England and its Colonies

The Navigation Acts

CauseWhy did Parliament pass the Navigation

Acts (1660)?

To tighten England’s control over colonial trade and protect against competition in order to create wealth (mercantilism)

Objective: To analyze the causes and effects of the Navigation Acts of the 1660’s

A painting of a French seaport from 1638, at the height of mercantilism, by Claude Lorrain

cotton

iron

lumber

furniture

tools

textiles

I’m bloody filthy rich!

Navigation Acts (1660's)

ex: sugar, tobacco, indigoMost products could be sold only to England.

All products going to the colonies had to first go through England where the products were taxed

spices

tea

spices

tea

There was an increase in smuggling in the colonies

Effects of the Navigation Acts

Colonists became angry when England began to enforce the Navigation Acts but eventually accepted them

The Navigation Acts

EffectsHow did these acts benefit England?

• Increased England’s wealth (created jobs) and gave access to certain colonial goods (tobacco)

How did the acts benefit the colonies?• Spurred an economic boom (ex: shipbuilding)

How did the acts hurt the colonies?• Restricted trade with other areas (smuggling)

English Rulers and Colonial Policies

Charles II (1660-1685)

-Angered by Massachusetts's refusal to obey

English Law-Made them a royal

colony

James II (1685-1688)-Consolidated all

Northern colonies and enlisted Edmund Andros to rule region

William and Mary (1689-1702)-Succeeded James II and helped

establish supremacy of Parliament -Restored colonial charters BUT

appointed governors

The Glorious Revolution

CauseWhy did the Glorious Revolution occur?

• Unpopularity of King James II (Catholicism)

EffectHow did this revolution affect England?

• Establishment of Parliament’s power over the monarchy

How did it affect the colonies?• Restored original charters• Required more religious freedom in Massachusetts • Salutary Neglect begins (less supervision from England)

The Commercial North

Ch 3 Sec 3

Compare Primary Sources

John Adams (Northerner)• “Who can study in Boston Streets?

I am unable to observe the various objects that I meet, with sufficient precision. My eyes are so diverted with chimney sweeps, carriers of wood, merchants, ladies, priests, carts, horses, oxen, coaches, market men and women, soldiers, sailors, and my ears with the rattle gabble of them all that I can’t think long enough in streets upon any one thing to start and pursue a thought”

Philip Vickers Fithian (Southerner)• We stroll’d down the pasture

quite to the river, admiring the pleasantness of the evening, and delightsome prospect of the river hills, huts, low bottoms, trees of various kinds, and sizes, cattle and sheep feeding some near us and others at a great distance on the green sides of the hills…. I love to walk on these high hills…. Where I can have a long view of many miles

Northern Colonies Southern Colonies

• Produced several crops per farm

• Developed thriving industries• Developed a powerful

merchant class• Had numerous cities • Faced a variety of social

problems• Population had more ethnic,

religious, and national groups

• Produced single cash crops (rice and tobacco)

• Primarily a farming economy

• Few merchants• Had few major cities

(Charles Town)• Had fewer social problems

(less urban society)• Had a more uniform

population

The Enlightenment 1. What kind of movement

was it (intellectual, social, political, religious)?

2. Who were its key figures in the colonies?

3. What ideas did it stress?

4. What did it encourage?

1. Intellectual movement

2. Benjamin Franklin; Thomas Jefferson

3. The world is not governed by miracles or chance, but by mathematical laws (individuals have natural rights)

4. To use experimentation and observation as tools to make discoveries, rely on reason, and question authority (British Monarchy)

The Great Awakening 1. What kind of movement

was it (intellectual, social, political, religious)?

2. Who were its key figures in the colonies?

3. What ideas did it stress?

4. What did it encourage?

1. Religious movement

2. Jonathan Edwards; George Whitefield

3. A return to Puritan values, rededication to God, and the need for salvation

4. To rededicate themselves to God, join organized churches, founded colleges, and question authority

Jonathan Edwards

“The God that holds you over the pit of hell, as much as one holds a spider, or some

loathsome insect over the fire, abhors (hates) you, and is dreadfully provoked: His wrath

towards you burn like fire; He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else but to cast into the fire;… and yet it is nothing but His hand that

holds you from falling into the fire every moment”

The French and Indian War

North America 1750’s

Motivations

What did Britain Gain?•Canada•Virtually all of North America east of the Mississippi River

What did Britain lose?

• Lives• Colonists respect• A good deal of money

What did the colonies gain?

• Access to what had been French territories

• This will be taken away with the Proclamation of 1763, which banned settlements West of the Appalachians

What did the colonies lose?

• Lives • Profits from trade

(Britain wanted to stop smuggling and help pay for the war)

• Rights commonly held by British subjects (search and seizure)

What did the French and Native Americans lose during the war?

• Both lost lives and land• Native Americans on

both sides of the war were given the least