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CAT 2011 Workshop

Series

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The Genesis of thisworkshop

How students approach Englishquestions in the CAT

Why they do it this way

Can it be corrected?

Can the English section be handled asmathematically or logically as theother sections?

Is there a method to the madness?

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How we will achieve thisgoal

Revise some important concepts inEnglish Grammar

Review application through examples Probably not today

Extend understanding all the way to CAT

pattern and CAT level questions Not today

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Broad Timetable

Today Cover concepts related to Verbsand Subjects/Objects

Week 2 Cover concepts related toAdjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions andConjunctions

Week 3 Applying our understanding tocrack VA

Week 4 Applying our understanding to

crack RC

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A new way of looking atEnglish

Grammar not a set of arbitrary rules

There is a logic to the entire

substructure

Every rule can be truly understood andthen used

Makes English very easy to understandand English questions very easy tocrack

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What is a sentence?

Words strung together

Communicates an idea

About what?

What do you wish to say about that?

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Therefore, a sentence hasto have

Something + something about that

something

Something Subject

Something about that something Predicate

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Making a sentence

SubjectHas to stand for a thing

Predicate An action related to the

subject Performed by

Performed on

Predicate can be Just action

Action + ?????

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Simple Sentences

Just 2 words

Basic sentence Subject + Verb

More is optional

Even in long sentences, Subject + Verb

is the core Look for the core Critical in improving

comprehension

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Examples of BasicSentences

Subject

I

She

He Birds

Verb

do

sings

bowls fly

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Forming longer sentences

Add what you wish to to the basicsentence

3 places to add bits_____ + Subject + Verb

Subject + _____ + Verb

Subject + Verb + _____

More than 1 of the above

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Examples of longersentences

Iplaycricket

ISubject; A thing

play Verb

Cricket Object What the action is

directed at

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Examples of longersentences

The moviewasvery touching

The movieSubject; A thing

was Verb

touching Describes the subject

veryTells us how touching

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Examples of longersentences

The Indian teamwon by an innings and 75runs

The Indian teamSubject; A thing

won Verb

an innings and 75 runs A quantity (a

thing)

byrelates won to the quantity aninnings and 75 runs Answers the

question How big was the victory?

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Examples of longersentences

The trainreached New Delhi Railway Stationat 7:20 am

The trainSubject; A thing

reached Verb

New Delhi Railway Station Describes the

place reached More about the verb

7:20 amidentifies a thing, time

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Examples of longersentences

The trainreached New Delhi Railway Stationat 7:20 am

atrelates the verb reached to the thing7:20 am

at 7:20 am Tells us the time the trainreached More about the verb

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Examples of longersentences

Tigers are ferocious mammals thatlivein theforests of India, Java, Sumatra and Siberia

TigersThe Subject; A thing

are, live Verb

ferocious mammals Describes tigers

ferocious Tells us more about thedescribing word mammals

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Examples of longersentences

Tigers are ferocious mammals thatlivein theforests of India, Java, Sumatra and Siberia

that Relates ferocious mammals to someother things

the forests of India, Java, Sumatra andSiberiaA place (A thing)

inRelates live to the place the forests ofIndia, Java, Sumatra and Siberia

Answers the question Where?

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Examples of longersentences

Tigers are ferocious mammals thatlivein theforests of India, Java, Sumatra and Siberia

in the forests of India, Java, Sumatra andSiberiaTells us more about the verb live

identifies the place

thatlivein the forests of India, Java,Sumatra and Siberia tells us about thething ferocious mammals

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Examples of longersentences

Tigers are ferocious mammals thatlivein theforests of India, Java, Sumatra and Siberia

India, Java, Sumatra and SiberiaIdentifies 4 locations by their names

ofRelates the thing the forests to theset of locations India, Java, Sumatra andSiberia

of India, Java, Sumatra and Siberia Tellsus more about the thing the forests

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What is common to all these

The core - Subject +verb - defines the ideaconveyed in the sentence

The rest tells us

More about one of these

More about whatever we say about one of these

Called complements things that add to the

base

Hence, Subject + verb is the mostimportant thing to learn

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Roles of words / strings ofwords

Things

Actions

More about things and actions

Relate things and actions to other things andactions

Connect ideas to form more complex ideas

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Formalising the roles - Parts

of Speech

Noun

Pronoun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Preposition

Conjunction

Interjection

The roles that words and strings of words

play in a sentence

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Introduction to Verbs

Words that denote action

No sentence can be without one or more

verbs

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Verbs and Time

All action takes place at some time

Understanding the role of time critical

Action words in English of 2 types

Those that denote timeVerbs in form andfunction

Those that do not denote timeVerbs inform but not in function

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The 5 forms of Verbs inEnglish

Present

Past

Past Participle

Present Participle

Infinitive

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go Went

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go Went Gone Going

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go Went Gone Going To go

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go Went Gone Going To go

Sing

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go Went Gone Going To go

Sing Sang

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go Went Gone Going To go

Sing Sang Sung

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go Went Gone Going To go

Sing Sang Sung Singing To sing

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go Went Gone Going To go

Sing Sang Sung Singing To sing

Reach

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go Went Gone Going To go

Sing Sang Sung Singing To sing

Reach Reached

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go Went Gone Going To go

Sing Sang Sung Singing To sing

Reach Reached Reached

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The 5 forms of Verbs

Present PastPast

ParticiplePresent

ParticipleInfinitive

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking To speak

Eat Ate Eaten Eating To eat

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking To drink

Teach Taught Taught Teaching To teach

Go Went Gone Going To go

Sing Sang Sung Singing To sing

Reach Reached Reached Reaching

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The 5 forms and Time

Only Present and Past forms denote timeautomatically

Verbs in form and function

Also called Finite Verbs

Past Participle and Present Participle donot denote time

Verbs in form but not in function

Also called Non-Finite Verbs Made finite using Auxiliary Verbs

Infinitive can NEVER be made to denote

time

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Auxiliary verbs in English

Do

Does

Did

Be

Am

Is

Are

Was

Were

Has

Have

Had

Will

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Auxiliary verbs in action

Past Participle(Original)

Past Participlemade finite

Present Participle(Original)

Present Participlemade finite

sung Has sung singing Is singing

Had sung Are singing

Was sung Was singing

Were sung Were singing

Are sung Has been singing

Will be sung Had been singing

Will have beensung

Will have beensinging

Importance in sentence

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Importance in sentenceconstruction

Every sentence HAS TO HAVE onefinite verb

Subject + Present/Past forms is alright

Subject + Past/PresentParticiple/Infinitive is not alright

Subject + Suitable auxiliary +Past/Present Participle is alright

How do you know the right

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How do you know the right

structure? English is a powerful language

Logical relationship between ideas andstructure

Important aspects of the idea that youshould be clear about

Relationship between subject and action

What kind of action and reference to actionyou wish to make

Two important aspects of

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Two important aspects ofverbs

Voice Addresses the relationshipbetween the subject and the action

Tense Addresses the kind of action the speaker wishes to

talk of

the kind of reference to action the

speaker wishes to make

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Introducing Tenses

How many tenses are there in English?

3?

??

20

12 in Active Voice

8 in Passive Voice

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Labelling the Tenses

Simple Continuous

Perfect Perfect Continuous

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2 aspects of Tenses

Form Which combination of words touse

Which of the 5 forms to use?

Which auxiliary/auxiliaries to use, in whichform and in which order?

Function When to use each

combination

12 Tenses in Active Voice

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12 Tenses in Active Voice An Example

Present Past Future

Simple Ram eats rice Ram ate rice Ram will eat

rice

Continuous Ram is eating

rice

Ram was

eating rice

Ram will be

eating rice

Perfect Ram has eaten

rice

Ram had eaten

rice

Ram will have

eaten ricePerfect

Continuous

Ram has been

eating rice

Ram had been

eating rice

Ram will have

been eating

rice

Generalising the 12 Tenses

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Generalising the 12 TensesPresent Past Future

Simple Subject - Verb in

Present Tense

Object

Subject - Verb in

Past Tense - Object

Subject will + Verb

in Present Tense

Object

Continuous Subject - am/is/are

+ Present Participle Object

Subject - was/were

+ Present Participle- Object

Subject - will/shall +

be + PresentParticiple Object

Perfect Subject - has/have +

Past Participle -

Object

Subject - had + Past

Participle - Object

Subject will +

have + Past

Participle Object

Perfect Continuous Subject - has/have +been + Present

Participle - Object

Subject - had +been + Present

Participle - Object

Subject - will + have+ been + Present

Participle Object

8 Tenses in Passive Voice

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An ExamplePresent Past Future

Simple Rice is eaten

by Ram

Rice was eaten

by Ram

Rice will be

eaten by Ram

Continuous Rice is being

eaten by Ram

Rice was being

eaten by RamX

Perfect Rice has been

eaten by Ram

Rice had been

eaten by Ram

Rice will have

been eaten byRam

Perfect

ContinuousX X X

Generalising the 8 Tenses

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Generalising the 8 TensesPresent Past Future

Simple Subject - is/are +

Past participle + by

Object

Subject -

was/were+ Past

participle + by

Object

Subject - will/shall

+ be + Past

participle + by

Object

Continuous Subject - is/are +being + Past

participle + by

Object

Subject - was/were+ being + Past

participle + by

Object

X

Perfect Subject - has/have

+ been + Pastparticiple + by

Object

Subject - had +

been + Pastparticiple + by

Object

Subject - will +

have + been + Pastparticiple + by

Object

Perfect Continuous X X X

?

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Why so many Tenses?

There is a lot of variety in

The kind of action we wish to refer to

The kind of reference to action we wish to

make

The English language provides aframework for each one

The variety in referring to

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The variety in referring toAction Aspects of time

3 aspects of time associated with anyaction

Speaking time

Reference time Action time

Tenses it gives rise to

Past, Present and Future Perfect Tenses

Understanding the aspects

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Understanding the aspectsof time

Speaking time The time when thesentence is spoken

Always the present

Action time The time when the actionis said to take place/be taking place

Reference time The point in time fromwhich the speaker chooses to view theaction

Possible relationships

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Possible relationshipsbetween ST, AT and RT

ST vs RT ST = RT - Present

ST > RT - Past

ST < RT Future

RT vs AT

RT = AT Simple Tenses

RT > AT Perfect Tenses

RT < AT Not possible

The variety in referring to

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The variety in referring toAction Nature of action

Attainment of status of completion Simple Tenses

Perfect Tenses

Being in progress

Continuous Tenses

Perfect Continuous Tenses

S i i th th d

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Summarising the method

Nature ofaction

RT vs AT

Attainment ofstatus of

completion

Being inprogress

RT = AT Simple Tenses ContinuousTenses

RT > AT Perfect Tenses PerfectContinuousTenses

The time-line method of

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choosing the Tense

Speakingtime

Earlier Later

Referencetime

Actiontime

Where the 3 arrows fall relative to each otherand the nature of the action decide the tense

The time-line method of

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choosing the Tense

Speakingtime

Earlier Later

Referencetime

Actiontime

All 3 at the same place, Attainment of status ofcompletion Simple Present Tense

The special case of the

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The special case of theSimple Present Tense

There is no such thing as the present orinstantaneous action

The present is either the future or quickly

becomes the past

All action takes some time

Hence, Simple Present Tense refers only to

habits and repetitive natural phenomena

He eats (does eat) rice

The sun rises (does rise) in the east

The time-line method of

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choosing the Tense

Speakingtime

Earlier Later

Reference

time

Actiontime

RT < ST, RT = AT, Attainment of status ofcompletion Simple Past Tense

The time-line method of

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choosing the Tense

Speakingtime

Earlier Later

Reference

time

Actiontime

RT > ST, RT = AT, Attainment of status ofcompletion Simple Future Tense

The time-line method of

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choosing the Tense

Speakingtime

Earlier Later

Referencetime

Actiontime

ST, RT and AT the same, Being in progressPresent Continuous Tense

The time-line method of

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choosing the Tense

Speakingtime

Earlier Later

Reference

time

Actiontime

RT < ST, RT = AT, Being in progress PastContinuous Tense

The time-line method of

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choosing the Tense

Speakingtime

Earlier Later

Reference

time

Actiontime

RT > ST, RT = AT, Being in progress FutureContinuous Tense

The time-line method of

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choosing the Tense

Speakingtime

Earlier Later

Referencetime

Action

time

RT = ST, RT > AT, Attainment of status ofcompletionPresent Perfect Tense

The time-line method of

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choosing the Tense

Speakingtime

Earlier Later

Referencetime

Actiontime

RT < ST, RT > AT, Attainment of status of

completion Past Perfect Tense

The time-line method of

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choosing the Tense

Speaking

time

Earlier Later

Referencetime

Actiontime

RT > ST, RT > AT, Attainment of status ofcompletion Future Perfect Tense

The time-line method of

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choosing the Tense

Speakingtime

Earlier Later

Referencetime

Actiontime

RT = ST, RT > AT, Being in progress PresentPerfect Continuous Tense

The time-line method ofh i h T

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choosing the Tense

Speakingtime

Earlier Later

Referencetime

Actiontime

RT < ST, RT > AT, Being in progress Past

Perfect Continuous Tense

The time-line method ofh i h T

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choosing the Tense

Speaking

time

Earlier Later

Referencetime

Action

time

RT > ST, RT > AT, Being in progress FuturePerfect Continuous Tense

How does this help us

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How does this help us

Gives a framework to work with

Be clear about the idea you wish tocommunicate

Identify the voice and tense you need touse

Pick the correct combination of verb andauxiliary verb