information:

forename and surname of the holder

citizenship

date of birth

place of birth

when the passport was issued

date of expiry

Task 4 Match the types of documents with their definitions.

1. Type of document

2. Travel document

3. Genuine document

4. Counterfeit document

5. Fantasy document

6. Forged document

7. Stolen blank

8. Fraudulently obtained

9. Improperly issued document

10. MRZ line

11. Breeder document

12. Complete counterfeit document

A document entirely produced by an unauthorised source

A copy of an authentic document that was later altered

An ID document or a document issued by (the representation of) a government

(embassy, consulate) to facilitate the movement of individuals across borders

An authentic document that was stolen and has been filled in by a unauthor-

ised entity

A document issued by a recognised authority

A national document such as a driving licence, birth certificate or student

enrolment document used to generate successive instances of fraudulent

documentation

A document issued by the relevant authority but on the basis of an incom-

plete application

Machine-readable zone – an area containing encoded information about

the holder, located on the bottom of the biodata page of the passport

A genuine document that has been altered

A document issued by non-existent states, organisations or institutions or

entities not recognised under the international laws as such

A document issued by an authorised entity but on the basis of a forged /

counterfeit document or false statements

http://prado.consilium.europa.eu/EN/5284/viewImage_146881.html


Task 5 Check the details of a passport stamp confirming border crossing.

Match the explanations below with the symbols (1–7).

Abbreviation of the Member State or

Schengen-associated country.

Entry stamps have square corners and

show a square with an arrow going in.

The name of the border crossing point.

The number on the stamp identifies

the officer responsible for the decision.

Exit stamps have rounded corners and

show a square with an arrow coming out.

A symbol that shows which type of border

was crossed: land, sea, air, railway.

The date appears in red followed by a security

code that changes at least once a month.

Each country has its own security code,

issued by the EU.

Source: Frontex at a glance, 2015.

1 2

3 4

5

6

7

45Unit 4 ⁄ Part 2

Task 2 Read the text about types of fraud related to travel documents

and answer the following question.

A. What is the difference between traditional and new types of

fraud?

Traditionally travel-document fraud was mainly restricted

to two distinct types of fraud: forgery and counterfeiting.

However, there are widespread reports that the landscape of

travel-document fraud is shifting. The reason for this shift is

that contemporary documents have improved security features

such as polymer biodata pages, watermarks, optically variable

inks, micro-laser perforations and RFID (radio frequency

identification).

These features make it more difficult for forgeries and

counterfeit documents to go undetected. In addition they also

increase the skills and the equipment needed to produce these documents and

therefore the costs are bigger. In order to circumvent these costs a new type

of document fraud has recently emerged – the use of unadulterated authentic

documents in a fraudulent manner. As such, the job of first line staff has

become more challenging and complex.

Given that authentic documents are now increasingly being used fraudulently,

first-line officers are also expected to establish whether a document is

presented by the legitimate holder or by an impostor. An example of authentic

document abuse relates to cases where the issuing authority is complicit to

the fraud. In late 1990s during Operation Desert Shield the Iraqi government

issued a large number of passports in false identities so that their intelligence

agents could travel internationally to plan and conduct attacks in Manila

and Jakarta.

However it was soon discovered that this cohort of passports were issued with

sequential numbers, which facilitated the issuance of a worldwide alert that

resulted in several arrests. Such cases, although very rare, represent a very

serious threat to international security.

Source: The nature and extent of travel-document fraud to enter the European Union 2009–2010.

Task 1 Why do people produce and use fraudulent travel documents?

UNIT 4 ⁄ PART 2

Document fraud


B. Find words in the text that mean the following.

1. Chips that contain photos and in some cases fingerprints of

the original applicant.

2. The main file of the passport.

3. Printing ink containing variable pigments that show large

colour shifts depending on the angle of observation or lighting.

4. Not perceived or discerned.

5. To find a way of avoiding a difficulty or a rule.

6. To appear or become known.

7. Genuine document issued by an acknowledged authority that

has not been altered in any way.

8. Officers deciding to send the person to second-line control.

9. A person who presents the travel documents.

10. A person who pretends to be somebody else in order to deceive

people.

11. The authority that has provided the person with the document.

Task 3 Check the chart and explain the difference between authentic documents

used illegally or irregularly and false documents.

identity fraud and document fraud

Authentic (genuine) document False document

Illegal use Irregular use

Impersonation Fraudulently obtained document

Expired document

Misused document

Forgery Counterfeit Pseudo document

Stolen blank (unlawfully personalised)

47Unit 4 ⁄ Part 2

Task 4 Match the instructions about passport examination with their titles.

UV reaction Microtext Check the number of pages Page colour

MRZ line Watermark Check how the passport is bound Guilloches

1. Usually the passports contain a printed statement at the

beginning or end with how many pages the passport contains.

Check if they are all there.

2. If pages have been replaced it may be the case that the new

page will react to bright light or vary in the shade. Check

whether the fibres are genuine or have been painted on.

3. Fold the passport open and look at the seam. If the holes are

raised or large it may indicate that the passport has been

rebound. A passport can also be bound with staples. Check the

hole to see whether they are double.

4. Use a magnifying glass to check the lines and rows in the

passport. Microtext is usually found on the identification page

or by the line on which the traveller writes their signature.

5. Fine designs consisting of interlaced continuous lines arranged

in geometric patterns. They are often combined with rainbow

colouring with the aim of raising a barrier for re-origination

and reproduction.

6. Area containing encoded information about the holder, located

on the bottom of the biodata page of the passport.

7. A picture, text or character motif which is incorporated into

the paper, leading to a varying thickness of the paper.

8. Open the passport like a fan and see if all the pages have the

same shade of colour. If different check the pages separately.


Task 5 A. Read about the activity of border guards at the Lisbon airport and

list the following.

Steps taken to uncover the passport fraud

Indicators of fraud

It is 5.45 am, but the guest officers on the early

first-line shift at Lisbon airport have been up for

an hour already, preparing to receive passengers

from the first flight of the morning, due in

any minute from Guinea-Bissau. They are here

as a part of Joint Action Lusitania, a 2-week

operation closely focused on document fraud.

Some 95 % of all document fraud in Portugal is

detected at this airport – there were 631 cases

in 2012, out of a passenger total of 14 million –

and the vast majority of them involved west

Africans.

The first case is uncovered in less than 10 minutes: a young man with

a Senegalese passport that was issued in Gambia attempted to cross

the border, even though, he says, he was born in Guinea-Bissau. He produces

a Portuguese residency permit, cartão de residencia, but it quickly becomes

apparent that he doesn’t speak a word of Portuguese. His air ticket, moreover,

is one-way from Africa. If he lived in Portugal, as he claims to, his ticket

would most likely be the second part of the return.

A magnifying glass, produces from one of the officer’s pockets, seals the young

man’s fate: the residency permit is fake. It looks fine to the naked eye, but

under magnification the details of the background printing show signs that it

has been produced using an ink-jet printer. The suspect Senegalese/Gambian/

Guinean is courteously but firmly escorted to the nearby offices of SEF, the

Servico de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras, for processing. He will be passed to the

immigration authorities and – if he does not claim asylum – refused entry.

49Unit 4 ⁄ Part 2

Task 6 Underline the nationality adjective in the text from Task 5.

Fill in the corresponding nationality adjectives in the table.

The Netherlands Spain

Great Britain Israel

Finland Afghanistan

Denmark Latvia

Task 7 Listen to a report on travel-document fraud and answer True or False.

1. Travel-document fraud allows irregular migrants to legally enter the

territory of a Member State and to move freely within the EU.

2. There was a clear and consistent increase of 12 % in the number of detec-

tions of travel-document fraud to enter the EU.

3. ID cards were mostly counterfeit and passports were mostly forged.

4. At the EU level more than a quarter of detections involved users who were

of seven nationalities.

5. From the 8 000 detections upon entry to the EU in 2010, 75 % were at the

green border.

6. At the air border there was a trend of using falsified visas instead of

passports.

7. From detections of fraudulent use of passports at the air border there was

an increase in the use of lookalikes and forged biopages.

8. At the air border the most common place of embarkation was Iran.

9. The traditional approaches need to be updated to face the new challenges.

[04]

B. Complete the word-building table.

Verb Noun Adjective

assumption

reside

aware

attempted

register

removal

forged

issued

claim

process


Task 9 Fill in a ‘document alert’ for other BCPs. Mention the following: date, time,

alleged citizenship, border crossing point, means of transport, supporting

documents (if any), altered security features observed in the document.

On , at , on the entry line,

a was detected. The holder was an alleged

national, female, aged (claimed) ,

travelling by . She could not present supporting

documents. It was also noticed that the person carried only

cash and no cards issued on the name in the

passport. When examining it was noted that

.

The inner cover also indicated of

the microtext when compared with the specimen. This is the

first detection of this kind at this BCP. The offset printing lacked

the passport number and the offset guilloche. It is advisable to

disseminate in case further detections of this modus operandi are

identified.

Task 8 A. Complete the text with the right prepositions.

The process (1) standardising EU passports, and improving the safeguards, is

an ongoing one. (2) instance, in the past a special transparent layer was widely

used to cover vital data (3) a paper substrate, but it transpired that this was

easily opened and therefore far (4) tamper-proof. The photograph remains the

key. These days the image is generally burned (5) the substrate by laser, so it

cannot be replaced or tampered (6) , although this means of identification can

still be circumvented. During the 2000s there was a market increase (7) lookalike

fraud, often involving stolen passports. This, according (8) Ladeiro, illustrates the

growing professionalism of the people smugglers because it takes an extensive and well-organ-

ised network to match (9) the image in a stolen passport with a would-be migrant.

New technology has proved a particularly critical tool in counter-fraud. In consultation

(10) Frontex, Interpol and national border services, passport technology is

constantly being developed. At major airports travellers are already familiar (11)

ABC (automated border control) gates and are growing used (12) presenting their

e-passports (passports containing a chip).

B. Argue for and against the use of technology in border checks.

51Unit 4 ⁄ Part 2

Descriptions

Unit Outcomes

> Identify the types and parts of a vehicle

> Distinguish between registration plates

> Describe persons using given criteria

> Make the profile of a selected group

unit 5


Task 1 A. When is it required to describe a vehicle?

B. When is it required to identify a vehicle at the borders?

UNIT 5 ⁄ PART 1

Describing vehicles

Task 2 Match the general identification elements of a vehicle with

the given generic examples

1. Red 2. 3. 10606UT10027

4. Citroen C3 5. Hatchback 6. VF7FCKFVB27321002

a. Licence plate

b. Type of chassis/body

c. Colour

d. Make and model

e. VIN (vehicle identification number)

f. Other serial numbers mentioned on the stickers the manufacturer

applied on the vehicle (e.g. PKN)

Task 3 Write the types of chassis/body next to the pictures

limousine hatchback cabrio van

estate/kombi/break coupe off-road/jeep/SUV

1. 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

4.

53UNIT 5 ⁄ Part 1

5

6

7

8

Task 4 Label the parts of the car in the pictures using these words:

A

alloy rims (external) rear view mirror (front) fog lights windshield

headlights exhaust pipe(s) rear bumper tail lights

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

7


11

12

13

14

15

B

air filter (cartridge) side skirts engine (block) sun visor(s)

speedometer (gauge) bonnet battery (case) gear shifter

rear view mirror headrest (s) door panel(s) door handle(s)

dashboard panel steering wheel front grill/radiators rear seats

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1

2

3 5

4

11

12

13

15

14

10

6 87 9

55UNIT 5 ⁄ Part 1

Task 5 Look at the registration plates and answer the questions

1. Which of the four pictures presented

on the left indicate that the vehicle is

registered in Romania?

2. Which of the pictures is taken from

the rear part of the vehicle?

3. In which countries are the vehicles from

the pictures on the left registered?

4. Is there any difference in the size,

thickness and layout of the characters

on the different EU plates in the picture

on the left?

5. Which of the four pictures depicts a Ford?

What country is it registered in?

Task 6 Practice the NATO/ICAO alphabet saying to your partner the registration

plates from the exercise above.

A = Alfa

B = Bravo

C = Charlie

D = Delta

E = Echo

F = Foxtrot

G = Golf

H = Hotel

I = India

J = Juliet

K = Kilo

L = Lima

M = Mike

N = November

O = Oscar

P = Papa

Q = Quebec

R = Romeo

S = Sierra

T = Tango

U = Uniform

V = Victor

W = Whisky

X = X-Ray

Y = Yankee

Z = Zulu

1

1

1

2

2

2

3

3

3

4

4

4


Task 7 Listen and write the vehicle registration plates:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Task 8 A. Listen and complete the vehicle description.

VEHICLE 1 VEHICLE 2 VEHICLE 3

Make and model

Colour

Licence plate No

Registered in

Registered to

B. What are the end points for international car thieves and how do they get there?

[05]

[06]

57UNIT 5 ⁄ Part 2

Task 1 A. Why do border guards use descriptions?

B. What should a physical description include?

UNIT 5 ⁄ PART 2

Descriptions of personsSo

urc

e: Il

ean

a C

her

san

, A

Soc

ial H

isto

ry o

f the

Eng

lish

Polic

e Voc

abul

ary,

20

12

Task 2 A. Check the features used in making a personal description.

Add examples of distinctive marks and types of dress.

description of persons

Nickname

Alias

Maiden name

Proportionate

Stout

Corpulent

Heavy

Thick set

Thin

Slim

Well built

Military bearing

Erect

Slouches

Stoops

Round

Shouldered

Fresh

Ruddy

Florid

Pale

Fair

Sallow

Lotchy

Pimply

Uses cosmetics

Colour

Turning grey

Going bald

Wavy

Straight

Curly

Frizzy

Parted

Unparted

Brushed back

Long

Short

Greased unkempt

Wears wig

Bleached

Dyed

Colour

Cast

Blind

Missing

Glass

Red

Rimmed

Long

Lashes

Wear spectacles

Wine

Beer

Spirits

Billiard halls

Night clubs

Dance halls

DressCharacteristicsand habits

VoiceDistinctive marksAppearanceGeneral information

Name Age Occupation Build Complexion Face Hair Head Eyes Ears PlacesDrinking


B. Describe the persons in the picture.

Task 3 Read the inter-office memorandum and complete the report.

To: Interpol National Central Bureau

From: Spanish Guardia Civil

Date: 20 May 2011

Subject: Detection of Hashish in Almeria – wanted person

In the early morning of 20 May 2011, Spanish law enforcement authorities

detected a suspicious boat heading towards Almeria. The boat made contact

with another pleasure boat and soon the transfer of several boxes was

observed. A patrol boat and several land patrols were scrambled to intercept

the target. Once the pleasure boat reached the shore it was met by a person

in a van. The patrol boat seized the pleasure boat and two of the three persons

involved were arrested and 1 640 kg hashish were seized, but the third –

the driver of the van – managed to make a getaway. He is described as follows:

Caucasian, tall, well built, in his twenties, short fair-haired, green eyed,

smart haircut, fair complexion, firm chin, large forehead. He was last seen

wearing a black leather jacket. He is probably casually dressed. He has a mole

on his right cheek.

We ask all border police officers to be on the lookout for any person resembling

the description and report location and inform the headquarters. Fill in the

information in the memo in the following table.

Report on wanted person

Sex Chin

Age Complexion

Eyes Hair

Nose Clothes

Lips Distinctive marks

59UNIT 5 ⁄ Part 2

Task 5 A. Read about profiling and fill in the gaps with the missing words.

investigation intelligence system passports

females collation airport identification

Generally speaking profiling is the analysis of information or (1)

in order to develop indicators and a profile which facilitates (2) of smuggled

migrants, migrant smugglers, routes, communication methods, false (3) , etc.

Profiling is a covert investigative technique which can assist to identify potential criminal

activities and can assist during an (4)

by facilitation planning of operations.

The key to profiling is the (5) of relevant information. The information required

to profile a criminal group, passports, individuals and methods of collection need to be strong

enough. The best way of profiling in through a two-way (6) whereby frontline

officers can both seek information and feedback further information.

Example

A number of young women arrived by plane at airport X. They all had forged visas.

Analysis of these women resulted in the following profile:

– females aged between 18-28;

– wearing black trousers and blue jeans jackets;

– hair tied in a ponytail;

– wearing shoulder bags.

As a result of this profiling many other (7) were detected, who would not have

been otherwise because of the quality of the forgery. The style of dress was to enable them to be

identified by those who were meeting them at the (8) .

Source: UNODC, Basic Training Manual on Investigating and Prosecuting Migrant Smuggling

B. Now answer the questions based on the text.

1. What is profiling?

2. When is profiling used?

3. What is the best profiling technique?

Task 4 Rate the descriptive features according to their reliability and accuracy.

Which details are more relevant? Explain why?


Task 6 Think about your national borders. What are the types of irregular migrants

expected and what are their characteristics:

Nationality

Social and economic status

Reasons for migration

Documents used

61UNIT 5 ⁄ Part 2

Unit Outcomes

> Describe the steps of a criminal investigation

> Identify border-related crimes

> Explain the process of detecting stolen vehicles

Crimes at the borders

unit 6


Task 1 A. What types of crimes do you know of?

B. Which are border-related?

C. Which authorities investigate crimes?

Task 2 Write the missing verbs in the text.

arrest charged commits drop goes

identify investigate question released remains

UNIT 6 ⁄ PART 1

Criminal investigation

When a person (1) a crime the police carry out certain actions. They (2)

the crime. If they catch the criminal, they will (3) and take them to the police

station. At the police station they (4) the suspect, who may contact a lawyer.

The witnesses may (5) the suspect from an identity parade. If the police have

enough evidence the person is (6) with the crime. If the police do not have enough

evidence they (7) the charges. For serious crimes the person (8) to

court for trial. Until the trial the suspect may be (9) on bail or, in serious cases,

(10) in custody.

Task 3 A. Arrange the steps of a crime scene investigation in chronological order.

Conduct a primary survey (walkthrough) – to identify potentially valuable

evidence, take notes and capture initial photographs of the scene and the

evidence.

Plan, communicate and coordinate – this may require gathering informa-

tion from witnesses.

Establish the scene dimensions and identify potential safety and health

hazards.

Document and process the scene – the crime scene team conducts a thorough,

coordinated investigation of the scene, collecting all probative evidence.

Record and preserve evidence – an inventory log is created.

Conduct a secondary survey (review), as a quality control step.

Establish security – to control access, the scene may be cordoned off with

yellow crime scene tape.

63UNIT 6 ⁄ Part 1

B. Why are these steps necessary?

C. Explain the highlighted words.

Task 4 A. Match each crime with its definition.

Murder Manslaughter Kidnapping Assault

Theft (Am. larceny) Battery Robbery Forgery

Human trafficking Smuggling Hijacking Bribery

Money laundering Fraud Blackmail Counterfeiting

Killing of another through reckless or negligent conduct

Intentional act that causes a fear of imminent harm or offensive

touching

Theft of property or money where the offender uses physical force

or fear against a victim

Taking somebody away illegally and keep them as a prisoner,

especially in order to get money or something else for returning

them

Taking of a person’s property without their permission

Concealing the source of illegally obtained money

Trading human beings for forced labour, sexual exploitation, etc.

Using violence to take control over a vehicle/plane, etc.

Taking someone/something illegally across the border

Deceiving someone in order to induce him/her to give up posses-

sion of property or surrender a right

Manufacturing or distribution of goods under someone else’s

name, and without their permission

Giving money or something valuable to persuade someone to help

you

Killing someone deliberately

Demanding money or something else of value from a person by

the threat of exposing a criminal act or discreditable information

Unlawful or unauthorised application of force to another person

Making a fake document, changing of an existing document,

or making a signature without authorisation


B. Which are crimes against the person and which are crimes against property?

What other crimes do you know of?

C. Find the names of the criminals connected to each crime in Task 4 A and their

verb form.

e.g. murder — murderer — to murder

Task 5 A. Pair the words and phrases to form collocations.

involuntary

armed

identity

grand

sexual

internet

tax

statutory

domestic

first degree

theft

robbery

fraud

assault

manslaughter

rape

murder

blackmail

evasion

violence

B. What crime has been committed in these situations?

1. A stranger sees you drop your credit card and decides to pick it up and use it

to buy something.

2. The criminal purchased a passport from an accomplice and changed

the picture and the biographical data.

3. The facilitator demanded a considerable amount of money to help the African

family reach Italy.

4. The driver was texting on his mobile when the car started to go off the road.

While trying to get back on the road he hit another car. The driver of the other

vehicle passed away.

5. The man approached an old lady and threatening her with a knife he

demanded her wallet.

65UNIT 6 ⁄ Part 2

Task 1 A. Underline the cross border-related crimes in the text and image below.

B. Translate them into your language.

The EU is increasingly a lucrative target for organised crime, which comes in

an almost endless variety of forms: drugs smuggled via South America, Africa

and Spain; counterfeit electronics from China; cloned and sub-standard

medicines from Pakistan; petrol and tobacco smuggled from Belarus or

Ukraine. Organised criminal gangs play an important and increasing role in

the smuggling of migrants, too, a trade that often feeds prostitution, forced

labour, even slavery.

Task 2 Listen to the news and answer the questions.

1. What crime was committed?

2. What punishment may the suspects receive?

3. How many people are missing?

[07]

UNIT 6 ⁄ PART 2

Crimes at the bordersSo

urc

e: 12

Sec

onds

to D

ecid

e, F

ron

tex,

20

14


Task 3 Choose the correct words in blue to complete the report.

The number of stolen cars detected in January at the border crossing point was 10 and increased

(1) slight / slightly to 12 units in February. There was a (2) sharp / sharply rise (3) to / by 17 in March

(4) due / led to the use of state-of-the-art technology. This was followed by a (5) slight / slightly fall

in April when the number of stolen cars detected by the border guards dropped to eight. The

thieves changed their modus operandi and this resulted (6) in / from a dramatic / dramatically fall

in May. But the national authority took the necessary measures and the number of detections

increased (7) steady / steadily to / by 4 cars a month throughout June, July and August until they

stood (8) in / at 5 in September.

The (9) dramatic / dramatically rise to 10 in October resulted (10) in / from the training of border

guards with the new system called Adesvet.

Task 4 Find one mistake in each sentence and correct it.

1. Refusals of entry in the neighbouring Member States increased at 7 % last

month.

2. The number of border guards employed between 2003 and 2007 remained

steadily.

3. Our poor performance last year was resulted to the low number of border

guards on duty.

4. There was a sharp increase on illegal entries detections the year before.

5. In an attempt to further reduce the number, the authorities refused

158 nationals at air borders, which was 10 % much than in 2009.

6. The first asylum wave started in December 2009, most targeting Belgium.

7. In comparison to 2013, detections of illegal border-crossing between BCPs in

2014 dropped of 21 % from 4 708 to 3 721 at the common and regional borders.

8. Stolen vehicles were regularly reported at the EU’s eastern borders, where

such cases detected on exit decreased by 313 in 2013 to 260 in 2014.

Task 5 Use the language in the two exercises above to describe the graph.

2%

83%

15%

71%

11%18%

Detections of illegal border-crossing in 2014, by gender and age of detected migrans

gender age

femalemaleunknown / not specified

adultminorunknown / not specified

67UNIT 6 ⁄ Part 2

Task 6 A. How and why are vehicles stolen? Which authorities cooperate to detect

stolen vehicles?

B. Summarise each paragraph in maximum eight key words.

Vehicle crime experts from 20 EU countries gathered at Europol headquarters

on 11 and 12 September to work on ‘Operation Cycar’. This successful operation

resulted in 160 stolen vehicles being seized and 75 people arrested.

Officers coordinating the case at Europol were working from state-of-the-art

operations rooms supporting thousands of EU police, customs and border

guards involved in ‘Operation Cycar’. European law enforcement officers were

working at borders, ports, car dealers, back-street workshops and scrap-yards,

following up advertisements on the internet, investigating burglaries and

robberies in which high-value cars were stolen, and searching for the special-

ist criminal gangs that roam across Europe stealing high value vehicles.

The challenge for police, customs and border guard experts dealing with

international vehicle crime is to get answers quickly and to speak to experts in

partner countries that understand the tactics and tricks that disguise a stolen

car and, if understood fully, can reveal its original identity.

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201304/20130409ATT64261/20130409ATT64261EN.pdf

There are some 250 million cars on the roads of Europe, about a quarter of all

the cars in the world. Of the 60 million new cars manufactured every year,

furthermore, almost a third are built in the EU. Europe has one of the highest

densities of vehicles per capita in the world; western Europe has the highest

proportion of ‘premier marque’ cars. As one of the most conspicuous – and

mobile – symbols of prosperity, cars have always been targeted by thieves.

Some 1.2 million of them, worth an estimated EUR 6 billion on the black

market, are stolen every year; and some 30 to 40 per cent of these vehicles are

stolen at order, by international criminal gangs.

Twelve Seconds to Decide, In Search of Excellence: Frontex and the Principle of ‘Best Practice’

C. Read the texts again and find words which mean:

confiscated harbours

break-ins criminal group

camouflage made

visible priced

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201304/20130409ATT64261/20130409ATT64261EN.pdf


Task 7 A. Listen about detections of stolen vehicles

and answer the questions.

1. Which authorities report on stolen vehicles?

2. What types and makes of vehicles are mostly

reported stolen?

3. What are the modi operandi mentioned in

the text?

4. How is this crime addressed in the EU?

[08]

B. Describe the picture in relation to the audio.

C. Explain the following words and phrases from the audio:

sales invoice

power of attorney

ownership

VIN

sticker

‘white-collar’ crime

69UNIT 6 ⁄ Part 2

Task 8 A. Read the text and find words to name the pictures below.

The eastward expansion of the EU from 2004 gave international car thieves

vastly more opportunities. Europol statistics show the main destinations for

stolen cars in 2012 were Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Belarus. The main

route was the border between Poland and Ukraine, followed by the southern

route into the western Balkans. Although a third, new route, principally for

luxury cars, has opened up into North Africa from Spain, the clandestine

export of stolen vehicles is a crime detected chiefly at the eastern EU borders.

As car defence systems have grown more sophisticated, thieves have become

ever more technically adept at circumventing them. The thieves have devel-

oped software, easily deliverable through a laptop that can overcome the car

manufacturers’ immobilisers and encryption codes. Sophisticated skeleton

keys are readily available on the internet. It’s not like the old days when you

could break into a car with a coat hanger and hot-wire ignition with your

fingers.

The main technique for identifying a stolen vehicle at the border is surpris-

ingly old fashioned: it depends on the border guard ability to locate its unique

vehicle identification number from its engine block or chassis and match it

against existing databases of stolen vehicles.

Twelve Seconds to Decide, In Search of Excellence: Frontex and the Principle of ‘Best Practice’

1.

3.

2.

4.


B. Argue why it is difficult to detect and combat trafficking in stolen vehicles

at the borders. Offer solutions.

Task 9 Write a report on the detection and combatting of trafficking in stolen

vehicles at the borders, including main routes and destinations, techniques

used by thieves, techniques used by border guards to identify stolen vehicles.

You may use information from the previous exercise and other sources.

71UNIT 6 ⁄ Part 2

Unit Outcomes

> List the characteristics of THB and migrant smuggling

> Describe ways to identify victims of THB

Migration and trafficking in human beings

unit 7


Task 1 A. How serious is THB in the EU?

B. Where does it happen in the EU?

C. What are the causes of THB?

D. Why is THB a serious violation of human rights?

Task 2 Read the diagram below and explain the relation between trafficking in

human beings and migrant smuggling.

UNIT 7 ⁄ PART 1

Trafficking in human beings

trafficking in human beings

recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons

actions

procurement of illegal entry or illegal residence

actions

for financial or other material gain

reasons

threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability or giving payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person

means

prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs

purpose

migrant smugglingand related conduct

Ad

apte

d f

rom

: U

NO

DC

A S

hort

Intr

oduc

tion

to M

igra

nt S

mug

glin

g, 2

010

73UNIT 7 ⁄ Part 1

Task 3 A. In the diagram, find words that match the following definitions:

a. to hide and protect somebody;

b. the action of making somebody do something that they do not

want, using force or threatening to use force;

c. the act of deliberately making somebody believe that some-

thing is not true;

d. taking away of a person by persuasion, by fraud, or by open

force or violence,

e. a person’s behaviour in a particular place or in a particular

situation;

f. the act of receiving something;

g. taking, sending or bringing goods secretly and illegally into or

out of a country.

B. What other crimes are associated with trafficking in human beings and

migrants smuggling?

Smuggling Trafficking

Task 5 A. How do border guards identify victims of trafficking?

B. Why is victim identification important at the borders?

Task 4 These factors help distinguish between smuggling and trafficking.

Place them under the correct heading.

illegal entry / takes place within and across national borders /

implies international movement / use of coercion and/or deception /

voluntary act / involves exploitation / violation of rights /

ends when people reach their destination


Task 6 A. Read the text and answer the questions:

1. What indicators can tell if a person is a victim of THB?

2. Why is it sometimes difficult to identify a victim based on indicators?

3. What other information can help you identify a victim?

The profile of the person in front of you might give a hint. You could also find

some indicators or material evidence. Finally, the interview could be conclu-

sive for your diagnosis.

An indicator is a signal that should attract the attention of the border guard,

a clue, a symptom that points to the presence or absence of a condition, in our

case, the fact that one or more persons could be involved in THB.

Indicators are basically what a textbook victim would look like. In reality,

however, you rarely get a textbook victim. Due to the victim’s experience

or the way he/she has been coached or told to act by the trafficker, the

victims may act just the opposite. For example, instead of looking timid and

withdrawn they may display signs of aggression. That is why we say that

0 + 0 + 0 = 1. Small pieces of meaningless information, when put together could

show you a very meaningful picture. More indicators will give greater certain-

ty but, in many cases, it will only be the small sign or quality that will strike

the experienced border guard and that may lead to a further investigation.

The general indicators for the identification of a potential victim are: be-

havioural, appearance, other indicators such as: no travel documents, limited,

unusual or no checked-in luggage or routed to another destination (as a decoy),

inability to aim personal milestones (date of birth, age), evidence of ritual

control practices, witchcraft, internet romances, grooming.

Anti-trafficking training for border guards, Frontex, 2012

B. Explain each indicator listed in the last paragraph

75UNIT 7 ⁄ Part 2

Task 2 A. You are going to hear about some attempts to get to western Europe.

Fill in the text with the missing information.

Morgan is (1) years old and

was born in a West African country. Life at

home is hard because of (2) and

corruption. He left his home on January 1998.

He worked wherever he could, selling goods

and working as a barber. He was caught by

(3) on various occasions. Upon

arriving in North Africa, a friend told him

to go to the western side of a country in

North Africa where they could meet someone

who would help them get to the islands of

a (4) country. He gave the man

(5) euro. He took them out in

the open (5) where there were

more than 70 others waiting to go. As the boat

moved off they began singing gospel music to

keep (6) .

12 Seconds to Decide, Frontex, 2012

B. Listen again and answer the questions about Morgan’s experience.

1. When was the boat intercepted?

2. What were the follow-up procedures?

3. What are the stages of Morgan’s first attempt to immigrate?

4. What risks did the migrants face on the boat?

5. Which were the results of the second attempt to immigrate?

6. Is this a case of human trafficking or migrant smuggling?

[09]

Task 1 A. Why do people migrate to other countries?

B. What is an irregular migrant?

C. Why do people get smuggled across borders?

UNIT 7 ⁄ PART 2

Migration and migrants smuggling

Traditional wooden fishing boats, here seen moored in Senegal – have been used for countless dangerous sea crossings to the Canary Islands


Task 3 Read the case study and answer the questions:

Alena is a 22-year-old young woman from Albania travelling by plane from

Belgrade, capital of Serbia, to London.

On arrival at Heathrow International Airport, she presents her Albanian

passport to the border guard in the first-line checkpoint. She confirms she

is travelling alone.

Her passport, a genuine biometric passport, does not have a visa for the

UK. She presents a valid return ticket for her departure, which is expected

in 2 weeks. She carries only EUR 150 in cash with her and no credit card.

Alena speaks very little English, and just keeps repeating ‘Tourist, tourist.

London, the Queen.’ Her luggage consists of a small handbag and her trolley

(carry-on baggage).

When informed by the border guard that her money is insufficient for a 2-week

stay as a tourist, she reacts very nervously and gives an anxious and scared

impression. The border guard notes large scars on her wrists.

The border guard explains that he regrets he is unable to allow Alena entry

into the United Kingdom with nothing more than EUR 150 for 2 weeks. Tears

are rolling down her cheeks when Alena pleads in Albanian that, as the border

guard understands, she simply must go to London and that she cannot in any

case return to Serbia or Albania.

Anti-trafficking training for border guards, Frontex, 2012

1. Is this a case of trafficking in human beings or smuggling?

2. What indicators (behavioural, appearance, others) do you consider in order to

identify Alena as a potential victim?

3. Discuss and formulate questions that you, as a border guard, would ask

the victim in order to find out whether or not she is a potential victim.

Task 4 Explain the underlined compound words in the texts of Task 2 and 3:

textbook

milestone

passport

checkpoint

biometric

handbag

Find other compounds starting with mile-, pass-, check-, bio-, hand-.

77UNIT 7 ⁄ Part 2

Task 5 You are going to hear two people expressing the European Commission

and the UK government points of view on irregular migration.

A. Listen and tick the correct box.

[10]

Measures to support countries and assist irregular migrants (give examples)

Measures against irregular migrants (give examples)

European Commission

UK government

B. What did they say about:

asylum seekers

migrants

Hungary and Latvia

C. Read the sentences. Some words are different from those in the audio

recording. These change the original meaning. What is different and how does

it change the meaning?

1. The IOM said that 1 840 migrants had lost at sea while crossing the

Mediterranean.

2. By moving back a proposal that is already unpopular in many countries, the

Commission has exacerbated tensions.

3. Asylum seekers are often welcome in countries where there is little experience

of accepting newcomers.

4. The UK government intends to amend its immigration legislation to make it

more difficult to live in the county illegally.

5. Britain would continue to welcome the brightest and best migrants who want

to contribute to our economy and society and play with the rules.


Task 6 A. Match these headings to paragraphs a–d

below.

1. German–Turkish Police Break Smuggling

Ring

2. Shots Across the Evros

3. Frontex Patrol Makes Major Hash Haul

4. Hunger in the Horn

B. Explain the underlined phrases.

a.

Uncommon as it may sound; people-smugglers

are now using weapons to control their facilitation

activities at the external borders of the European

Union. On May 20, 2011, at the Greek–Turkish land

border, facilitators opened fired on a Joint Greek–

German patrol team just as they were closing in

to arrest the facilitators.

The facilitators managed to escape to the Turkish

side of the border but the incident raises serious

issues about security for guest officers or border

guards as well as their Greek hosts.

The Border Post, June 2011

b.

The United Nations says that 3.7 million people

across Somalia, or nearly half the population, are

in crisis and in urgent need of assistance.

According to estimates by the US, almost 30 000

children died of hunger in Somalia, Eritrea, Sudan

and Kenya in the first 3 months of a drought that

has seen some of the biggest movements of people

in modern times. The Dadaab refugee camp across

the Somali border in Kenya is now the largest in

the world with over 400 000 people seeking food

and refuge from a killer drought exacerbated by an

ongoing civil war that has left the country with-

out any effective government for the last 20 years.

In late July, the UN declared three new regions in

Somalia as famine zones raising the previous scope

of the disaster from two regions to five. ‘Despite

increased attention in recent weeks, current hu-

manitarian response remains inadequate, due in

part to ongoing access restrictions and difficulties

in scaling up emergency assistance programmes,

as well as funding gaps’

The Border Post, July/August 2011

c.

While search-and-rescue activities and the fight

against people smuggling remain the ever-present

priority of Frontex-coordinated patrols, so-called

‘parallel activities’ are also a common feature of

the work, and among them the drug trade is one

of the most important.


d.

The Stuttgart bureau of Germany’s federal police

reported that they had broken up a people-smug-

gling ring with the arrest of 11 suspects. The

suspects are accused of facilitating the illegal

entry into the EU of as many as 2 000 migrants

over the last 3 years. The gang allegedly smuggled

the migrants in the false bottoms of truck, that

could hold up to 113 at a time, to Athens and then

on to Italy by ferry.

79UNIT 7 ⁄ Part 2

C. Choose one case and explain the difficulties posed to law enforcement.

Task 7 A. Read the text about any day in Europe at the sea border and find words

that describe the following actions:

interviewing irregular migrants to discover their nationality

collecting information by interviewing migrants detected for

illegal border-crossings

the use of aircraft, surface craft (land or water), submarines,

specialised teams, and equipment to look for personnel in distress

on land or at sea

initiate or conduct a criminal proceedings against a criminal

As the Aegean sun sets over the mountains of

Lesvos, Captain Nikolas of the Greek Coast Guard

noses his patrol boat out of Mytilini harbour at the

start of another 12-hour shift. The boat is powered

by 3 000-horse-power engines and is capable of

44 knots; this feels like the start of another pleas-

ure trip, but it could not be more different. Some of

the people recovered during the previous patrol are

still to be found on the dockside: 30 migrants from,

mostly, Afghanistan, Syria and Somalia. They will

be screened by the authorities, with assistance

from experts from other member states, before

being transferred to the Greek police for debrief-

ing, again with support from a debriefing team

of Member State experts. At some points on its

320 km coastline, the island of Lesvos is just 8 km

from the Turkish coast, making it an attractive

proposition for the international people-smug-

gling industry.

The captain peers at the screen of the coastal patrol

vessel’s infrared scanning equipment, saying that

the smugglers are clever and highly organised,

forever varying the times and locations of their

crossing points, probing the coast guard’s weak

points. Apprehending these people in the coast

guard’s highest priority. The smugglers sometimes

ferry the migrants by speedboat all the way to

the Lesvos coast, before hurriedly disembarking

them and rushing back to Turkey. More often

though, they launch a rubber dinghy, put one of

the migrants in charge of the outboard, and point

it in the direction of Lesvos. In these cases, the

migrants are often given a knife and instructed

to puncture their own boat as soon as they know

they have been spotted by the coast guard: a way

of ensuring that when they are rescued, they are

logged as the beneficiaries of a search-and-rescue

operation, seen as a further guarantee that they

will be taken to a port in Greece.

Captain Nikolas has nothing but scorn for these

‘sinkers’. To a seaman, deliberately scuppering a

craft that is typically crammed full of women and

children is ‘the worst crime; they are even worse

than the facilitators.’ Changes to Greek law mean

the sinkers, as well as people-smugglers, can now

be prosecuted; the practice fell into decline as a

consequence, although it still happens.

Twelve Seconds to Decide, Frontex, 2014


B. Now answer the questions:

1. What is the procedure in place for the migrants that are recovered by the sea

patrols?

2. What is the modus operandi of the smugglers on the Lesvos coast?

3. What types of migrants does Captain Nikolas deal with?

4. What are the difficulties that the coast guards are facing?

Task 8 Draft a strategy to deal with irregular migration at the borders of your

country. Include specifications related to:

> types of past and expected migrants;

> reasons for migration;

> modus operandi;

> detection and interception;

> referral to relevant authorities;

> prevention.

81UNIT 7 ⁄ Part 2

Fundamental rights (FR)

Unit Outcomes

> Describe fundamental rights

> Name breaches of fundamental rights

> Explain how migrants’ fundamental rights are kept at the borders

> Name data protection risks at the borders and measures to minimise them

unit 8


Task 1 A. What are human rights and fundamental rights?

B. Why is it important to follow them?

C. Why do some people violate them?

UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 1

Fundamental rights and migration

Task 2 A. Read the text and find words which mean:

a. the state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect

b. the practice of inflicting severe pain on someone

c. the action of forbidding something, especially by law

d. the protection granted by a state to someone who has left their home country

as a political refugee

e. the action of forcing someone to leave a country

f. a means of legal reparation

The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union sets out rights

that are of particular relevance during border checks, the most important of

which are human dignity (Article 1); the prohibition of torture and inhuman

or degrading treatment or punishment (Article 4); the prohibition of traffick-

ing in human beings (Article 5); the right to liberty and security (Article 6);

the right to asylum and protection in the event of removal, expulsion or

extradition (Articles 18 and 19); non-discrimination (Article 21); the rights of

the child (Article 24); the right to good administration (Article 41); and the

right to an effective remedy (Article 47).

B. Now explain Article 19: what is the difference between removal, expulsion

and extradition? When are these words used?

83UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 1

Task 3 Which rights are breached in the following cases?

Match the cases with the rights.

a. effective remedy

b. asylum

c. life

d. protection and preservation of personal data

e. fair trial

f. free movement

g. privacy

h. equality

1. Migrant wrongly shot and killed by the police

2. A woman who spent 6 months in prison without being charged

3. Refugee not able to return for fear of persecution, arrested by the police

4. Personal use relevant databases for conducting border checks whilst

ensuring the protection and preservation of personal data

5. Gay person with all necessary documents refused entry at the border

crossing point

6. Male refused promotion due to his religious beliefs

7. Surveillance camera recorded a garden children’s party which took place

in one of the houses near the border

8. Third country national prevented from lodging a complaint about

the conduct of the border check

Task 4 Discuss the following questions:

1. Who crosses the external

borders of the EU?

2. Why do people cross

the borders?

3. What do they all have

in common?

4. Why/how does the

border guard uphold

the rights of the people

who cross the border?

5. Why is this a difficult job?

6. What does this picture tell?


Task 5 A. Read the title of the article on the next page and predict what the article

is about.

B. Now read the article and answer the questions.

1. What is the difference between a refugee and an asylum seeker?

2. What are the difficulties refugees are facing?

3. How do Europeans feel about refugees and what are the factors that influence

their behaviour?

4. What is ‘A Refugee for a Day’?

Task 7 A. Why are children vulnerable persons

at the borders?

B. How can their interests be kept

according to FR?

Task 6 Work in groups. Prepare and conduct a debate on immigration.

Group A you are in favour of immigration. Points you could consider:

> Do countries benefit from migration?

> How do immigrants contribute to society and economy?

(birth rate, jobs, migrants perform, etc.)

Group B you are against immigration. You may consider:

> The abuses immigrants commit;

> How they integrate into the society;

> Immigrants take the jobs away from locals;

> Their educational level is low.

85UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 1

Refugees Teach Us a Lesson of Courage

For 364 days of the year, we are confronted with

the stories of humanitarian disaster and indi-

vidual suffering of some 10 million refugees and

27 million displaced persons in the world. However,

20 June carries a different agenda. World Refugee

Day is celebrated to honour and praise the courage,

resilience and hope that keeps refugees going.

Asif left Afghanistan in search of protection when

he was a mere 14 years old. On the long clandestine

journey outwards, he nearly suffocated while

hiding in trucks, and barely survived. Sick and

traumatized, he ended up in Belgium where he

received refugee status, found foster parents and

finished school. Today, he works as a car mechanic.

“I recently met a Belgian girl and we are getting

married soon,” he beams happily.

Azni is a widow from Chechnya who fled to Austria

with her three children. A teacher by profession,

she now works as a cleaning lady. “I know I will

never be a teacher again, but it does not matter.

We are safe here and all my children go to school.

I am proud of what we achieved.”

Being a refugee is a difficult fate. Refugees are

forced to leave their home and loved ones behind.

They survive dangerous journeys and have to brave

an asylum procedure that is complicated and

difficult to understand. Once granted protection

status, they still need to learn the language, find

accommodation and a job and carve their place

in society. Still, they manage. Europe abounds

with remarkable stories of refugees who have

successfully rebuilt their lives.

The past few years have seen an increased reluc-

tance of Europeans to welcome refugees. Misled

by some media and politicians, many EU citizens

tend to think that Europe is taking in more

refugees than any other countries. Figures prove

otherwise – in fact only 277,000 asylum-seekers,

or 2.7% of the world’s ten million refugees, came

to Europe in 2011.

Refugee stories tell of resilience in the face of

seemingly insurmountable problems. Yet the

personal strength of the refugees in question is

not enough.

“The world is creating displacement faster than

it is producing solutions,” High Commissioner

Antonio Guterres recently said at a book presenta-

tion in New York. More people are trapped in exile

over many years, unable to return home, settle

locally or move elsewhere, he said, calling for in-

ternational political solutions to refugee problems.

This year, a new application allows everyone

to become “A Refugee for a Day.” People can

demonstrate their solidarity by fleeing virtually

on Facebook (www.refugeeforaday.be).

Since the General Assembly of the United

Nations proclaimed 20 June World Refugee Day,

celebrations have become standard fixtures in all

countries.

Not only politicians use the opportunity to increase

the public’s understanding of refugees on 20 June.

Each year, UNHCR’s special envoy Angelina Jolie

delivers a media message that is broadcast by a

host of TV stations around the world.

In the large African and Asian camps, refugees

organize parties with music, dance and food. In

industrailised countries, refugees, together with

UNHCR, organize celebrations, cook traditional

meals and invite the local population to join in.

NGOs and UNHCR run awareness-raising cam-

paigns and the media publish special features on

refugees.

Year after year, World Refugee Day activities prove

that there is one powerful antidote to anti-refugee

sentiments: the personal encounter with refugees

who can teach us all how to overcome formidable

problems and rebuild lives.


http://www.refugeeforaday.be


Task 8 A. Read about keeping the best interests of a child at the borders and match

the paragraphs 1–4 with their headings a–d.

a. Right to confidentiality b. Respect for the views of the child

c. Right to non-discrimination d. Right to information

1.

Child victims have the right to protection, whether

they are non-nationals, nationals or residents of

the country in which they find themselves. They

must be considered as children first and foremost.

Every child shall have, without discrimination of

any kind as to race, sex, language, religion, ethnic

or social origin, birth, or other status, including

immigration status, the right to such measures

of protection as are required by his or her status

as a minor.

2.

Child victims shall be provided with accessible

information regarding their situation and their

rights, including protection mechanisms, other

available services, and the processes of family re-

unification and/or repatriation. Information shall

be provided in a language that the child victim is

able to understand. Suitable interpreters shall be

provided whenever a child victim is questioned

or interviewed, or whenever she or he requests it.

3.

All necessary measures shall be taken to protect

the privacy and identity of child victims to ensure

the safety and security of the victim and his or

her family. The name, address and all other infor-

mation that could lead to the identification of the

child victim or his or her family members shall not

be revealed to the public or media. Exceptions may

be made in circumstances such as to facilitate the

tracing of family members or otherwise secure the

well-being and protection of the child, with the

informed consent of the child.

4.

A child victim who is capable of forming his or her

views has the right to express those views freely

in all matters affecting him or her. Respect for the

views of the child will be maintained in relation to

the legal process, interim care and protection, and

the identification and implementation of a dura-

ble solution, particularly in decisions concerning

the child’s possible return to the family, country

or region of origin.

http://www.unicef.org/protection/Unicef_Victims_Guidelines_en.pdf

B. Answer these questions in connection with the paragraphs above:

1. How are people discriminated against and why?

2. Name some protection mechanisms for child victims.

3. Why is the media not told information about child victims?

4. Name some culture-specific views children might have.

http://www.unicef.org/protection/Unicef_Victims_Guidelines_en.pdf

87UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 1

Task 9 Investigate a child protection service in your country and their programme

for foreign (migrant, refugee) children. Write a note on how this programme

helps in keeping children’s fundamental rights, then present it to your

colleagues.


Task 1 A. What types of data may be vulnerable at

the borders?

B. Why and how should such data be protected?

C. Describe the picture considering how

personal data is made available to border guards.

UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 2

Fundamental rights and data protection at the borders

Task 2 A. Read about interoperability at the borders and explain how the phrases in

bold refer to fundamental rights.

A report on migration, biometrics and smart borders published by the EU

Agency for Fundamental Rights is based on surveys among staff working at

consulates and visa applicants conducted in four countries: Algeria, Nigeria,

Thailand and Ukraine.

The report on interoperability shows the fundamental rights implications

of managing biometric data in large EU IT systems in areas of borders, visa

and asylum. Interoperability should not lead to the processing of more

data – biometric or alphanumeric – than necessary for the existing purposes

under the individual legal instruments and needs to respect the sensitivity of

biometric data, which require additional safeguards to be considered when

such data are processed. Technical solutions chosen must limit access

only for authorised purposes and to authorised staff and must provide for

automated deletion of data to comply with legally set retention times.

Interoperability involves both risks and opportunities for fundamental

rights. Receiving the full picture about a person contributes to better deci-

sion-making but, according to some experts, curtailing privacy by processing

large amounts of personal data, including biometric data, may affect

democracy and society since privacy is a value inherent to a liberal democratic

and pluralist society, and a cornerstone for the enjoyment of human and

civil rights.

http://www.eticasconsulting.com

http://www.eticasconsulting.com/

89UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 2

B. What is:

data processing

biometric and alphanumeric data

automated deletion of data

Task 3 A. Listen to some information about cross-border data transfers and

write True/False next to the following sentences.

1. Cross-border data transfers are prohibited in all cases.

2. Exemptions and derogations may allow data transfers.

3. A third country recipient may send data if the country ensures data

protection.

4. The purpose and duration of processing may allow the transfer or not.

5. A third country is never to become adequate jurisdiction.

B. Listen again and name the circumstances that may allow cross-border

data transfers.

[11]

Task 4 A. Check the new rights for individuals under the General Data Protection

Regulation and rank them in the order of importance. Explain your choice.

☐ The right to be informed ☐ The right of access

☐ The right to rectification ☐ The right to erasure

☐ The right to restrict processing ☐ The right to data portability

☐ The right to object ☐ Rights in relation to automated

decision-making and profiling

B. How do these rights impact on border guarding?

What happens if these rights are breached?


Task 5 A. Check the diagram and

identify the various stages

where breaches of data

protection might occur.Live scanner

Passport verify

Verify

Sync

Collect Visa

Application

central server

Local server

Local server

Verify at border

check point

Airport

Exit / Entry

Emba

ssy

B. Now make a list of measures to address the breach of data protection at

the borders. Include:

> The type of data at risk

> The type of persons at risk

> Control and supervision

> Legal grounds for data protection

> Sanctions and remedies

Adapted from: http://www.m2sys.com/automated-fingerprint-identification-system-

afis-border-control-and-border-protection

http://www.m2sys.com/automated-fingerprint-identification-system-afis-border-control-and-border-protection/

http://www.m2sys.com/automated-fingerprint-identification-system-afis-border-control-and-border-protection/

91UNIT 8 ⁄ PART 2

unit 9

Unit Outcomes

> Describe your national border and coast guard organisation

> Compare European border and coast guard agencies

> Explain Frontex’s mission

Border and coast guarding in Europe


UNIT 9 ⁄ PART 1

National and European border and coast guarding

Task 1 A. What is the main challenge

for border guards?

B. Why are national border

police agencies different?

Task 2 Read the three texts about border police agencies.

A. Which agency or agencies:

1. is/are military?

2. is/are civilian?

3. is/are law enforcement authorities?

4. has/have Frontier Districts?

5. is/are organised on three levels?

6. has/have mounted police?

7. carries/carry out border surveillance

and border check missions?

8. has/have nationwide competency?

Lithuania – state border guard service

The Lithuanian State Border Guard Service (SBGS) is run by the Ministry of the

Interior of the Republic of Lithuania. The Lithuanian border guards’ mission is to protect the

state’s land and sea borders and ensure their inviolability. In order to carry out this mission,

the SBGS is charged with border control (border surveillance and border checks) in Lithuania.

The protection of the state border of the Republic of Lithuania and the monitoring and control

of persons and vehicles crossing the state border is performed by seven SBGS Frontier Districts,

which are under the oversight of the SBGS Headquarters. The Lithuanian border guards

sometimes have challenging missions to face, as their border crosses not only land, but also

rivers, lakes and areas that pose surveillance difficulties. During the winter season, some

of sections of Lithuania’s border that are demarcated by river freeze over, in effect becoming

bridges, increasing the vulnerability of the respective border section. The cooperation between

Lithuanian law enforcement authorities is enhanced by state law provisions, and reinforced by

the EU’s aquis. (https://frontex.europa.eu/partners/national-authorities/l)

93UNIT 9 ⁄ Part 1

Slovakia – bureau of border and alien police of the presidium of the police force

The Bureau of Border and Alien Police is a direct governing institution, under the

authority of the Presidium of the Police Force of the Slovak Republic. In order to provide an

effective and systematic protection of the state border in accordance with Schengen require-

ments and in order to improve the management of the Border and Alien Police Service, the

Bureau of the Border and Alien Police, with nationwide jurisdiction, was established on 1 April

2000. The Border and Alien Police is armed and serves to ensure the security of the state border

and to prevent illegal migration. The Bureau, which directly governs the organisational units

that are responsible for tasks related to the protection of the state border, border control, the

fight against illegal migration, ‘leave to remain’ permits for aliens, the inspection of aliens’

‘leave to remain’ permits, the expulsion of aliens, visa issuance and renewal, and, within given

boundaries, asylum proceedings and implementation of the Dublin Convention.

(https://frontex.europa.eu/partners/national-authorities/l)

Slovenia – police

Slovenia does not have an independent border police. According to Slovenian law,

the Slovenian police force are responsible for protecting the state border, carrying out border

checks and for the tasks specified in the Slovenian regulations for aliens. At state level, the

Border Police Division operates within the Uniformed Police Directorate. The Border Police

Division consists of three sections: the State Border Section performs tasks related to state

border crossings, and the protection of land and maritime state borders and airports; the

Illegal Migration and Aliens Section ensures the efficiency and effectiveness of police work in

relation to illegal migration and aliens; and the Compensatory Measures Section is involved in

international border police cooperation. At each Police Directorate, within the framework of

the Uniformed Police Sections, the tasks in the fields of state border control and regulations for

aliens are performed, respectively, by ‘Groups for State Border Control’ and ‘Inspectors for State

Border Control’. At local level, border checks at border crossing points are, as a rule, carried out

by specialised border police stations, while state border surveillance outside border crossing

points is conducted by general police stations, where groups for state border surveillance have

been established. Also significant for border affairs and immigration are the police stations

with police dog handlers and mounted police in Ljubljana and Maribor, the airport police

station at Brnik, and the maritime police station in Koper.

(https://frontex.europa.eu/partners/national-authorities/l)

http://virtual-aula.eu/?act=agencies&country_id=85&act2=show&agency_id=682&l=en


B. Complete the following sentences with verbs taken from the texts in A.

1. During the Joint Operation ‘Poseidon Sea 2010’, many criminals were

brought to justice and successfully prosecuted; one such facilitator was

organising illegal migration and was sentenced to 32 years

in prison.

2. Lithuanian border guards and one-tenth of the

entire land border of the States to the Schengen Agreement, which runs for

1070 km.

3. Blue Border activities are not limited to surveillance and patrolling; any

criminal activity or breach of the law must be followed up until the perpetra-

tor is brought to justice, as this is the only way to an effective

protection of EU freedom and security.

4. In September 2010, the Frontex Situation Centre (FSC) inaugurated its

Operation Room, which contains some of the most advanced technological

tools and is meant to the capabilities related to data processing,

information exchange, situation monitoring and crisis management.

5. The main duty performed by guest officers at the Blue Border is surveillance;

the main task is to unauthorised border crossings, counter

cross-border criminality, and take measures against those who have illegally

crossed a border.

6. Currently the e-Borders system checks 90 per cent of flights from outside the

EU and up to 60 per cent of those from within the EU to terrorist

threats, spot organised criminals, stop immigration abuse and catch fugitives

from justice.

7. The European Patrol Network (EPN) as a platform for exchange

of expertise between operational practitioners in the maritime law enforce-

ment area.

8. When Greece requested the deployment of Rapid Border Intervention

Teams (RABITs) in October 2010, Frontex’s emergency response mechanism

deployment of various profiles and functions and border

guards assigned as screening experts, debriefing experts, supporting officers,

minibus drivers, thermo-vision van crews, team leaders, duty officers and

contingent leaders.

9. The Specialised Unit for State Border Control, which tightened

and pre-designed target controls for the prevention, detection and investi-

gation of cross-border crime, illegal migration, drug smuggling, weapons,

ammunition, stolen vehicles, as well as the use of forged and

stolen documents.

95UNIT 9 ⁄ Part 1

Task 3 Describe your national border police agency and its functions.

Write notes, then make a short presentation for your class.

Task 4 A. Which European agencies in the field of law enforcement do you know?

B. What do you know about the ones below?


Task 5 A. What is national and international cooperation?

B. How do national authorities cooperate with border guards?

C. How do international organisations cooperate with border guards?

Task 6 A. Read about international cooperation between Member States and

relevant organisations and find words that collocate with:

matters services investigation

officers agreements deliveries

Cooperation is the only way to ensure a holistic response to cross-border crime. Cooperation

and partnership with different stakeholders support prevention, prosecution and protection.

For border guards, this means, at least, cooperation with other national and international law

enforcement services, as well as with NGOs. International cooperation in criminal matters is an

essential prerequisite to combating cross-border crime. It can be very challenging and requires

knowledge, planning and awareness of the practical issues at stake in both the requested and

requesting state. Different forms of international cooperation include:

– cooperation for the purposes of confiscation to deprive offenders of criminal assets;

– the exchange of information and cooperation in conducting inquiries;

– joint investigations;

– the posting of liaison officers to facilitate cooperation with a host government’s law enforce-

ment officers during the course of criminal investigations;

– bilateral and multilateral agreements and arrangements;

– cooperation with Interpol, Europol and/or Eurojust;

– intelligence development;

– activities, such as controlled deliveries, surveillance and communications interceptions.

Adapted from Anti-Trafficking Training for Border Guards, Frontex, 2012

B. Read the text again and answer the following questions:

1. With whom do border guards cooperate?

2. Knowledge and planning are required for whom?

3. Who helps cooperation between border guards and law enforcement?

4. With which European and international bodies do border guards cooperate?

97UNIT 9 ⁄ Part 1

Task 7 Study the diagram and explain the process of cross-border cooperation

between law enforcement agencies.

Organisation AEU Member State

(e.g. France)

Organisation BEUROPOL

Organisation CEU Member State

(e.g. Italy)

Requests

documents

relevant as part

of a crime

investigation

Review request

and request

document

approval from

originating state

Receive

requested

documents

Review feedback

from Organisation C

and inform requestor

Review request

and approve / reject

dissemination of

document

process start

process end


Task 1 A. What is Frontex? Why is it important?

B. With which agencies does Frontex cooperate and why?

Task 2 A. Read the text which describes the main tasks carried out by Frontex

and match headings 1–10 with paragraphs a–j.

UNIT 9 ⁄ PART 2

Frontex

a. Coast Guard Functions

b. Combatting cross-border crime

c. Cooperation with non-EU countries and international organisations

d. Operations

e. Research and Innovation

f. Respect for fundamental rights

g. Returns

h. Risk analysis and vulnerability assessment

i. Situation Monitoring

j. Training

1. The agency collects data on the situation at and beyond Europe's external borders. The data is used to identify trends in irregular migration and patterns in cross-border crime. The agency conducts annual stress tests to assess the ability of each EU member state to face challenges at their external borders.

2. The agency deploys border and coast guard officers along with vessels, aircraft, helicopters and other equipment to assist countries requiring support at their borders. In emergency situations it can quickly deploy border and coast guard officers from the rapid reaction pool of at least 1 500 officers.

3. The agency assists the member states in the return of migrants who are ineligible to stay in the EU. The decision as to who should be returned remains the exclusive responsibility of the national authorities of the EU member states. A pool of monitors, escorts and return special-ists will be created. The agency may also play a role in the organisation of voluntary departures.

4. The agency enables swift data exchange between border authorities of EU member states, the European Commission and other agencies. It provides situation and crisis monitoring, delivering early alerts and updates about the events at the external borders. To assist in this task, the agency deploys liaison officers to the individual member states.

5. The agency supports the cooperation of law enforcement authorities, EU agencies and customs at maritime borders. Vessels and aircraft deployed in its operations also collect and share information relevant to fisheries control, detection of pollution and compliance with maritime regulations.

6. The agency develops cooperation and signs working ar-rangements with non-EU countries and international organisations to exchange information about trends in migration and cross-border crime and provides assistance in capacity building. The agency can carry out operations on the territory of non-EU countries neighbouring at least one participating member state, if it requires assistance due tohigh migratory pressure.

7. The agency focuses on preventing smuggling, human trafficking and terrorism as well as other forms of cross-border crimes. The agency shares intelligence gathered at the borders on persons suspected of involvement in criminal activities with national authorities and European agencies.

8. The European Border and Coast Guard Agency facilitates cooperation between border control authorities, research and industry. The agency assists the member states and the European Commission in identifying key border security technologies and draws up and implements the EU framework programmes for research and innovation activities in the border security area.

9. The agency develops harmonised curricula and training standards for border guards in all EU countries. It conducts various courses to share knowledge and best practices, including capacity building programmes in non-EU countries. The agency delivers training on integrated border management and the coast guard functions to border and coast guards across the EU. It also trains experts who will carry out vulnerability assessments.

10. Respect for fundamental rights is at the heart of all activities undertaken by the agency. Complaint mechanism – Any person who has been directly affected by the actions of staff involved in an activity of the agency can submit a written complaint regarding possible violations of his/her fundamental rights.

99UNIT 9 ⁄ Part 2

B. Find in the text words that mean:

Able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt,

influenced or attacked.

A general development or change in a situation.

Analysis of the ability of a Member State to manage challenges

at the external borders.

To move people or equipment to a place.

Not allowed to do or have something, according to particular rules.

Happening or moving quickly, or within a short time.

Development and strengthening of human and institutional

resources.

Speaking to people in other organisations in order to work with

them and exchange information.

Task 3 A. Listen to a description of Frontex ‘Operation Triton’ and fill in the gaps

in the summary below with the missing words.

1. EU member states with to the sea rescue ships and migrants.

2. Italy is helped by ‘Operation Triton’ and its and vessels.

3. MRCC (maritime rescue coordination centre) coordinated

operations by sending vessels to the rescue.

4. Migrants in distress were given food, water and medical .

5. The Italian police identified the migrants, who may apply for .

6. Frontex collected about people smuggling networks.

B. Describe these ‘Operation Triton’ snapshots.

[12]


Task 4 Access https://frontex.europa.eu/ and read the latest news release.

Write a summary of the news, including the most relevant information.

Present the news to the class.

Task 5 Read the text below and answer the questions. By choosing the answer a, b or c.

Frontex leads international operation against organised crime

at EU’s land borders

In 2017, Frontex, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency led an interna-

tional operation focused on fighting cross-border crime and disrupting people

smuggling networks in the Western Balkans and at selected border crossing

points at the EU’s eastern land border.

The two-week-long operation was co-led by Hungary and carried out in the

second half of June 2017 in Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Romania,

Slovakia and Slovenia. Several countries deployed liaison officers to a coor-

dination centre set up by Frontex at the police headquarters in Szeged, a city

in southern Hungary near the Serbian border, to coordinate their activities.

Europol and Interpol granted direct access to their databases, shared expertise

on stolen vehicles and analysis of gathered intelligence.

As a result, national police apprehended seven people smugglers, detected

546 irregular migrants and 667 people without valid travel documents. They

also identified 24 stolen vehicles. In the course of this operation, smuggled

cigarettes, alcohol and drugs were detected, along with illegal weapons and

ammunition. The intelligence collected will help to launch investigations of

people suspected of involvement in migrant smuggling.

Known as Joint Action Day (JAD) Danube II, the operation was coordinated

by Frontex under the umbrella of the European Multidisciplinary Platform

against Criminal Threats (EMPACT). Danube II is one of many joint action days

taking place this year, which collectively are called ‘Operation Dragon 2017’.

They bring together Member State police forces, European agencies (Frontex

and Europol), as well as Interpol, in the fight against organised crime.

In Danube II, participating organisations worked together to gather intel-

ligence on people smuggling networks and enhance cooperation between

authorities involved in the fight against cross-border crime, especially people

smuggling and stolen property.

https://frontex.europa.eu/

101UNIT 9 ⁄ Part 2

1. What was the focus of the international operation?

a. Fighting international crime and trafficking networks.

b. Fighting cross-border crime and people smuggling networks.

c. Fighting crime and smuggling.

2. What did several countries deploy to coordinate the activities?

a. Seconded national experts.

b. Guest officers.

c. Liaison officers.

3. What was detected during this operation?

a. Alcohol, illegal weapons, smuggled cigarettes, drugs.

b. Smuggled cigarettes, trafficked children, drugs.

c. Illegal weapons, drugs, ammunition.

4. What will the authorities do with the collected intelligence?

a. Prosecute criminals.

b. Launch investigations.

c. Make arrests.

5. What was the aim of the participating organisations in Danube II?

a. To dismantle people smuggling networks.

b. To gather intelligence and enhance cooperation.

c. To test the response capability.


Unit Outcomes

> Make formal and informal work-related telephone calls

> Acknowledge the roles of interviews, briefings and debriefings.

> Write formal emails and letters of motivation

UNIT 10

Communication skills for border and coast guards


Task 1 A. How long do you spend on the phone at work every day?

B. Who do you speak to and what you speak about?

C. Do you make telephone calls in English?

UNIT 10 ⁄ PART 1

Spoken interaction

Task 2 Listen to a telephone conversation. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?

1. Maria Smith is calling with regard to the detection of a biometric

passport with the photograph altered.

2. The person that arrived at the BPC was a Ukrainian national with Dutch

citizenship.

3. He was travelling towards Italy.

4. He arrived at dawn and he was driving a black 5 series BMW.

5. A copy of the registration documents was sent by email.

Task 3 Read the telephone conversation and find the phrases that mean:

can I help you?

not here

now

when will she come back?

why do you want to talk to her?

private thing

how can he contact you?

when she comes back

[13]


Receptionist: Good Afternoon, Helmut Schneider, how may I help you?

Caller: Yes, I would like to speak to Clara Meyer, please.

Receptionist: I’m sorry, Clara is out of the office at the moment.

Caller: Do you know when to expect her?

Receptionist: She should be back about 3:00. Would you like to leave a message?

Caller: Yes. My name is Lisa Schulze.

Receptionist: Is that S-C-H-U-L-Z-E?

Caller: Yes, thank you.

Receptionist: Okay, and may I tell her what this is in regard to?

Caller: Well, it’s a rather personal matter…

Receptionist: That’s okay. How can she reach you, Ms Meyer?

Caller: At 435-777.

Receptionist: 435-777. Fine. I will give her the message as soon as she returns.

Caller: Thank you very much.

Receptionist: You are welcome. Goodbye.

Task 4 Complete the conversation.

Ana: Good morning, General’s office. This is Ana Ionescu speaking.

Toma: Good morning Ana. This is Colonel Toma from the Coast Guard Division.

Can you (1) the Commander, please?

Ana: (2) sir, but the Commander is in a meeting right now with the heads

of units.

Toma: I’ve got some important news. Do you think I (3) interrupt them?

Ana: I’ll see if he can (4) , sir.

Ana: (5) , sir and I’ll call him on the private line.

Commander: General Popa speaking.

Ana: Sir, colonel Toma from the Coast Guard Division is on line two, he has

something urgent to discuss with you. Can you take this call or do you want

me to ask him to (6) ?

Commander: (7) , we have finished our meeting. Did he say

what his news was?

Ana: Yes sir. He said he would like to inform you that we have a request to deploy

the ship Stefan Cel Mare to Italy within joint maritime operation Aeneas.

(8) to you now, sir?

General: Yes, go ahead.

Task 5 Listen to a voice mail message about the planning of a future operational

activity and complete the notes.

Subject

Resources

Preparations

Timing

Expected developments

[14]


Task 6 Briefings, debriefings and interviews

1. What is an interview?

2. When is it used in border and coast guarding?

Task 7 A. Arrange the stages of an interview in chronological order:

clarify and challenge (open- and closed-ended questions)

free recall (active listening, no interruptions)

summary (closure).

Justify your answer.

B. Match the key elements of a successful interview with their descriptions.

contact content conduct credibility control

How the interviewer is perceived

Directing the flow of the interview (keeping the interviewee on

track)

The way the content is dealt with

Establishing rapport (relation) and setting out aims and objectives

for the interview

Finding out facts using appropriate questioning strategies


Task 8 A. Read the descriptions and decide which paragraph refers to briefings or

debriefings in the context of Frontex operations.

Collecting information by interviewing migrants detected for

illegal border crossings must be conducted with the consent of the

migrant being interviewed on a voluntary basis, built on trust and

confidentiality. The information collected is processed and turned

into intelligence for further analysis and will then contribute to

decisions concerning operational responses.

Participants to a joint operation will receive it during the first days

of the deployment in accordance with the respective chapter of the

Operational Plan. This integrates core elements of an induction

training in order to guarantee best preparation in the right time

to all deployed staff. It is composed of two parts: a general and a

national one.

B. What information is expected to get from migrants?

C. What would general and national briefings contain?


Task 9 A. Read the case study and write a list of questions you might need to use to

collect operational information from Gheorghe during a briefing.

Gheorghe is 35-years old and lives in the capital of an eastern European

country. He has been without a job for several years. He has already gone

to western Europe looking for a job three times. Twice he was apprehended

when crossing a border and sent back. Another time he managed to enter the

envisaged destination country in western Europe irregularly and worked there

for one and a half years. Then he returned to his country. In 2000, since his

savings from his time in the western European country were running out, he

decided to leave his country again. He obtained a visa for the neighbouring

country and travelled to its capital by bus. From there, he travelled by bus to

the border with a central European country, which he crossed on foot without

any assistance. Gheorghe could not find any work in that country and decided

to go to another country in western Europe. Fearing that it was too dangerous

to attempt to enter the neighbouring country illegally on his own, Gheorghe

decided to enlist the services of a smuggler. After a few days of searching, he

met a fellow citizen who assured him that he knew the border area very well.

He paid a fee of approximately USD 150 to the smuggler. The smuggler drove

him close to the border and guided him over the border on foot. Immediately

after crossing the border, he was apprehended by a border police patrol while

the smuggler managed to escape.

UNODC A short introduction to migrant smuggling, 2010

B. Use your list of questions in a role play with a partner standing in for

Gheorghe.


Task 1 A. When do you write and receive emails in your

line of work/study?

B. How are these emails different from your

personal emails?

UNIT 10 ⁄ PART 2

Written interaction

Task 2 A. Read the emails and write the appropriate subject line for each of them.

Subject:

Dear Chief Superintendent Brenner,

We regret to inform you that we cannot meet the deadline of 15 September.

Due to the difficulties presented by leave periods we are unable to finish the

report on risk analysis at the eastern borders. We would be grateful if you

could extend the deadline to 25 September. Thank you in advance for your

understanding.

Yours sincerely,

Inspector H. Schneider

Subject:

Dear colleagues,

During our last meeting in Warsaw it was decided that the next meeting of

the working group on Code of Conduct for Joint Return Operations would

take place in Rome. I would like to propose the dates 20 through 25 November

(inclusive) for this meeting.

I would be grateful if experts from Member States could please let me know

ASAP whether these dates are acceptable.

Attached you will find the draft for the final chapter. I would be grateful if you

could send me your comments one week before the meeting.

Best regards,

Alexander S.

Project manager


Subject:

Dear colleagues,

I am now in the position to confirm the final dates of the European Workshop

‘How to write EU official documents in English’ which will be held in Berlin on

8 and 9 December.

Attached you will find the agenda of the workshop and the registration form.

It would be appreciated if you could register by 25 November.

Best regards,

Louise Clark

B. Find words or phrases in the emails that mean:

the last date by which the task must be completed;

a group of people who analyse a problem and make

recommendations;

a first or preliminary form of any document that can be changed

before it is finished.

C. Read the emails again. Underline the expressions the writers use to:

1. suggest a time and place for the meeting;

2. give bad news;

3. request an extension to a deadline;

4. refer to attachments;

5. suggest that something is urgent.

Task 3 What do the following acronyms and abbreviations stand for?

When are they used?

FYI ASAP

AKA BFN

BTW RE

Task 4 Study the structure of emails below. Choose one line from each box,

writing to:

a. a new younger colleague;

b. the head of unit who used to be your colleague;

c. a guest officer who you have not met personally;

d. a colleague from another department who is also your friend.


Subject line Be short and give specific details about the content

Salutation Dear Sir/Madam (when you don’t know the name)

Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms (when you know the name)

Dear Inspector Reymonds

Dear Tom (less formal when you have had contact before)

Hi/Hello Tom (informal, between colleagues)

Tom (informal used in short messages)

Opening sentence I am writing to

I am writing in response to

Just a quick note to (informal)

Conclusion I am looking forward to your reply

I am looking forward to hearing from you

Hope to hear from you soon (informal)

Close Yours sincerely (if you began with Dear + name)

Yours faithfully (if you began the mail with Dear Madam/Sir)

Best regards / wishes / Kind regards

All the best / Best (informal)

Tom / Rebecca / T. (name or only initials when used between colleagues)

Task 5 You would like to apply for a Master’s programme and you have seen an

advertisement about a Master’s in Strategic Border Management.

A. Read the advertisement overleaf and complete the indirect questions.

Start as prompted:

How can I access the programme?

Could you tell me

Do I need a level test in English?

Please let me know

What requirements do prospective students have to fulfil?

Could you tell me

When will the admission take place?

I would like to know

Who covers the costs related to enrolment fees, travel expenses, accommodation

and meals?

Would you mind telling me

What award will be given to students upon graduation?

I would be grateful if you could tell me


B. Write an email to [email protected] asking for further

information. Use the answers in A.

Border guard leaders will now have the chance to study together, to learn from each other and to share best practices through quality education leading to an internationally recognised Master’s degree.

> Integrated strategic and intelligence-driven approach to border management;

> Our teachers are academics and experienced operational officers from all across the EU;

> Flexible learning paradigm that uses a blended learning approach including e-learning solutions;

> Duration: 18 months while students study in different institutions with their peers in the classroom 1 week per module;

> Students come from national border guard organisations;

> The programme consists of three stages: stage 1 and 2 contain the taught component of the programme; stage 3 is the keystone experience, the dissertation;

> 10 modules with individual learning, contact week and experiential learning.


Task 6 A. What branch of border guarding are you currently employed in/would you

like to work in?

B. What personal qualities and professional background (education and

experience) make you fit for this job?

C. What new skills will you need to advance in this line of work?

Task 7 Select one of the courses below you would like to attend and write a letter of

motivation (200–250 words)

Behaviour analysis

One-year training course in general

behaviour analysis with a special focus

on profiling at the border. The training

uses a combined empirical and theoretical

method that is often quite challenging

for the trainee. The course is held at ILEA

(International Law Enforcement Academy)

in Budapest by instructors coming from

several agencies all over Europe.

Falsified Document Detection

Frontex provides a specialist course of

2 weeks’ intensive training aimed at expe-

rienced second line officers and ‘third-line’

document experts, who are then expected

to act as knowledge multipliers at their

place of work.

Language training:

focusing on operational needs and

related terminology

Training for practitioners at airports:

basic and advanced level are designed in

order to reach a large number of border

guards working at airports and to enhance

their English knowledge as required for

performing daily tasks as well as during

Frontex-coordinated joint operations at

airports. The 2-week course is organised by

Frontex and will be held in Warsaw.


Revision tests


REVISION TEST I

I Circle the correct answer a, b, c or d.

1. The activity carried out at the border crossing points, to ensure that all per-

sons, including their means of transport and the objects in their possession,

may be authorised to enter the territory of the Member States or authorised to

leave it refers to .

a. border control b. border surveillance

c. border check d. border regulation

2. Blue border activities are not limited to surveillance and ; any criminal

activity or of the law must be followed up until the perpetrator is brought

to justice.

a. searching/violation b. seizing/non-compliance

` c. checks/break d. patrolling/breach

3. During joint operations many criminals are brought to justice and prosecuted;

one such facilitator was organising illegal migration.

a. sentenced with b. charged with

c. performing d. carried out

4. The daily work begins each morning with a of the situation in the past

24 hours.

a. description b. report

c. briefing d. information

5. Means of shall be assessed in accordance with the duration and the of

the stay and by average prices in the MSs concerned for board and lodging in

budget accomodation, multiplied by the number of days stayed.

a. subsistence/purpose b. living/objective

c. existence/aim d. financing/intention

6. All persons shall be subjected to a in order to establish their identities on

the basis of the production or presentation of their travel document.

a. minimum check b. short control

c. line control d. minimal search

7. Border guard officers work at border points and the line of green border.

a. entry b. surveillance

c. crossing d. checking

8. Member States facing increasing immigration pressure could ask Frontex to

either a joint operation or to a RABIT in those places under the most

severe pressure.

a. start/administer b. commence/develop

c. initiate/appoint d. launch/deploy

117REVISION TEST I

9. All persons shall a minimum check in order to establish their identities

on the basis of the production or presentation of their travel documents.

a. undergo b. carry out

c. perform d. undertake

10. Border is in the interest not only of the Schengen Member State at whose

external borders is carried out, but of all MS that have it at their internal

borders.

a. control/abolished b. surveillance/excluded

c. check/abolished d. patrolling/eradicated

II Choose the correct variant:

BGs work at the border (1) and the line of the green border.

Connected with those two areas are also the two basic tasks BG is required

to fulfil: protection of the state borders and border traffic control.

The (2) of travellers is not just a simple procedure of checking

documents. The officer also checks whether the traveller has a (3)

for the country of final destination and (4) ones (if they are required).

The BG has to establish whether the foreigner entering Romania has sufficient

funds to cover the costs of his/her stay; whether or not he/she is on the list of

(5) people or if the law enforcement agencies or the justice depart-

ment do not (6) .

For motorised travellers the BG checks whether he/she has a (7)

driving licence, insurance and legal documents; whether the vehicle has not

been stolen or whether it is in good condition for safe travel. The officer also

has to check the (8) section in case of a hiding place for concealing

smuggled goods.

The BG has the duty to combat illegal trasportation of narcotics, weapons,

(9) , explosive materials, toxic waste, chemicals and radioactive

materials. Detailed baggage (10) , using X-ray equipment is standard

practice within airports.

1. a. crossing points b. exit points c. passing points d. crossed points

2. a. clearing b. endorsement c. clearance d. approval

3. a. stamp b. visa c. permit d. means of subsistence

4. a. transit b. tresspassing c. crossing d. transportation

5. a. unwanted b. stateless c. undesirable d. admissable

6. a. check b. apprehend c. caution d. pursue

7. a. secure b. valid c. issued d. confirmed

8. a. trunk b. shipping c. luggage d. cargo

9. a. amunition b. ammunition c. munition d. extinction

10. a. inspection b. investigation c. control d. surveillance


III Read about asylum procedures. Match the numbers 1–5 with the letters A–F.

There is one letter which you do not need to use.

A. Checks within territory

B. Conduct of border checks

C. Joint control

D. Border control

E. Border surveillance

F. Border guard

1.

This activity comprises not only checks on persons at border crossing points and

surveillance between these border crossing points, but also an analysis of the

risks for internal security and analysis of the threats that may affect the security

of external borders. It is therefore necessary to lay down the conditions, criteria

and detailed rules governing checks at border crossing points and surveillance.

2.

Any public official assigned, in accordance with national law, to a border crossing

point or along the border or the immediate vicinity of that border who carries out,

in accordance with this regulation and national law border control tasks.

3.

Border guards shall, in the performance of their duties, fully respect human

dignity. Any measures taken in the performance of their duties shall be propor-

tionate to the objectives pursued by such measures. While carrying out border

checks, border guards shall not discriminate against persons on grounds of sex,

racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.

4.

The main purpose shall be to prevent unauthorised border crossings, to counter

cross-border criminality and to take measures against persons who have crossed

the border illegally. The border guards shall use stationary or mobile units. It shall

be carried out in such a way as to prevent and discourage persons from circum-

venting the checks at border crossing points by border guards whose numbers and

methods shall be adapted to existing or foreseen risks and threats.

5.

Member States which do not apply Article 20 to their common land borders

may, up to the date of application of that article, perform common control at

their common borders, in which case a person may be stopped only once for the

purpose of carrying out entry and exit checks, without prejudice to the individual

responsibility of Member States arising from Articles 6 to 13. To that end, Member

States may conclude bilateral arrangements between themselves.

119REVISION TEST I

IV Read the text and answer the questions. Use no more than eight words.

The Challenges of the Rapid Pool

When Greece requested the deployment of rapid border intervention teams

(RABITs) in October 2010, Frontex’s emergency response mechanism was acti-

vated for the first time. Frontex sent to Member States a call to activate experts

at border surveillance at external land borders, due to the operational area and

objectives. Two hundred border guards from 26 Member States were deployed

on short notice to the Greek–Turkish land border. The next 5 months required

the solidarity of Member States to ensure that a daily average of 170 border

guards were successfully integrated into Greek border management structures.

The RABIT Operation 2010 required the deployment of various profiles and

functions. Apart from the core competencies identified in the applicable

Management Board Decision, border guards were also assigned as screening

experts, debriefing experts, Frontex supporting officers, minibus drivers,

thermo-vision van crews, team leaders, duty officers and contingent leaders.

The tremendous logistical efforts necessary to organise accommodation and

transportation in the operational area required the additional inclusion of

‘deployment support officers’, who assisted Frontex staff in an office especially

established to coordinate and organise the deployed operational resources.

1. What kind of experts were deployed when Frontex activated for the first time

its emergency response mechanism?

2. How many Member States participated in operation RABIT?

3. How much time was needed to integrate the deployed border guards into

Greek border structures?

4. Name three profiles that were deployed in RABIT Operation 2010.

5. Who was assigned to aid Frontex staff in the office that coordinated and

organised the operational resources?


REVISION TEST I I

I Choose the correct variant:

1. The variety of forms of exploitation makes it difficult to use for victims of

trafficking at borders.

a. profiling b. e-fits

c. first line control d. detection devices

2. In cases where victims of human trafficking are foreign or ,

law enforcement officers may often assume that they are migrants,

not victims of a crime.

a. undocumented/irregular b. smugglers/illegal

c. domestic/irregular d. stateless/illegal

3. Frontex Situation Centre contains one of the most advanced technological

tools and is meant to improve the related to data , information

exchange, situation monitoring and crisis management.

a. capabilities/processing b. facilities/dealing

c. endowment/manipulation d. skill/flow

4. Under EU law, common rules exist for EU Member States regarding the of

short-term visas and the implementation of border control and border

activities.

a. issuance/surveillance b. enforcing/check

c. implementation/supervision d. issue/patrol

5. Under EU law, entry are entered into a database called the Schengen

Information System.

a. interdictions b. detections

c. bans d. breaches

6. The permits are issued by a MS according to the uniform format laid down

by the Council Regulation 1030/2002.

a. stay b. visa

c. entry d. residence

7. Persons for whom an alert has been issued for the purposes of refusing

means any for whom an alert has been issued in the SIS in accordance

with and for the purposes laid down in Article 96 of the Schengen Convention.

a. entrance/stateless person b. entry/third country national

c. stay/alien d. residence/offender

121REVISION TEST II

8. Without prejudice to the exceptions provided for in paragraph 2 or to their

international protection obligations, Member States shall introduce ,

in accordance with their national law, for the unauthorised of external

borders at places other than border crossing points or at times other than the

fixed opening hours.

a. punishments/passage b. provisions/trespassing

c. penalties/crossing d. breaches/entry

9. Means of shall be assessed in accordance with the duration and the of

the stay and by average prices in the MSs concerned for board and lodging in

budget accommodation, multiplied by the number of days stayed.

a. subsistence/purpose b. living/objective

c. existence/aim d. financing/intention

10. The clearance of travellers is not just a simple procedure of checking docu-

ments to see if they permit the to cross the border.

a. issuer b. holder

c. owned d. defendant

II Choose the correct variant:

A UK biometric residence permit is a (1) .which holds: your biographic details

(your name, and your date and place of (2) ); and your ‘biometric information’

(fingerprints and (3) image). It also shows your immigration status and your

(4) while you are in the UK. If you apply to (5) your leave to remain or apply

for (6) leave to remain, you will be required to enrol your biometrics as part

of the (7) process. You cannot apply for a biometric residence permit unless

you are applying to extend your (8) in one of the qualifying categories. When

you apply to extend your stay in the UK in one of these categories, you will use

your application (9) to apply to extend your stay and to apply for a biometric

residence permit. You will also need to enrol your biometric information with

us. For more information about your responsibilities as a (10) of a biometric

residence permit (including what to do if anything happens to your permit),

see the Permit holders’ responsibilities page.

1. a. paper b. card c. device d. ID

2. a. birth b. residence c. stay d. work

3. a. profile b. side c. facial d. front

4. a. rights b. entitlements c. benefits d. gains

5. a. limit b. restrain c. double d. extend

6. a. define b. definition c. definite d. indefinite

7. a. application b. enrolment c. subscription d. seeking

8. a. stand b. stay c. sit d. stop

9. a. register b. record c. form d. letter

10. a. keeper b. possessor c. repository d. holder


III Read about legal institutions. Match the numbers 1–5 with the letters A–F.


A. Earnings and benefits

B. Working requirements

C. Training requirements

D. Drug testing

E. Border police duties

F. Employment outlook

1.

Border patrol agents often work outdoors along international borders. They may

be sent on temporary assignments on short notice and be permanently reassigned

to any duty location. They are required to be proficient in the use of and carry

firearms. Agents work 40 hours a week, usually in rotating shifts, plus overtime.

Agents are subject to random drug testing.

2.

New agents may be promoted after a probationary period lasting about 6 months.

They may be promoted again at the end of their third year of service. Some agents

advance to supervisory positions or transfer to other jobs in immigration and

naturalisation. Because the number of people entering the country illegally is

increasing, opportunities for border patrol agents many increase as well.

3.

Border patrol agents make sure that laws are observed when goods or people enter

the United States. One of their chief tasks is covert surveillance along the border.

They also conduct traffic and transportation checks at ports of entry; arrest aliens

who live in this country illegally.

4.

In 2004 the average wage for experienced agents was USD 55 000 per year. All

agents received Administratively Uncontrollable Overtime based on the number of

unscheduled hours of overtime worked each week. Agents receive paid vacations;

health, long-term care, and life insurance; pensions; and other benefits given to

federal employees.

5.

Applicants, younger than 37-years old, need a college degree in order to be allowed

to pass written examinations that assess their logical reasoning and ability to

speak a foreign language. After passing the examinations, applicants undergo in-

depth interviews that evaluate their interpersonal skills. Prospective agents must

undergo drug tests, medical screenings, and comprehensive background checks.

123REVISION TEST II

IV Read the text and answer the questions using no more than eight words

US border agents in Washington arrested a Canadian fugitive suspected of

shooting to death three fellow security guards and wounding a fourth in a

bloody armoured-car robbery at the University of Alberta in Edmonton on

Friday. Travis Brandon Baumgartner, 21, an employee of G4S Cash Solutions

Ltd, was taken into custody while trying to cross into the United States in his

pickup truck at the port of entry in Lynden, Washington, Edmonton police

said. The arrest of Baumgartner, wanted on Canada-wide warrants charging

him with three counts of first-degree murder and one count of attempted

murder, capped a 36-hour manhunt, police said. Although Baumgartner had

been considered armed and dangerous while on the run, no firearm was found

in the suspect’s possession when he was arrested.

But authorities did find an undisclosed sum of money in his truck at

the border, the Border Police spokesman said, adding that he expected

Baumgartner to be returned to Edmonton to face charges on Saturday night

or Sunday morning. He said no extradition proceedings were necessary since

Baumgartner was caught at the border.

1. What crime was the runaway arrested for?

2. Where did the suspect enter US?

3. What was Baumgartner charged with?

and

4. What did authorities find in the suspect’s possession?

5. Why wasn’t Baumgartner submitted to extradition proceedings?


REVISION TEST I I I

I Fill in the text with words from the box.

record flows indications toll unprecedented

occurrence displaced triggered hub comprehensive

border surpassed response assist

The Mediterranean Migration Crisis

Faced with a migration crisis in the Mediterranean, Europe is struggling to assist

people in need while securing its borders.

Increased international attention has recently been paid to the ongoing and esca-

lating irregular migration crisis in the Mediterranean Sea. The combined death

(1) of more than 1 200 migrants in a series of shipwreck disasters

occurring in mid-April 2015 largely (2) this current upsurge in

attention to the situation. Among these incidents was the worst single shipwreck

tragedy on (3) , involving the death of an estimated 800 migrants.

While by no means a new phenomenon, the number of sub-Saharan African and

Middle Eastern migrants travelling across the Mediterranean Sea to reach Europe

– along with the associated death toll – is (4) in scale. The complexity

of these migration (5) is challenging current frameworks, and

Europe is struggling to develop a (6) architecture that balances

efforts to (7) persons in need with efforts to secure its borders.

The number of irregular migrant arrivals to Europe in 2014 (8) the

previous record seen in 2011, when a wave of immigration followed the revolu-

tionary struggles of the media-named ‘Arab Spring’. There are many

(9) that 2015 will see the highest number of migrants in the

Mediterranean yet.

Given its geographic position as the (10) between Europe, Africa, and

Asia, the Mediterranean is particularly sensitive to the world’s highest numbers

of refugees and internally (11) persons since World War II. A joint

policy brief presented by the European University Institute’s Migration Policy

Centre highlighted the fact that the Mediterranean Sea is the most dangerous

(12) between countries that are not at war with each other. The

existence of this level of mass migration without the (13) of conven-

tionally understood state versus state warfare presents significant challenges for

state-led (14) mechanisms.

125REVISION TEST III

II Read the text and answer the questions using no more than five words.

Europe’s asylum seekers

Syria’s brutal civil war is pushing a new wave of migrants towards Europe.

Their numbers have surged, but many asylum seekers in Europe have also

fled the conflicts and turmoil in Afghanistan, Iraq and the Horn of Africa.

European governments are struggling to co-ordinate their response to the

influx. Large movements of migrants from country to country quickly fuel

suspicions that some politicians are trying to shift the burden onto their

neighbours.

Greece and Italy – major entry points for migrants – say there must be more

burden-sharing in the EU, especially as they have been hit hard by the euro

area crisis. Migrants continue to board overcrowded, rickety boats, risking

their lives. The recent deaths of hundreds of migrants in the Mediterranean

highlighted their plight. Asylum is granted to those who say they are fleeing

persecution and who can convince the authorities that they would face harm

or even death if they were to be sent back.

Nearly a quarter of asylum applications in the EU are handled by Germany.

France is the second biggest destination for asylum seekers. But often English-

speaking migrants head for the UK, which is home to large communities from

Pakistan, Somalia and Middle Eastern countries. Among the asylum seekers

from Russia there are many Chechens, whose homeland was devastated by

war between separatist rebels and Russian troops.

The asylum seekers from Serbia include many Roma and ethnic Albanians,

who complain of discrimination in Serbia.

In the developed world the US is the top destination for asylum seekers, but

Germany and France are second and third. Sweden, with a much smaller

population, is fourth, ahead of the UK.

1. What is the cause that generated the flow of migrants?

2. What are the countries from where migrants enter Europe?

3. On what ground may asylum be granted?

4. Where do the communities from Pakistan, Somalia and the Middle East settle?

5. What are the first three destination countries for asylum seekers?


III Read about the guiding principles a BG has to apply when dealing with

potential victims of trafficking. Match the numbers 1–5 with the letters A–F.


A. Consider any preconceptions and prejudices

B. Stay objective, do not judge

C. Place victim and her/his rights at the centre

D. Listen actively and responsively

E. Do not harm

F. Ensure safety, protection and assistance

1.

Due attention must be given to ensure that measures taken by border guards

do not affect the rights granted under international and regional legislation, in

particular when it comes to refugees and asylum seekers, unaccompanied and

separate children and other vulnerable groups.

2.

Given the extreme risk associated with trafficking, the fragile state of many of

its victims and the potential for increased trauma, each individual and situation

should be treated as if the potential for harm is significant until there is evidence

to the contrary.

3.

Before and while speaking with a potential victim of trafficking it is essential to

make sure that the person feels safe and secure. No substantive dialogue can take

place if the person feels ill at ease. As soon as possible, the person should be asked

whether they are in need of medical attention.

4.

Try to have a good contact with the potential victim – this may lead to success in

further investigation bringing the trafficker/facilitator to justice and granting the

rights of victims. Active listening means fully concentrating on the person who is

speaking and what they are saying, and acknowledging that what is being said is

heard and understood.

5.

Potentially trafficked persons must feel that what they say is not being scru-

tinised for its veracity. Similarly, it is important to keep in mind that trafficked

persons have real reasons not to trust others, to mislead and dissemble and alter

their version of the past.

127REVISION TEST III

Key to revision tests


Test I I

1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. A

6. A 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. A

II

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C

6. D 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. A

III

1. Border control

2. Border Guard

3. Conduct of Border Checks

4. Border Surveillance

5. Joint Control

IV

1. Experts in border surveillance at external borders

2. 26

3. 5 months

4. Screening experts, debriefing experts, supporting officers, team leaders,

duty-officers, contingent leaders, thermo-vision van crews

5. Support officers

Test II I

1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. C

6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. B

II

1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D

6. D 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. D

III

1. B 2. F 3. E 4. A 5. C

IV

1. (a bloody armoured car) robbery,

2. (at the port of entry) in Lynden, (Washington)

3. (three counts of) first degree murder and (one count of) attempted murder

4. (an undisclosed sum of) money

5. he was caught at the border

129Key to revision tests

Test III I

1. Toll

2. Triggered

3. Record

4. Unprecedented

5. Flows

6. Comprehensive

7. Assist

8. Surpass

9. Indications

10. Hub

11. Displaced

12. Border

13. Occurrence

14. Response

II

1. Civil war

2. Greece and Italy

3. Persecution

4. UK

5. US; Germany and France

III

1. C 2. E 3. F 4. D 5. B

131Key to revision tests

Glossary


Advanced passenger information (API)

A system that requires all airlines to provide

passenger passport information prior to

departure of any inbound or outbound

flights to ensure safety and security

Agency A business or organization

providing a particular service on behalf

of another business, person, or group

Agenda A plan of things to be done

or problems to be addressed

Alert Warn (someone) of a danger or problem

Alert Quick to notice any unusual

and potentially dangerous or difficult

circumstances; vigilant

Alien From a foreign country

Alleged Said, without proof, to

have taken place or to have a specified

illegal or undesirable quality

Alter Change

Applicant A person who makes

a formal application for something

Application A formal request to be

considered for a position or to be allowed

to do or have something, submitted to

an authority, institution, or organisation

Apprehend Arrest (someone) for a crime

Apprehension Seizure by legal actions

Appropriate Suitable or proper

in the circumstances

Assets A useful or valuable thing

Assignment A task or piece of work

that someone is given to do

Assist Help

Assistance Help provided to someone

Asylum The protection granted by

a state to someone who has left their

home country as a political refugee

Attempt An effort to achieve

or complete something

Average Calculated by adding several

amounts together, finding a total and dividing

the total by the number of amounts

Awareness Knowledge or perception

of a situation or fact

Backup One that serves as

a substitute or support

Bail The temporary release of a prisoner in

exchange for security given for the prisoner's

appearance at a later hearing

Ban Officially or legally

prohibit (e.g. entry ban)

Biodata page Page in a passport with

biographical data (name, date of birth,

passport number, expiration date)

Blended (learning) An education

program (formal or non-formal) that

combines online digital media with

traditional classroom methods

Board Get on or into (a ship,

aircraft or other vehicle)

Bona fide Genuine, real or legal

(e.g. bona fide traveller)

Breach Breaking or failing to observe

a law, agreement or code of conduct

Breach An act of breaking or failing to

observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct

Breeder document National documents

like driving licence, birth certificate

and student enrolment documents

used to generate successive instances

of fraudulent documentation

Briefing Short information session

on the operational situation

Bring to justice Arrest someone for a crime

and ensure that they are tried in court

Bypass Circumvent or avoid something

(e.g. bypass the border control)

133Glossary

Cancel Annul or revoke (e.g. cancel a visa)

Capability Power or ability to do something

Cargo Goods carried in a ship or plane

Carrier A natural or legal person who

provides transport of persons

Carry out Do and complete a task

Carve Cut (a hard material) in order to

produce an object, design, or inscription

Charge Formally accuse (someone) of

something, especially an offence under law

Check Examine someone or

something to see if it is correct, safe or

acceptable (e.g. document check)

Circumvent Avoid something, illegally

Clandestine Kept secret or done

secretively, especially because illicit

Coach An expert who trains someone

in learning or improving a skill

Coercion The action or practice of

persuading someone to do something

by using force or threats

Cohort A group of people/objects

with a shared characteristic

Collate Collect and combine

(texts, information or data)

Commence Begin something

Commodity Product that can

be traded, bought or sold

Commuter A person who travels some

distance to work on a regular basis

Compensatory Intended to recompense

someone who has experienced

loss, suffering, or injury

Complement Add something

in a way that improves

Conceal Prevent (something) from

being known; keep secret, hidden

Conclusive Having or likely to have

the effect of proving a case; decisive

Conspicuous Attracting notice or attention

Contingent Dependent on

Counterfeit Made in imitation so as to be

passed off fraudulently or deceptively as genuine

Cover A thick protective outer part or page

Covert Not openly acknowledged or

displayed (e.g. covert border surveillance)

Covert Not openly shown

Criminalise Turn (an activity) into

a criminal offence by making it illegal

Cross-border Movement or activity

across borders (e.g. cross-border crime)

Custody Imprisonment, detention

Customary law Established by or based on

custom rather than common law or statute

Debriefing Collecting information

by interviewing migrants detected

for illegal border-crossings

Deception Causing (someone) to

believe something that is not true,

especially for personal gain.

Depart Leave a place

Deploy Move units or equipment

for a law enforcement action

Deployment The movement of troops or

equipment to a place or position for action

Deprive Prevent a person from

having or using something

Descend on Arrive and begin to

affect somebody/something

Detection The process of discovering, finding

Detention Being kept in custody

Dinghy Small inflatable rubber boat

Dinghy A small boat for recreation or racing

Disembark Leave a ship, aircraft, or train

Disguise Altering one's appearance

to conceal one's identity.


Displaced Force (someone) to leave

their home, typically because of war,

persecution, or natural disaster.

(in) Distress The state of a ship or aircraft

when in danger or difficulty and needing help

Division A major section of

an organization, with responsibility

for a particular area of activity

Draft A preliminary version of

a piece of writing; a plan

Encode Convert into a coded form

Endangered At risk of no longer

existing (e.g. endangered species)

Enroll Officially register as a member of

an institution or a student on a course

Evidence Information drawn from personal

testimony, a document, or a material object,

used to establish facts in a legal investigation

or admissible as testimony in a law court.

Exceed Greater than a particular

number or amount

Exempt from Free from an obligation

or liability (e.g. exempt from taxes)

Expulsion The action of forcing someone

to leave an organisation / a place

Extradition The action of handing over

(a person accused or convicted of a crime)

to the jurisdiction of the foreign state

in which the crime was committed

Facilitator A person helping migrants

to illegally cross the border

Fake Not genuine; imitation or counterfeit

Famine Extreme scarcity of food

Fingerprint An impression or mark made on

a surface by a person’s fingertip, able to be used

for identifying individuals from the unique

pattern of whorls and lines on the fingertips

Flee Run away from a place

or situation of danger

Forecast Say that something

will happen in the future

Forgery Imitation of a document,

signature, banknote, or work of art

Forgery The crime of falsely and fraudulently

making or altering a document

Fraudulent Obtained, done by or involving

deception, especially criminal deception

Fugitive A person who has escaped

from captivity or is in hiding.

Genuine Authentic

Getaway Escape

Grand theft The crime of unlawful

taking of another's property or money

over a statutorily defined value, as

distinguished from petty (or petit) theft

Grant Give (a right, power, property, etc.)

formally or legally to

Harbouring Shelter or hide

Hazard A danger or risk

Headquarter Have the main offices of

an organisation in a particular place

Holder Owner of something (e.g. of a passport)

Hotspot A place of significant

activity, danger or violence

Hub Central and most important

part of a particular place

Inflict Cause (something unpleasant or

painful) to be suffered by someone or something

Insurmountable Too great to be overcome

Intercept Obstruct (someone or

something) so as to prevent them

from continuing to a destination.

Interoperability The ability of

information systems to operate in

conjunction with each other

135Glossary

Invalidate Make something no longer

legally or officially valid or acceptable

Inviolability Security from destruction,

violence or infringement

Irregular Contrary to the rules or to that which

is normal or established (e.g. irregular migrants)

Issue Supply or distribute

(something) for use or sale

Joint (operation) Shared, held, or

made by two or more people together

Jurisdiction The authority that

an official organisation has to make legal

decisions about somebody/something

Lane Section of a wide road, marked

by painted white lines or tape to

keep lines of traffic separate

Layer A sheet, quantity or

thickness of material, typically one

of several, covering a surface

Legitimate Allowed and acceptable

according to the law

Liaison officer Person who is employed to

form a working relationship between two

organisations to their mutual benefit

Lodge Present (a complaint, appeal, claim,

etc.) formally to the proper authorities

Log book A book containing the official

record of trips made by a ship or aircraft;

a document listing the registration,

manufacture, ownership and previous

owners, etc. of a motor vehicle

Lookout A careful looking or watching

Lucrative Producing a great deal of profit

Magnifying glass A lens that produces

an enlarged image, typically set in

a frame with a handle and used to

examine small or finely detailed things

such as fingerprints and fine print

Manned Equipment that has human crew

Memorandum A usually brief communication

written for inter-office circulation

Milestone A significant stage or event

in the development of something

Misappropriate Take somebody else’s

money or property for yourself, especially

when they have trusted you to take care of it

Mislead Cause (someone) to have

a wrong idea or impression

Modus operandi A particular way

or method of doing something.

Mounted Riding an animal, typically

a horse, especially for military or other duty

National Citizen of a country

Neighbouring Next to or very near another

place; adjacent (e.g. neighbouring countries)

Network Group of people who

exchange information and contacts

for professional or social purposes

Outwards Away from the centre or

a particular point; towards the outside

Overcrowded Fill (accommodation or

a space) beyond what is usual or comfortable

Pattern A particular way in which

something is done, organised or happens

Permit An official document giving

someone authorisation to do something

Perpetrator Person who carries out

a harmful, illegal or immoral act.

Persecution Hostility and ill-treatment,

especially because of race or political

or religious beliefs; oppression

Premises The building or buildings and

surrounding land that a business owns or uses

Prerequisite Required as a prior condition


Proceedings Action taken in

a court to settle a dispute

Profiling The act of suspecting or

targeting a person on the basis of

observed characteristics or behaviour

Prohibit Stop something from being

done or used, especially by law

Prohibition The action of forbidding

something, especially by law

Prosecute Institute or conduct legal

proceedings against (a person or organisation)

Prosecute Initiate or conduct a criminal

proceedings against a criminal

Prospective Expected or expecting to

be the specified thing in the future

Provision A condition or requirement

in a legal document.

Provisional Put into circulation

temporarily, usually owing to

the unavailability of the definitive issue

Puncture A small hole in a tyre

resulting in an escape of air

Quota Fixed share of something

that a person or group is entitled to

receive or is bound to contribute

Reasonable Acceptable and appropriate

in a particular situation

Receipt The action of receiving something

or the fact of its being received

Reception The process of receiving

something (e.g. a group of migrants)

Referral An act of referring someone

or something for consultation,

review, or further action

Register Enter one's name and other

details on an official list or directory

Regulate Control (something,

especially a business activity) by

means of rules and regulations

Reluctance Unwillingness or

disinclination to do something

Remedy A means of legal reparation

Remote A place situated far from

the main centres of population; distant

Removal The forcing of individuals or

communities to leave their place of residence

Resemble To be like or similar to

Resilience The capacity to recover

quickly from difficulties; toughness

Restraint Keeping someone or

something under control

Safeguard Protect something/

somebody from loss, harm or damage

Sanitation Conditions relating to public

health, especially the provision of clean

drinking water and adequate sewage disposal

Scrap A small piece or amount of

something, especially one that is left over

after the greater part has been used

Scrap-yard A place where scrap is collected

before being recycled or discarded.

Screening Interviewing irregular

migrants to discover their nationality

Scrutiny Careful and thorough examination

Scupper A hole in a ship's side to carry

water overboard from the deck

Seaman Person who works as a sailor,

especially one below the rank of officer

Seaman A person who works as a sailor,

especially one below the rank of officer

Second-line check A further check that

may be carried out away from the location at

which all persons are checked (first line)

Seize Take possession of (something)

by warrant or legal right

Seize Take forcible possession of something

137Glossary

Shift Each of two or more recurring

periods in which different groups of

workers do the same jobs in relay

Skill Ability to do something well; expertise

Smuggler A person who moves goods

illegally into or out of a country

Spot See, notice or recognise someone

or something that is difficult to detect

or that one is searching for

Spot A particular place or point

Stakeholders A person with an interest or

concern in something, especially a business

Stamp An instrument for stamping

a pattern or mark, in particular

an engraved or inked block or die

Stealth (Chiefly of aircraft) designed in

accordance with technology that makes

detection by radar or sonar difficult

Strip A long, narrow area of land

Subsistence The state of having just

enough money or food to stay alive

(e.g. means of subsistence)

Superintendent A police officer

ranking above a chief inspector

Supply Provide with something

needed or wanted

Survey Investigate the opinions or experience

of (a group of people) by asking them questions

Swift Happening quickly or

promptly (e.g. swift reply)

Tackle Make determined efforts to deal

with (a problem or difficult task)

Tamper Interfere with (something) in order to

cause damage or make unauthorised alterations

Target Person, object or place

selected as the aim of an attack

Tenant A person in possession of

real property by any right or title

Third-country Not a member of the EU

(e.g. third-country national)

Thorough Doing something with great

attention to detail (e.g. through checking)

Tighten Make more secure

Tournament A sports competition

involving a number of teams or players

who take part in different games

Track Follow the trail or movements

of someone or something, typically in

order to find them or note their course

Trail Follow (a person or animal) by

using marks or scent left behind

Trainee A person undergoing training

for a particular job or profession

Treacherous Presenting hidden

or unpredictable dangers

Trend A general direction in which

something is developing or changing

Trial A formal examination of evidence by

a judge, typically before a jury, in order to decide

guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings

Unadulterated Something that is

genuine (e.g. a document)

Undergo Experience a process

(e.g. undergo border control)

Undocumented Not recorded in

or proved by documents

139Glossary

Listening scripts


Listening [01] More and faster: The RABITs

1. Intervention teams

Border crises tend to develop quickly. The ability

to respond to them is very important, therefore

the rapid border intervention teams, known as

RABITs, were established. They were first put to

the test on the Greek-Turkish land border in 2010

at a time when the Greek authorities were being

overwhelmed by the large number of illegal bor-

der crossings. The Greeks needed assistance and

turned to the EU for help. In response to the Greek

request, Frontex was requested to deploy RABITs

from 26 European countries in what became Joint

Operation Poseidon Land. The specialisations of

the officers deployed were varied and included

expertise in detecting false documents, experience

of the first- and second-line border control and

stolen-vehicle detection. They brought with them

items of specialist equipment such as thermo-vi-

sion vans (TVVs), helicopters and patrol vehicles,

as well as general logistical and administrative

support including buses, vans and mobile offices.

Operation RABIT worked: control at the border was

restored and all arriving migrants were processed

and recorded in line with procedures.

2. Joint Operation Poseidon

While performing their daily tasks the coastguard

patrols off Lesvos were assisted by a thermo-vi-

sion van deployed via Frontex, but belonging

to and manned by the Slovenian border service.

Stationed for 8 hours each night on the cliffs above

Lepetimnos, overlooking an 8 km stretch of sea

between Greece and Turkey, the van’s roof-mount-

ed infrared cameras were capable of picking out a

dinghy long before it had reached EU waters; the

heat signature-spotting ability of this technology

has the added advantage that it is unaffected by

fog. The crew of the Slovene TVV, one of 12 for-

merly used to patrol the land border with Croatia,

recalled how they drove the vehicle all the way to

Lesvos from Ljubljana. The TVVs look like ordinary

transit vans when their cameras are packed away,

yet they cost as much as 500 000 euros each. The

greatest challenge that their work presented was

staying alert throughout the long nights.

Listening [02] Fair play at the borders

Passion and pride. Close to a million people are

descending on Poland and Ukraine for the Euro

2012 football championship. The air, rail and road

borders are busier than ever. Arriving fans might

be surprised to see their fellow countrymen and

women policing the crossing points alongside

the Polish authorities. These officers are being

deployed by Frontex, the EU agency tasked with

coordinating border controls, as part of the Euro

Cup 2012 operation, and this is helping the Polish

and Ukrainian authorities.

‘We are prepared for the risk and we are supporting

and complementing the security at the borders

managed by these authorities’ said a spokesman.

Frontex operations are based on risk analysis. First

of all the unit identifies and assesses the security

risks at the EU border. A joint operation is then

designed to address these risks. EU Member States

offer expert staff and technical equipment and

Frontex manages their deployment in the field.

The challenge is to maintain the security of the ex-

ternal border while ensuring the speedy passage of

bona fide travellers and fans. ‘The main focus would

be on those Border Crossing Points where there is

a risk of abuse by people trying to enter illegally,

without creating delays at the controls. At these lo-

cations the concept is to have a common ‘one-stop

control’. The Polish authorities remain in charge

and they have reintroduced passport checks at the

country's Schengen borders for the duration of the

tournament. The co-hosted competition challeng-

es the EU’s passport-free Schengen border. Over

one hundred Frontex officers are deployed in nine

locations: at Poland’s land borders with Ukraine,

Belarus and Russia. There are Frontex officers at

141Listening

five Ukrainian airports, at Warsaw airport and

there are Ukrainian observers stationed at six hub

European airports. Those controls are helping to

speed up the flow of traffic at major border crossing

points like Medica. Polish and Frontex officers are

making simultaneous passport checks alongside

their Ukrainian counterparts, thereby speeding up

the process. Special ‘green lanes’ have been set up

for football fans to enable them to bypass the usual

traffic. ‘People are reminded to choose the correct

lane, approximately 2 or 3 km before the border so

that any delay for them will be as short as possible

because, of course, the border check is mandatory

because they are leaving the EU’.

Listening [03] Eurosur

European border control has changed. In the past,

border guards were only responsible for their

own national frontiers. With the creation of the

Schengen area all Member States have joint re-

sponsibility for Europe’s borders. That is why they

need to cooperate and share information to tackle

cross-border crimes such as people smuggling.

The new tool to help achieve this is the European

border surveillance system, known as Eurosur.

Eurosur lets border authorities know what is hap-

pening at all the external borders. Each Member

State has its own national coordination centre

that integrates the work of the various national

border authorities, like this one in Rome. ‘We have

already identified the principal benefits and there

will be others in the future. In Italy, the civilian

and military activities have been integrated. In

this centre, the state police, Carabinieri, Guardia

di Finanza, along with the navy and coast guard,

work together on a daily basis. They respect each

other’s powers but they all strive to manage irreg-

ular migration and cross-border crime, as well as

to contribute to saving human life at sea. These

are the objectives of Eurosur.’

Here they monitor border activity and collect

information about what is happening on Italy’s

external borders. If they spot an unidentified

vessel that might be carrying migrants they can

take action and, most importantly, migrants

travelling on overloaded or unseaworthy vessels

can be saved. Information about the vessel can

also be shared with centres in other countries,

helping to decide on the proper response. In the

past, national centres did not have an infrastruc-

ture for sharing information. Eurosur connects

these centres to each other and to Frontex, the EU

border agency. Frontex builds and manages the

communication network in addition to sharing

information about what is happening at the ex-

ternal borders. Frontex provides different services

free of charge to the Member States. ‘Frontex

fusion services’ is all about innovative and smart

technology. We are applying this in order to

contribute to the three objectives of Eurosur, the

first of which is to increase situational awareness,

so we need to know what is taking place; secondly,

by doing this we can contribute to improving

reaction capability; thirdly we want to save more

lives. This is possible through agreements that

Frontex already has with organisations like the

Maritime Safety Agency or the European Union

Satellite Centre. Using radar equipment mounted

on satellites, the vessel detection service can help

officers to spot large vessels at sea that may be

overloaded with migrants. Precise weather fore-

casts help to model the boats likely location by the

time the coast guards will be able to reach it. The

service also collates historical data to have a better

idea of which areas of the sea to scan. It’s called

the ‘Situational Awareness Centre’ and it helps

border guards to detect unidentified contacts that

would previously have gone unnoticed. Frontex

also uses information from national centres to

prepare a situational picture for the whole of

Europe’s external border. Analysts look for pat-

terns in the data to indicate potential risks. If a

specific border area is declared a high-risk area,

Member States can ask for assistance once they

have exhausted their own resources. In today’s

Europe all countries share responsibility for

tackling cross-border crime and preventing loss

of life at the external borders. Eurosur provides

them with a common tool with which to do that

more efficiently and effectively.


Listening [04]

Travel-document fraud allows migrants in an

irregular or undocumented situation to enter

the territory of a Member State and to move

freely within the EU. Between 2009 and 2010

there was a 12 % increase in the fraudulent use of

travel documents to enter the EU. A third of all

fraudulent travel documents were forged pass-

ports. At the EU level there was a trend towards

the abuse of authentic passports and ID cards

and forged residence permits and visas. A quarter

of detections come from nationals from only

5 countries – Turkey, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Ukraine

and Morocco. Most nationalities travelled with

forged passports issued by their own countries.

Around three quarters of all detections on entry

were at the external air border, where the majority

of detections were of passports. However, there is

a trend towards using fraudulent visas and those

that still used passports increasingly forged the

biopage or used them as impostors. Most travelers

embarked from their own countries but the most

common point for embarkation was Turkey, with

14 % of detections on entry at the air border, mostly

nationals from Turkey but also from Iran and Iraq.

Recommendations generated by these analyses

include the standardization of EU definitions

and data collection to facilitate regular updates

to the European Document-Fraud Database. Such

updates will allow systematic analyses and alerts

at the EU level and more targeted support for first-

line officers. Given the trend towards visa abuse,

there is also a clear need to develop and support

issuance processes, data collection, information

sharing and analyses.

Listening [05]

1. CJ 136 ABT 3. ABX 330 5. TTO 941

2. IS 16 TTX 4. NA 104 V 6. VGMKS 66

Listening [06]

1

C1: C1 to Radio

Radio: Go ahead C1

Radio: broadcast a stop and detain alert on a black BMW 530, Lithuanian

registration number GBO 398. The vehicle entered the Kybartai Border Crossing

Point arriving from the Russian Federation. The driver stopped at border control

but as soon as the police officer approached the vehicle, the driver accelerated

and, breaking the barrier, headed twards Kaunas.

C1: have you checked the details of the owner of the vehicle?

Radio: the vehicle is registered to Alessandro Proverbio but we have no idea who

was driving the car

C1: be on standby. All units will be alerted.

143Listening

2

• Good Morning. Is this the Cenad Contact Centre?

• Yes, it is sir, how can I help you?

• This is Colonel Oleksandr Azarov from the Ukrainian State Border Guard

Service. I am calling from the Porubne border crossing point in order to check

a vehicle registered in Hungary.

• What is the registration number of the vehicle sir?

• It is KHD 116. The vehicle is a silver Mercedes-Benz Actros equipped with an

OM 501 LA-541 engine.

• Please wait for a moment…

• The Hungarian vehicle registration database indicates that this plate is

actually assigned to a blue Mercedes-Benz Actros registered to BKV Logistics.

That vehicle should actually be travelling from Budapest to Vienna as we speak.

It seems that the one you have there might be stolen.

• We will need to take a closer look I think. I will fax you copies of the registra-

tion documents so that I can attach your written reply to the official paperwork.

• We will wait for your fax Colonel …

3

• This is Surveillance 1 to Command and Control

• Command and Control, receiving. Go ahead S1

• We have spotted a white Sprinter van that has just stopped very close to

the river bank. Would you please run a check on its registration number?

• Go ahead

• Its B 23 CAN — a 3.5 tonnes Mercedes Sprinter.

• S1, according to the national database this registration number should be

on a Suzuki Vitara. I have double-checked this. Shall I alert the intervention

detachment while you attempt to check the vehicle in more detail?

• Please do that. Backup is needed as soon as possible. Unless necessary,

I will not engage until they have arrived ….


Listening [07]

Australian authorities have charged three

Indonesian men with smuggling migrants fol-

lowing the death of nearly 50 people when a ship

carrying irregular migrants was dashed against

rocks off Christmas Island in December. All three

men — aged 22, 60 and 32 — were among the sur-

vivors of the tragedy and have been charged with

‘facilitating the bringing to Australia of a group of

five or more persons’, the BBC quoted Australian

police as saying. If convicted, the defendants face

up to 20 years in prison and a fine of up to AUD

220 000 (EUR 160 000). At least 18 of the boat’s

passengers remained unaccounted for at press

time.

The Border Post, February 2011

Listening [08]

The most recent figures for the detection of stolen

vehicles reported by the national authorities with

responsibility for the border control in the Member

States have indicated a significant increase in the

volume of vehicles that have been reported stolen.

Divided by commercial and utilitarian vehicles are

most likely to be reported stolen at the EU eastern

external land borders, while stolen private cars

are mainly, but not exclusively exported across

south-eastern borders.

From a statistical point of view, it has been noted

that the brands with the largest market share are,

as a consequence, those most often stolen. German

brands such as Volkswagen, Mercedes and BMW

were the most frequently targeted.

During the second quarter of 2011, new modi

operandi were detected. The import of brand new

vehicles with counterfeit sales invoices or forged

power of attorney documentation were encoun-

tered. It appears that the organised crime groups

have been exploiting the lack of security features

in the ownership documentation of such vehicles.

The latest security features developed by the au-

tomotive industry can be hacked by the criminal

networks in less than a few months after being

on the market and this trend can be seen in the

detection of stolen vehicle reports coming from

the border.

Listening [09]

Morgan is 30 years old and was born in a West

African country. Life at home is hard because

of poverty and corruption. He left his home in

January 1998. He worked wherever he could, sell-

ing goods and working as a barber. He was caught

by police on various occasions. On arriving in

North Africa, a friend told him to go to the western

side of a country in North Africa where they could

meet someone who would help them get to the

islands of a Western European country. He gave

the man EUR 300. The man took them out into the

open desert where there were more than 70 others

waiting to travel. As the boat moved off they began

singing gospel music to keep their spirits up.

12 Seconds to Decide, Frontex, 2012

145Listening

Listening [10]

1. BRUSSELS — The European Union authorities

formally appealed to the bloc’s Member States on

Wednesday to accept quotas of migrants to relieve

the burden on southern states like Italy and Greece

which are the main landing points for irregular

migrants.

The proposal by the European Commission, is a re-

sponse to concerns that the bloc’s southern coastal

states could become overwhelmed by the influx of

migrants making the dangerous crossing of the

Mediterranean often in rickety and unseaworthy

vessels.

The International Organization for Migration said

on Wednesday that so far this year 1 840 migrants

had been lost at sea or were known to have died

while crossing the Mediterranean.

The recent deaths of thousands of migrants trying

to cross the Mediterranean prompted the bloc to

draft the emergency response to prevent a wors-

ening of the humanitarian crisis.

But by moving forward a proposal that is already

unpopular in many countries, the commission has

increased tensions over the broader issue of immi-

gration in the European Union. A large number

of Member States, including Britain, the Czech

Republic, Hungary and Latvia, have already railed

against the idea of mandatory quotas. And a man-

datory quota would require a vote by a two thirds

majority of Member States under the European

Union’s weighted voting system to take effect.

Asylum seekers are often unwelcome in countries

where there is little experience of accepting new-

comers from Africa and the Middle East, as in

the Baltic states, or where the population already

believes that the country is overcrowded, as in

Britain. Some countries have also criticised Italy

and Greece for what they see as a failure to identify

migrants who do not qualify for asylum.

www.nytimes.com/2015/05/28/world/europe/

european-union -asks-member-countries-to-accept-quotas-

of-migrants.html?ref=topics

2. The UK government intends to amend its

immigration legislation with a view to making it

more difficult for migrants to live in the country

illegally. Among the most important measures

are the following: requiring landlords to verify

the immigration status of prospective tenants;

checking the immigration status of driving

licence applicants; ... making it easier for the

Home Office to recover unpaid civil penalties and

cracking down on ‘sham’ marriages as a means of

circumventing immigration rules.

The BBC quoted British Immigration Minister

Mark Harper as saying that the overall purpose

of the bill was to ‘stop migrants using public ser-

vices to which they are not entitled, reduce the

pull factors which encourage people to come to

the UK and make it easier to remove people who

should not be here’, at the same time adding that

Britain would ‘continue to welcome the brightest

and best migrants who want to contribute to our

economy and society and play by the rules’. The

bill has already drawn criticism from the UK’s

opposition Labour Party and a recent Home Office

text message campaign also came in for criticism

from opposition politicians who described it as an

offensive ‘gimmick’.

The Border Post, November 2013


Listening [11]

Cross-Border Data Transfers are, without preju-

dice to compliance with national law, prohibited,

unless the transfer is made to an Adequate

Jurisdiction or the data exporter has implemented

a lawful data transfer mechanism – or an exemp-

tion or derogation applies.

Cross-Border Data Transfers to a recipient in a third

country may take place if the third country ensures

an adequate level of data protection. Adequacy

shall be assessed in the light of all circumstances

surrounding the transfer, in particular:

• the nature of personal data;

• the purpose and duration of processing;

• country of origin and country of final

destination;

• the rule of law; and

• professional rules and security measures.

The Commission may determine third countries

to be Adequate Jurisdictions.

Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC

Listening [12]

Each year, thousands of migrants arrive in Europe

by sea. Within the EU, each member state is

responsible for controlling its own borders and

each country with access to the sea is responsible

for helping to rescue ships within its national

search and rescue zones. In November 2014,

Frontex launched ‘Operation Triton’, stepping in

to help Italy manage the large number of arrivals

at its maritime borders. All vessels, aircrafts and

aircrews involved in Triton operated under the

command of the Italian Ministry of the Interior

by way of International Coordination Centre, or

the ICC. All of the equipment deployed during

Triton was provided by European countries.

Frontex-coordinated aircraft and vessels helped

to spot those in distress, but sometimes it was the

migrants themselves or other vessels who alerted

the authorities. Italy’s coastguard coordinated all

emergency operations at its Maritime Search and

Rescue Coordination Centre. The MRCC dispatched

the closest or most capable vessels to go to the

assistance of vessels in distress. These are often

those deployed by Frontex. Once rescue vessel had

reached the migrants, they gave them food and wa-

ter first and offered immediate medical assistance.

The migrants were taken on broad and transported

to an Italian port. There, they were handed over

to the national authorities, who worked closely

with international organisations. Once the first

humanitarian aid had been provided, Italian po-

lice identified the new arrivals. Frontex debriefing

teams interviewed willing migrants which helped

to gather intelligence about the people smuggling

networks in an attempt to dismantle them. At

any time, the migrants had the right to apply for

asylum.

Frontex, 2015 – video at youtube.com/watch?v=YOF_rh7ZIhI

147Listening

[Listening 13]

A: Good morning! I’m officer Maria Smith reporting from the Hungarian Border

regarding the detection of a Ukrainian biometric passport containing an altered

bio data page.

B: Good morning to you, Maria! Can you give me some more information about

the case?

A: Certainly. Yesterday, quite late at night a Ukrainian national arrived at the

Zaheny BCP with the intention to travel towards Italy.

B: Can you tell me precisely what time it was?

A: It was 23.45. hrs.

B: Please go on.

A: As, as I was saying, he arrived late at night, driving a black BMW 5 series but

he had no luggage at all.

B: Could you please forward me copies of the vehicle registration documents,

if you have them?

A: I’ve already sent copies to you by email.

B: That’s great!

A: You will also find a copy of the completed document alert form and copies of

some other documents. The purpose of this call is just to make you aware of

the case. Should you need further details please don’t hesitate to call me.

[Listening 14]

Good morning Chief, this is Michael calling to

leave a voice mail informing you about the state

of the preparations for Operation Sierra. The

logistical preparations were completed yesterday

around 14.00 hours. The financial resources

have been available from the 24th of August.

The officers have already undertaken the final

preparations to ensure that the aircraft is ready

for flight. Final aerial support is meant to arrive

today, by 16:30 hours GMT. Further details will

follow in a detailed email that will be sent to your

official e-mail address.

Eng

lish fo

r B

or

der

an

d Co

ast G

ua

rd

ing

•

Stud

ent's B

oo

k

Plac Europejski 6 00–844 Warsaw, Poland T +48 22 205 95 00 F +48 22 205 95 01 [email protected] www.frontex.europa.eu

Print version: PDF version: TT-06-17-747-EN-C TT-06-17-747-EN-N ISBN 978-92-9471-293-6 ISBN 978-92-9471-294-3 doi:10.2819/84347 doi:10.2819/847022

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