Engineers at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

CAPT Rick Gelting, CDC/CGHCAPT Duane Hammond, CDC/NIOSH

CDR Theresa Grant, CDC/NCEH/ATSDRLT Chaolong Qi, CDC/NIOSH

LT Timothy W. Beck, CDC/NIOSH

CDC serves as the national focus for developing and applying disease prevention and control, environmental health, and health promotion and health education activities designed to improve the health of the people of the United States.

CDC is responsible for controlling the introduction and spread of infectious diseases, and provides consultation and assistance to other nations and international agencies to assist in improving their disease prevention and control, environmental health, and health promotion activities.

Organization

NCEH/ATSDR* serves as CDC's focal point for evidence-based prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery from environmental health emergencies.

NCEH/ATSDR help U.S. and International organizations prepare for and responds to the following environmental emergencies:– Natural– Technologic – Humanitarian– Terrorism-related

NCEH/ATSDR’s Office of the Associate Director for Emergency Management provides the high-level coordination of emergency management activities within and across the Division, Center, Agency, Department, and in some cases, internationally.

*ATSDR is an OPDIV within DHHS but is managed by a common director’s office.

Environmental Engineering at CDC

CDC (Communicable Disease Center) founded 1946 Predecessor = Malaria Control in War Areas Malaria = main focus in early years “Among its fewer than 400 original employees, the key

jobs at CDC were those of entomologists and engineers. In fact, CDC had only seven medical officers on staff in 1946.”

First Director of CDC = Engineer• Second USPHS Chief Engineer

Source: Rick Gelting, PhD, PEPublic Health EngineerCDC/Center for Global Health

1944 - 1946:Mark D. Hollis, ScD

Environmental Engineering at CDC

Environmental investigations related to outbreaks Irrigation water as potential source of

contamination in produce outbreaks• E. coli O157:H7 in spinach, lettuce

Source of norovirus contamination from cross connection in dual plumbing system

Well contamination by onsite wastewater systems at snowmobile lodge

Environmental Engineering at CDC

Private wells Serve 15% of US population (>40 million) Technical assistance to State/Local/Tribal/

Territorial Health Depts.

Onsite Wastewater Public health effects not well studied

Water/wastewater security

Other Public Health Issues Involving Engineering

Legionella Cooling towers, fountains, other facilities U.S., 2013-2014: majority of reportedoutbreaks

associated with environmental/unknown exposures were caused by Legionella

Water fluoridation Technical support to state programs Training/educational presentations National surveillance statistics

Environmental Engineering at CDC: Global

Outbreak response Cholera in Tanzania: bulk chlorination of water

distributed from trucks or fixed tanks

Cholera in Micronesia: environmental investigation and prevention recommendations

Ebola in West Africa• Guidance for handling wastewater (with WHO and UNICEF)• Decommissioning of Ebola Treatment Units

Environmental Engineering at CDC: Global

Longer term Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in

health care facilities• Developing/piloting guidance documents• Technical assistance/evaluation of WASH interventions in

various countries

Household water treatment and storage (HWTS)• Identifying effective solutions/scaling up by partners

Haiti: post earthquake/cholera• Workforce development: training materials and technical

assistance for new rural water and sanitation technician program

For more information please contact Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333Telephone, 1-800-CDC-INFO (232-4636)/TTY: 1-888-232-6348E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov Web: www.cdc.gov

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Center for Global Health

Division of Global Health Protection

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

An Overview of NIOSH Engineering Controls and Studies on additive manufacturing

CAPT Duane Hammond, MS, PEActing EPHB Branch Chief

Focus areas: • Engineering control of additive manufacturing• Nanotechnology and advanced materials

EPAC Monthly Meeting

July 12, 2018

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (NIOSH)

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970– Mandate to assure “every man and woman in the Nation safe and

healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.”

NIOSH part of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

NIOSH is a U.S. federal agency that conducts research and makes recommendations to prevent worker injury and illness.

NIOSH research is key to these efforts and provides practical solutions to identified problems.

NIOSH’s mission is to develop new knowledge in the field of occupational safety and health, and to transfer that knowledge into practice.

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013 -140/pdfs/2013-140.pdf

~250 engineers and engineering technicianshttps://www.cdc.gov/features/celebrate-engineers/index.html

Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch (EPHB)EPHB: 31 staff (mostly engineers) Core competencies

• Developing/evaluating engineering controls (CBR hazards)• Physical hazards (noise, ergonomics)• Aerosols (nanotechnology, filtration, measure/characterization)

Functions– Deployments and Emergency response

• Ebola, Hurricanes (many) TB outbreaks, Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Tsunami (Banda Aceh), Anthrax, 9/11 Ground Zero, & more…

– Technical Assistance (Hawaii volcanoes, boat maintenance at a Coast Guard Facility, carbon monoxide helicopter exhaust in NYC, etc.)

– Research Projects (Field, laboratory, and intervention research)• 15 currently funded laboratory and field research projects• Manufacturing, construction, healthcare, oil & gas extraction

Additive Technologies & Companies

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)– Ultrafine particle generation (respiratory health)– Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from heating

thermoplastics (possible asthmagens) Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

– Finely divided metal powders, aluminum or aluminum alloy powders, titanium, cobalt, chromium

Steriolithography and Polyjet– Chemical vapor exposure risk

10 site visits (small, medium, and large companies)– Defense contractors (DMLS metal powders)– Small start-up companies (carbon nanotube in filaments)

Small Start-up

9 FFF 3D printers– Materials

• 25% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) • 30% carbon fiber (CF) • 10% CF• Unfilled polyetheretherketone (PEEK)

– MCE filter samples for TEM or STEM using modified NMAM 7402– TPS for sampling directly onto TEM grid to identify CNTs

Methods

Chamber study– Design

• Portable floor fan (Sentry Air Systems Inc.) with HEPA filter • 6-inch duct, 2’x2’x3’ 80/20 aluminum/acrylic portable chamber• 118 CFM TSI Alnor Balometer Capture Hood

– Instruments and sampling• TSI FMPS, Nanoscan, CPC, OPS• TPS, MCE filters

Total Number Concentration (FMPS)

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000D

ay 1

1:38

PM

1:51

PM

2:05

PM

2:18

PM

2:31

PM

2:45

PM

3:28

PM

3:41

PM

3:54

PM

4:18

PM

4:31

PM

4:44

PM

4:58

PM

5:11

PM

5:24

PM

5:38

PM

5:51

PM

Day

211

:17

AM

11:4

8 A

M12

:02

PM

12:1

6 P

M12

:29

PM

12:4

3 P

M12

:56

PM

1:09

PM

1:23

PM

1:35

PM

1:49

PM

2:02

PM

2:15

PM

2:29

PM

2:42

PM

2:55

PM

3:10

PM

3:24

PM

3:37

PM

3:50

PM

4:04

PM

4:17

PM

FMP

S T

otal

Con

cent

ratio

n (#

/cm3 )

30% CarbonFiber

25% CNT

PEEK 0.25

25% CNT Fail

25% CNT

PEEK 0.50

10% Carbon Fiber

30% Carbon Fiber

25% CNT quick fail

25% CNT failed after 15 minutes

25% CNT

Size Distribution (FMPS)

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1800000

20000006.

046.

988.

069.

3110

.812

.414

.316

.519

.122

.125

.529

.4 3439

.245

.352

.360

.469

.880

.693

.110

7.5

124.

114

3.3

165.

519

1.1

220.

725

4.8

294.

333

9.8

392.

445

3.2

523.

3

dN/d

logD

p [#

/cm

³]

Channel Size [nm]

25% CNT 1 25% CNT 2 25% CNT fail 30%CF

TEM BF images of CNT/CF bundles in production area TPS samples

Photo by Chen Wang, NIOSH.

Test with up to 20 FDM 3D printersAir Sampling Equipment

Size distribution from conference room tests

Machine turnover with CoCr powder (CPC & Sidepak)

LEV Control Option 1

LEV Control Option 2

Some manufacturers are offering control options to exhaust emissions

Exhaust to outdoors at 108 CFM

Room recirc with HEPA/carbon and 4 ACH

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

An Overview of NIOSH Engineering Controls and Studies on the Control of Respirable Crystalline SilicaLT Chaolong Qi, Ph.D, PEGeneral Engineer

Focus areas: • Engineering control of airborne contaminants• Aerosol measurement and characterization

EPAC Monthly Meeting

July 12, 2018

Respirable Crystalline Silica (RCS) Exposures

OSHA estimates 2.3 million workers exposed to RCS in the workplace– Two million construction workers– Additional 300,000 in general industry and hydraulic fracturing

New silica rule expected to protect workers– Started enforcing for construction section since September 2017– 0.05 mg/m3 as 8-hour time-weighted average exposure– Save over 600 lives annually– Prevent more than 900 new cases of silicosis each year

RCS Engineering Control Research at NIOSH

Jackhammering Concrete breaking Masonry cutting Tuckpointing Concrete Grinding and Polishing Asphalt Milling Fiber Cement Siding Hydraulic Fracturing Stone countertop fabrication

Cutting Fiber Cement Siding

WISHA study– Seven sites

• 0.01-0.14 mg/m3 RCS, 8-hr TWA exposures

– Circular saw cutting four stacked boards

• 4.94 mg/m3 RCS, 15 min sample

NIOSH study– One site, four days full shift (172 to

575 min) samples for RCS– 0.059 – 0.13 mg/m3 RCS TWA

exposures– Used circular saw for 68% of cuts,

miter saw for remainder

Laboratory Study

Automated operation, evaluated emissions Respirable dust generation rate

– Circular saw• 0.4003 g/m without LEV• 0.0289 g/m with LEV (92.8% less)

– Power shears• 0.0059 g/m

Field studies with LEV control

Four sites– IL, MN, GA, AL

Sampled cutters and installers– 21 full-shift samples on cutters– 12 full-shift samples on installers

RCS exposures 8-hr TWA, LEV 1.95-2.96 m3/min (69-106 CFM)– Cutters 0.011 mg/m3 GM, 0.015 mg/m3 UCL 95%– Installers 0.005 mg/m3 GM, 0.007 mg/m3 UCL 95%

Outputs

Video Blog Journal articles Presentations Workplace Solution

Impacts

Included in Table 1 of the new OSHA silica standard Recommended by Manufacturers

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Overview of the NIOSH Mining Research Program

Timothy W. Beck, MPHGeneral Engineer, Pittsburgh Mining Research Division

USPHS Engineer Professional Advisory Committee Meeting

12 July 2018

LT Timothy W. Beck

BS in Mining Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology

MPH in Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh

Prior to joining NIOSH, worked at a coal mine in central Texas

Researching coal mining dust controls to prevent occupational lung diseases and dust explosions

Deployed to Sierra Leone by CDC to support Ebola Virus Disease infection prevention and control efforts in 2015

Commissioned in February 2018

The NIOSH Mining Program operates from three locations

The NIOSH Mining Program pursues three strategic goals

Reduce the risk of occupational illness in miners Reduce the risk of traumatic injuries and fatalities of miners Reduce the risk of mine disasters and improving miners’ survivability

The NIOSH Mining Program seeks solutions to unique challenges in the mining workplace

Dust monitoring and control Mine ventilation Hearing loss prevention and

noise control Diesel particulate monitoring

and control Ground control/roof support Electrical safety Ergonomics and machine safety Organizational safety and safety

management

Conduct laboratory experiments

Perform field surveys of occupational exposures

Author research papers

Guide facility/research laboratory improvements

Manage contracts for intramural and extramural research

Develop new research

Duties as an Engineer/Project Officer at NIOSH Mining

Conduct laboratory experiments

Perform field surveys of occupational exposures

Author research papers

Guide facility/research laboratory improvements

Manage contracts for intramural and extramural research

Develop new research

Duties as an Engineer/Project Officer at NIOSH Mining

Conduct laboratory experiments

Perform field surveys of occupational exposures

Author research papers

Guide facility/research laboratory improvements

Manage contracts for intramural and extramural research

Develop new research

Duties as an Engineer/Project Officer at NIOSH Mining

Conduct laboratory experiments

Perform field surveys of occupational exposures

Author research papers

Guide facility/research laboratory improvements

Manage contracts for intramural and extramural research

Develop new research

Duties as an Engineer/Project Officer at NIOSH Mining

Conduct laboratory experiments

Perform field surveys of occupational exposures

Author research papers

Guide facility/research laboratory improvements

Manage contracts for intramural and extramural research

Develop new research

Duties as an Engineer/Project Officer at NIOSH Mining

Conduct laboratory experiments

Perform field surveys of occupational exposures

Author research papers

Guide facility/research laboratory improvements

Manage contracts for intramural and extramural research

Develop new research

Duties as an Engineer/Project Officer at NIOSH Mining

For more information, contact CDC1-800-CDC-INFO (232-4636)TTY: 1-888-232-6348 www.cdc.gov

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Thank you!

LT Timothy W. BeckTBeck@cdc.gov, (412) 386-4776