engineering information - water 16.1...

16.1Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - WATER HAMMER AND DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS

decimals

Decimal ValuesActual 4 Place 3 Place

in. in. mm in. mm

1/64 .015625 .0156 0.397 .016 0.41

1/32 .03125 .0312 0.794 .031 0.79

3/64 .046875 .0469 1.191 .047 1.19

1/16 .0625 .0625 1.588 .062 1.57

5/64 .078125 .0781 1.984 .078 1.98

3/32 .09375 .0938 2.381 .094 2.39

7/64 .109375 .1094 2.778 .109 2.77

1/8 .1250 .1250 3.175 .125 3.18

9/64 .140625 .1406 3.572 .141 3.58

5/32 .15625 .1562 3.969 .156 3.96

11/64 .171875 .1719 4.366 .172 4.37

3/16 .1875 .1875 4.762 .188 4.78

13/64 .203125 .2031 5.159 .203 5.16

7/32 .21875 .2188 5.556 .219 5.56

15/64 .234375 .2344 5.953 .234 5.94

1/4 .2500 .2500 6.350 .250 6.35

17/64 .265625 .2656 6.747 .266 6.76

9/32 .28125 .2812 7.144 .281 7.14

19/64 .296875 .2969 7.541 .297 7.54

5/16 .3125 .3125 7.938 .312 7.92

21/64 .328125 .3281 8.334 .328 8.33

11/32 .34375 .3438 8.731 .344 8.74


in. in. mm in. mm

23/64 .359375 .3594 9.128 .359 9.12

3/8 .3750 .3750 9.525 .375 9.52

25/64 .390625 .3906 9.922 .391 9.93

13/32 .40625 .4062 10.319 .406 10.31

27/64 .421875 .4219 10.716 .422 10.72

7/16 .4375 .4375 11.112 .438 11.13

29/64 .453125 .4531 11.509 .453 11.51

15/32 .46875 .4688 11.906 .469 11.91

13/64 .484375 .4844 12.303 .484 12.29

1/2 .5000 .5000 12.7 .500 12.7

33/64 .515625 .5156 13.097 .516 13.11

17/32 .53125 .5312 13.494 .531 13.49

35/64 .546875 .5469 13.891 .547 13.89

9/16 .5625 .5625 14.288 .562 14.27

37/64 .578125 .5781 14.684 .578 14.68

19/32 .59375 .5938 15.081 .594 15.09

39/64 .609375 .6094 15.478 .609 15.47

5/8 .6250 .6250 15.875 .625 15.88

41/64 .640625 .6406 16.272 .641 16.28

21/32 .65625 .6562 16.669 .656 16.66

43/64 .671875 .6719 17.066 .672 17.07


in. in. mm in. mm

11/16 .6875 .6875 17.462 .688 17.48

45/64 .703125 .7031 17.859 .703 17.86

23/32 .71875 .7188 18.256 .719 18.26

47/64 .734375 .7344 18.653 .734 18.64

3/4 .7500 .7500 19.050 .750 19.05

49/64 .765625 .7656 19.447 .766 19.46

25/32 .78125 .7812 19.844 .781 19.84

51/64 .796875 .7969 20.241 .797 20.24

13/16 .8125 .8125 20.638 .812 20.62

53/64 .828125 .8281 21.034 .828 21.03

27/32 .84375 .8438 21.431 .844 21.44

55/64 .859375 .8594 21.828 .859 21.82

7/8 .8750 .8750 22.225 .875 22.22

57/64 .890625 .8906 22.622 .891 22.63

29/32 .90625 .9062 23.019 .906 23.01

59/64 .921875 .9219 23.416 .922 23.42

15/16 .9375 .9375 23.812 .938 23.83

61/64 .953125 .9531 24.209 .953 24.21

31/32 .96875 .9688 24.606 .969 24.61

63/64 .984375 .9844 25.003 .984 24.99

1 1.0000 1.0000 25.4 1.000 25.4

Water hammer - a general dis-cussion Flowing water, due to its inertia, devel-ops sharp rises in pressure when sudden-ly interrupted, as by a valve being closed too quickly. The energy of the moving water column is expended in a series of sharp periodic waves of high pressure, followed by equal periods of subnormal pressure. These waves often produce a series of sounds, not unlike the blows of a hammer, from which is derived the name “water hammer”. The initial shock wave develops the maximum pressure - each succeeding shock diminishing in intensity as the en-ergy of the moving water is expended in overcoming the friction of the pipe wall, stretching the pipewall, and compressing the water column. The period of times between shocks is proportional to the length of the pipe ahead of the valve, and the velocity of the wave propagation. The velocity of wave propagation varies

for different pipes, being highest in the more rigid pipes. In ordinary sizes and thicknesses of cast iron and steel pipe used in water mains, the velocity of wave propagation is approximately 3600 to 4000 feet per second. One time period is the time required for the wave to travel the length of straight run pipe ahead of the valve and return or twice this length in feet divided by the values given above. Any valve closure is less than this time results in maximum pressure rise for the velocity interrupted. The maximum pressure rise has been found by experiment to reach values in pounds per square inch as high as 50 to 54 times the velocity in feet per second interrupted. On this basis, a velocity of 5 feet per second closed off in less than one time period would show a peak surge pressure of from 250 to 270 p.s.i. Severe water hammer is a serious hazard and often may cause a rupture of piping components, service pipe failures, joint failures and other damage to the system.

Water hammer may be controlled by various means, such as surge supres-sors, relief valves, and slow closing gat or cone type valves. Moreover, complex lines complicate the problem, and a sur-vey by engineers trained in surge control may be necessary where unusual condi-tions are encountered. Kents handbook offers the following formula for time in seconds to close a gate valve in order that no water hammer may result. T = .027L P -p Where T - time in seconds; L-length of pipe before the valve, in feet; V-velocity of flow; P-pressure in pipe at no flow, p.s.i.; and p-pressure in the pipe at full flow. Since the first 80% of gate travel has little effect in reducing the velocity, most of the above time should be taken in the last 20% of travel or closure.

Conversion of common inch fractions to inch decimals to millimeter decimals (for dual dimen-sioned drawings)

16.32Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - DEMAND WEIGHTS

Table 9 - Pressure losses in water meters

Reprinted from National Bureau of Standards publication BMS 79, by permission of U.S. Depar™ent of Commerce.

16.31Rev. 4-99


Type ofbuilding asto numberand kind of

fixtures

Kinds of fixtures Total fixture units 1 Total demand 2

Bathrooms

Kitchensinks or

combinationfixtures

Groups of 1to 3 laundry

trays

With flushvalves for

waterclosets

With flushtanks for

waterclosets

With flushvalves for

waterclosets

With flushtanks for

waterclosets

Number Number Number Number Number gpm gpmA 1 1 0 10 8 27 6

B 1 1 1 13 11 30 8

C 2 1 1 21 17 36 12

D 3 2 1 31 25 42 17

E 4 4 2 46 38 49 24

F 8 8 3 89 73 64 36

Figure 8 - Chart of demand weights in fixture units

1 Total fixture units from Table 6. 2 Total demand from Figure 8.


Figure 8 - Chart of demand weights in fixture units

Reprinted from National Bureau of Standards publication BMS 79, by permission of U.S. Depar™ent of Commerce

16.30Rev. 4-99


Estimatedload

(gpm)

Recommended allowances to be applied to estimated load or tocapacity of new ferrous pipe to provide for aging

Noncaking Slightly caking Caking, moderatelybad Caking, very bad

To capac-ity To load To capac-

ity To load To capac-ity To load To capac-

ity To load

% % % % % % % %0.0 to 2.5 - 20 + 25 - 40 + 60 - 60 + 150 - 80 + 400

2.6 to 5.0 - 20 + 25 - 35 + 50 - 55 + 130 - 75 + 300

5.1 to 10 - 20 + 25 - 30 + 45 - 55 + 110 - 65 + 200

11 to 8 - 20 + 25 - 30 + 45 - 50 + 100 - 65 + 200

19 to 37 - 20 + 25 - 30 + 40 - 45 + 80 - 60 + 150

38 to 56 - 20 + 25 - 30 + 40 - 40 + 65 - 60 + 150

57 to 100 - 20 + 25 - 25 + 35 - 35 + 50 - 55 + 125

111 to 175 - 20 + 25 - 25 + 35 - 35 + 50 - 55 + 125

176 to 310 - 20 + 25 - 25 + 35 - 30 + 45 - 50 + 100

311 to 635 - 20 + 25 - 25 + 35 - 30 + 45 - 50 + 100

Fixture of group 2 Occupancy Type of supply control Weight in fixture units 3

Water closet PublicFlush valve 10

Flush tank 5

Pedestal urinal Public Flush valve 10

Stall or wall urinal PublicFlush valve 5

Flush tank 3

Lavatory Public Faucet 2

Bathtub Public Faucet 4

Shower head Public Mixing valve 4

Service sink Office, etc. Faucet 3

Kitchen sink Hotel or restaurant Faucet 4

Water closetPrivate Flush valve 6

Private Flush tank 3

Lavatory Private Faucet 1

Bathtub Private Faucet 2

Shower head Private Mixing valve 2

Bathroom groupPrivate Flush valve for closet 8

Private Flush tank for closet 6

Separate shower Private Mixing valve 2

Kitchen sink Private Faucet 2

Laundry trays (1-3) Private Faucet 3

Combination fixture Private Faucet 3

Table 5 - Suggested allowances for decrease in capacity of ferrous


Table 6 - Demand weights of fixtures in fixture units 1

1 For supply outlets likely to impose continuous demands, estimate continuous supply separately and add to total demand for fixtures. 2 For Fixtures not listed, weights may be assumed by comparing the fixture to a listed one using water in similar quantities and at similar rates. 3 The given weights are for total demand. For fixtures with both hot-and cold-water supplies, the weights for maximum separate demands may be taken as 3/4 the listed demand for the supply.


16.29Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -PIPE CAPACITY AND FLOW DATADetermination of proper size of service pipe (continued)

7. Distance from meter to main, 75 feet.

8. Developed length of customer’s piping to most remote fixture, including equivalent length of straight pipe due to elbows, tees, special fittings, etc. (considered for purpose of calculation to be of same size and type of pipe as service). Determination of friction loss allowable per 100 feet of pipe is based on the assumption that the entire peak demand issues from the most remote fixture through piping of same size as the service.

Pressure desired at most remove fixture ................... 8 p.s.i.

Pressure loss due to 10 feet elevation ................. 4.34 p.s.i.

Pressure loss at peak demand, meter (Fig. 9) ....... 9.0 p.s.i.

21.34 p.s.i.

Actual length of service pipe......................... 75 ft.

Developed length of customer’s piping to most remote fixture including equivalent length elbows, tees, etc. ............................. 40 ft.

Corporation Stop/Valve. Equivalent length straight pipe ........................ 5.86 ft.

Curb Stop/Valve. Equivalent length straight pipe ........................ 4.08 ft.

124.94 ft.

Main to most remote fixture ............. (approx. 125 ft.)

Pressure available for pipe friction

Main pressure 50 p.s.i. - 21.34 = 28.66 p.s.i.

Max friction loss allowable per 100 ft. 100 x 28.66 = 23.00 p.s.i. 125

Referring to chart “Flow Chart for Type ”K” Copper Pipe,” it will be noted that a 3/4" pipe loss is 20 p.s.i. per 100 feet at 12 GPM. Therefore, it is satisfactory from the standpoint of pressure loss.

It will be noted that the velocity is 9 ft/sec which is near the upper limit. However, the peak flow may only occur during use of hose outlet, and the 3/4" service is probably ample. In a service where the peak demand would be expect-ed to occur frequently, it might be advis-able to install a 1" service to reduce the erosion-corrosion effect if the water was somewhat active. A velocity approaching 10 feet per second may cause annoyance from water hammer and noise.

Table 10 offers considerable simplifica-tion in determining the demand estimate. Referring to table 10, it will be noted that the building in our example falls in Class A, and that the demand estimate is 6 GPM, to which is added the 5 GPM demand for the hose outlet for a total demand of 11 GPM - close near enough for estimating purposes.

16.28Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -PIPE CAPACITY AND FLOW DATA

Determination of proper size of service pipe Determination of the proper size of service for any particular type of build-ing is of the u™ost importance, if ample pressures are to be available at all fixtures and the service pipe is not to be subjected to excessive velocities. Many homes supplied by a 3/4" service, which may have been ample when the service was installed are now inadequately served be-cause the demand has been increased, by adding extra laundry tap, additional bath-rooms, lawn sprinklers and similar water consuming conveniences. Such increased demand either subjects the service to ex-cessive velocities, with attendant annoy-ances due to noise and water hammer, or results in unsatisfactory delivery at times from source of the fixtures.

Excessive velocities always aggravate corrosion, partly through the mechanism of erosion and partly by washing away protective films or coatings formed natu-rally by the action of the water. Corrosion combined with erosion is particularly destructive where continuous operation of a service at high velocities in active water occurs, as a service feeding a fountain or some commercial process requiring a continuous flow of water.

In these latter conditions, it is advisable to keep the velocities low - from three to five feet per second or less. In nonactive waters, velocities as high as 10 feet per second might be tolerated if the service is intermittent and the demand at the flow is not too frequent, provided, of course, that the main pressures are adequate.

The following factors affect the choice of proper size of the service line:

1. Pressure available at the main.

2. Pressure desired at the most remote fixture, usually the high-est installed fixture above the main level, commonly assumed as 6 to 8 p.s.i.

3. Friction loss through corporation valve, service line, curb valve, wa-ter meter and customer’s piping at maximum expected demand flow.

4. Velocity desired through the service line at maximum desired flow. No absolutely fixed rule can be set up for the proper velocity, and past experience with a particular water will, to a great extent, govern the maximum velocity desired.

5. Maximum expected demand flow. This factor is not the total combined flow with all fixtures wide open at the same time, but is proportional to the number of fixtures that may be expected to be in use simultaneous-ly. The National Bureau of Stand-ards has determined the probable peak demand flow for any housing unit based on the number and type of fixtures installed.

Table 6 lists the demand weights in “fix-ture units” as determined by the National Bureau of Standards. It is used in con-junction with Chart, Fig. 8 in determining the expected normal peak flow for any housing unit and any number or combina-tion of fixtures as listed in table 6.

Table 10 is a simplified table showing the estimated demand flow in gallons per minute for various classes of structures.

Chart, Fig. 9 shows the pressure loss through disc type meters of various sizes.

(Special Note) Tables 6, 10, and charts Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 are reprinted by permis-sion of the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards publica-tion “Building Materials and Structures Report BMS - 79”. For a more detailed treatise, a copy of this publication may be obtained by writing to the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. Example of sizing a service

The following is a set of calculations showing the determination of the proper service for a Class A dwelling - with

flush tank water closet, one bathroom, one kitchen sink with combination fix-tures, no laundry tray, and hose outlet.

The peak expected demand flow is esti-mated as follows:

Referring to table 6,

Demand weight in Fixture fixture units Water Closet,

Flush Tank ...... 3

Lavatory ......... 1

Bathtub .......... 2

Kitchen Sink Combination ..... 3

9 Referring to Chart, Fig. 8, the demand in gallons per minute for 9 fixture units is found to be about 7 gallons per minute. To this, should be added the hose outlet demand, in this example assumed at 5 gallons per minute which brings the expected total demand up to 12 gallons per minute.

For the purpose of this example, the fol-lowing conditions are further assumed:

1. The dwelling is single story with maximum elevation above the main to the most remote fixture of 10 feet.

2. Minimum main pressure - 50 p.s.i.

3. Copper Service pipe is to be used.

4. A curb valve is to be installed.

5. A disc type water meter will be used.

6. Minimum pressure at most remote fixture desired, 8 p.s.i.

16.27Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - PIPERESISTANCE AND MUELLER PRODUCT FLOW DATA

Size FittingEquivalent Length in FeetSched. 40

SteelType KCopper

1/2" Corp. Stop 9.16 6.12

3/4" Corp. Stop 6.08 5.86

1" Corp. Stop 5.86 6.67

1-1/4" Corp. Stop 8.16 7.46

1-1/2" Corp. Stop 7.82 7.70

2" Corp. Stop 7.48 8.38

1/2" CurbStop 4.73 3.14

3/4" CurbStop 3.55 4.04

1" CurbStop 3.37 3.85

1-1/4" CurbStop 4.08 3.56

1-1/2" CurbStop 4.43 4.43

2" - 4.38 4.79

5/8" H- 10890- 10891Meter Coupling .69 .28

3/4" H- 10890- 10891Meter Coupling 1.28 .89

5/8" H- 10892 MeterCoupling 2.48** 1.22**

3/4" H- 10892 MeterCoupling 1.70 1.09

SizeMeterYokes

CatalogNumber

RiserEquivalent

Length in FeetSched. 40

SteelType KCopper

5/8" x 3/4" H-1412 - 7.8 5.65

5/8” x 3/4" H- 1414 - 8.33 5.96

5/8" x 3/4" H- 1404 9" 15.35 12.80

5/8" x 3/4" H- 1400 9" 10.20 7.18

5/8" x 3/4" H- 1400 15" 11.30 7.92

5/8" x 3/4" H- 1400 18" 14.60 10.20

5/8" x 3/4" H- 14092 20" 12.50 9.15

5/8" x 3/4" H- 5020† - 11.50 7.83

Equivalent resistence of bends, fittings, and valves, length of straight pipe in feet *

* By permission from PIPING HANDBOOK 4th Edition by Sabin Crocker, Copyright, 1945, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

FLOW DATA THROUGH MUELLER SERVICE MATERIALS EXPRESSED AS EQUIVALENT LENGHTS OF STRAIGHT PIPE

** Referred to 1/2" Pipe. NOTE. Only a partial list of Mueller Meter Yokes are in above list. Generally a flat allowance of 10 feet of pipe is adequate for any Meter Yoke as few services are designed with narrow friction allowances.

15 30 60 20 15 45 60 7 333 167 83

12 11.94 13.9 29.8 66.3 59.6 15.9 11.9 8.95 6.96 8.95 11.9 14.9 29.8 59.6 19.914 13.13 15.3 32.8 73.0 65.6 17.5 13.1 9.85 7.65 9.85 13.1 16.4 32.8 65.6 21.916 15.00 18.5 37.5 83.5 75.0 20.0 15.0 11.2 8.75 11.2 15.0 18.8 37.5 75.0 25.018 16.88 19.7 42.1 93.8 84.2 22.5 16.9 12.7 9.85 12.7 16.9 21.1 42.1 84.2 28.120 18.81 22.0 47.0 105.0 94.0 25.1 18.8 14.1 11.0 14.1 18.1 23.5 47.0 94.0 31.424 22.63 26.4 56.6 126.0 113.0 30.2 22.6 17.0 13.2 17.0 22.6 28.3 56.6 113.3 37.8

14.9 44.8 59.6 6.96 332.0 166.0 83.016.4 49.2 65.6 7.65 364.0 182.0 91.018.8 56.2 75.0 8.75 417.0 208.0 104.021.1 63.2 84.2 9.85 469.0 234.0 117.023.5 70.6 94.0 11.0 522.0 261.0 131.028.3 85.0 113.0 13.2 628.9 314.0 157.0

16.26Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - COP-PER TUBING FLOW CHART

Flow chart for Type “K” copper tubing Auxillary scale by inside diameters for use with other pipes of extremely smooth interiors.

Curves plotted from formulaP = Q 1.75 16.4 d 4.75

Example 1. Type “K” copper nominal size. The dotted lines above that for 3/4" Type “K” pipe, a flow of 6.5" gallons per minute produces a friction loss of 6.7 p.s.i. per 100 feet of pipe length at an average velocity of 4.8 feet per second.

Where P = Friction loss in pounds per square inch 100 ft. of pipe length. Q = Flow in gallons per minute. d = Pipe I.D. in inches.Example 2. Smooth pipe not Type “K” copper sizes. The dotted lines in the upper left hand corner show that for a 3" I.D. smooth pipe, a flow of 55G.P.M. produces a friction loss of 0.36 p.s.i. per 100 feet of pipe length at an average velocity of 2.5 feet per second.

Note: Flow formula and chart are accurate for Reynolds numbers of 200,000 or less; less accurate for higher Reynolds numbers.

16.25Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -STEEL PIPE FLOW CHARTFlow chart for schedule 40 steel pipe With auxiliary scales by actual inside diameters for use with other pipe approximating a fairly smooth condition

Curves plotted from formulaP = Q 1.83 16.13 d 4.83

Where P = Friction loss in p.s.i. per 100 ft. of pipe length. Q= Flow in gallons per minute. d = Actual pipe I.D. in inches.

Note: Flow formula and chart are accurate for Reynolds numbers of 200,000 or less; less accurate for higher Reynolds numbers.

16.24Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -CAST IRON PIPE FLOW CHART

Flow chart for cast iron and similar mains

From Williams-Hazen formula "C"= 100

With auxillary scales by actual inside diameters for use with other pipes of similar roughness.

Multipliers for other values of “C” C = 140, multiply loss by 0.536 C = 130, multiply loss by 0.615 C = 120, multiply loss by 0.712 C = 110, multiply loss by 0.838

C = 100, multiply loss by 1.000 C = 95, multiply loss by 1.100 C = 90, multiply loss by 1.220 C = 60, multiply loss by 2.580

16.23Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - FLOW CHARTS - “C” FACTORS Flow charts and “C” factors The flow charts The following three charts show the corresponding friction losses of cast iron and similar water mains; of schedule 40 steel pipe; and Type K copper pipe. Most field contractors and engi-neers dealing with the construc-tion and design of water mains are accustomed to thinking of losses in feet of water and flow of gal-lons per minute as determined by the Williams and Hazen’s for-mula. The flow chart for cast iron and similar mains is based on this formula and expresses the losses

as head in feet lost per 1000 feet of pipe at the various flows in gallons per minute. Service line designers usu-ally are interested in losses expressed in pounds per square inch. The flow charts for schedule 40 steel pipe and Type K copper pipe give the losses as pounds per square inch lost in 100 feet of service line at various flows in gallons per minute. These latter charts are taken from the Bureau of Standards Publication BMS - 79, with

some larger sizes added and with additional scales added for use in estimating special pipes by actual inside diameters. For instance, the chart for Type K copper pipe can be used for plastic pipe and any smooth pipe where the actual inside diameter is known. In a similar manner the flows through odd size pipes of similar internal roughness to schedule 40 steel and cast iron pipe can also be estimated, since the auxillary inside diameter scales have like-wise been added to these charts.

Williams and Hazen “C” factors* for use with flow chart shown on page Eng Info - 24 Values of “C” recommended for use in the Williams and Ha- zen Formula C = 140 for “extremely smooth

and straight pipes” with “continuous interior” and welded or coupled joints, such as New brass, copper, lead, tin. New cast iron.

New welded or seamless steel. Smooth concrete (see Scobey concrete formula for full details on various degrees of roughness).

Smooth cement-lined cast iron or steel pipe.

Asbestos-Cement.

C = 130 for “very smooth” pipes, such as Welded or seamless steel with “continuous inte

rior” in “fair” condition. New welded-steel pipe with

riveted girth joints. New cast iron, usual value.

Old brass, copper, lead, tin.

C = 120 for “smooth” pipes, such as Smooth wooden pipes or woodstave pipes. Ordinary concrete.

C = 110 - 130 for “new full- riveted” steel or wrought-iron pipe, depending on thickness of plate and extent to which rivets are countersunk (see also Scobey formula).

C = 110 for old cement-lined pipe, or vitrified-crock sewers in good condition

C = 100 for old cast-iron or “old continu ous interior” steel pipes where the carrying

capacity over a long period of years is somewhat impaired through tuberculation or sedimentation. For sizes below 6 inches, somewhat lower values should be used. Velocities in feet per second and loss of head in feet per 1,000 feet of pipe for C = 100 are given in Table XLIV (see Piping Handbook).

C = 95 for “old full-riveted” steel under the same conditions.

C = 90 for brick sewers.

C = 60 for “corrugated” pipe or “badly tuberculated” iron or

steel pipes.

* By permission from PIPING HANDBOOK, 4th Ed., by Sabin Crocker. Copyright, 1945. McGraw- Hill Book Company, Inc.

16.22Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF PURE WATER

Table 6: Density and Viscosity of Pure Water (continued)

These charts have been reprinted from pp. 63-66 of John R. Freeman’s book “Experiments upon the Flow of Water in Pipes and Pipe Fittings - Made at Nashua, New Hampshire June 28 to October 22, 1892” with permission of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

16.21Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF PURE WATERTable 6: Density and Viscosity of Pure Water (continued)


16.20Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF PURE WATER

Table 6: Density and Viscosity of Pure Water (continued)


16.19Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF PURE WATERTable 6: Density and Viscosity of Pure Water


16.18Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -CAST IRON FLANGE DIMENSIONS

Nominalpipe size

Diameterof flange

Thicknessof flange

(minimum)

Diameterof boltcircle

Number ofbolts

Diameterof bolts

Diameterof boltholes

Length ofbolts

Length ofbolt-studwith two

nuts1 4-1/4 7/16 3-1/8 4 1/2 5/8 1-3/4 .....1-1/4 4-5/8 1/2 3-1/2 4 1/2 5/8 2 .....1-1/2 5 9/16 3-7/8 4 1/2 5/8 2 .....2 6 5/8 4-3/4 4 5/8 3/4 2-1/4 .....2-1/2 7 11/16 5-1/2 4 5/8 3/4 2-1/2 .....3 7-1/2 3/4 6 4 5/8 3/4 2-1/2 .....3-1/2 8-1/2 13/16 7 8 5/8 3/4 2-3/4 .....4 9 15/16 7-1/2 8 5/8 3/4 3 .....5 10 15/16 8-1/2 8 3/4 7/8 3 .....6 11 1 9-1/2 8 3/4 7/8 3-1/4 .....8 13-1/2 1-1/8 11-3/4 8 3/4 7/8 3-1/2 .....

10 16 1-3/16 14-1/4 12 7/8 1 3-1/4 .....12 19 1-1/4 17 12 7/8 1 3-3/4 .....14 21 1-3/8 18-3/4 12 1 1-1/8 4-1/4 .....16 23-1/2 1-7/16 21-1/4 16 1 1-1/8 4-1/2 .....18 25 1-9/16 22-3/4 16 1-1/8 1-1/4 4-3/4 .....20 27-1/2 1-11/16 25 20 1-1/8 1-1/4 5 .....24 32 1-7/8 29-1/2 20 1-1/4 1-3/8 5-1/2 .....30 38-3/4 2-1/8 36 28 1-1/4 1-3/8 6-1/4 .....36 46 2-3/8 42-3/4 32 1-1/2 1-5/8 7 .....42 53 2-5/8 49-1/2 36 1-1/2 1-5/8 7-1/2 .....48 59-1/2 2-3/4 56 44 1-1/2 1-5/8 7-3/4 .....

* 54 66-1/4 3 62-3/4 44 1-3/4 2 8-1/2 10-1/2* 60 73 3-1/8 69-1/4 52 1-3/4 2 8-3/4 10-3/4* 72 86-1/2 3-1/2 82-1/2 60 1-3/4 2 9-1/2 11-1/2* 84 99-3/4 3-7/8 95-1/2 64 2 2-1/4 10-1/2 12-3/4*96 113-1/4 4-1/4 108-1/2 68 2-1/4 2-1/2 11-1/2 14

Nominalpipe size

Diameterof flange

Thicknessof flange

(min.)

Diameterof raised

face

Diameterof boltcircle

Numberof bolts

Diameterof bolts

Diameterof boltholes

Lengthof bolts

Length ofbolt-studw/ twonuts

1 4-7/8 11/16 2-11/16 3-1/2 4 5/8 3/4 2-1/2 .....1-1/4 5-1/4 3/4 3-1/16 3-7/8 4 5/8 3/4 2-1/2 .....1-1/2 6-1/8 13/16 3-9/16 4-1/2 4 3/4 7/8 2-3/4 .....2 6-1/2 7/8 4-3/16 5 8 5/8 3/4 2-3/4 .....2-1/2 7-1/2 1 4-15/16 5-7/8 8 3/4 7/8 3-1/4 .....3 8-1/4 1-1/8 5-11/16 6-5/8 8 3/4 7/8 3-1/2 .....3-1/2 9 1-3/16 6-5/16 7-1/4 8 3/4 7/8 3-1/2 .....4 10 1-1/4 6-15/16 7-7/8 8 3/4 7/8 3-3/4 .....5 11 1-3/8 8-5/16 9-1/4 8 3/4 7/8 4 .....6 12-1/2 1-7/16 9-11/16 10-5/8 12 3/4 7/8 4 .....8 15 1-5/8 11-15/16 13 12 7/8 1 4-1/2 .....

10 17-1/2 1-7/8 14-1/16 15-1/4 16 1 1-1/8 5-1/4 .....12 20-1/2 2 16-7/16 17-3/4 16 1-1/8 1-1/4 5-1/2 .....14 23 2-1/8 18-15/16 20-1/4 20 1-1/8 1-1/4 6 .....16 25-1/2 2-1/4 21-1/16 22-1/2 20 1-1/4 1-3/8 6-1/4 .....18 28 2-3/8 23-5/16 24-3/4 24 1-1/4 1-3/8 6-1/2 .....20 30-1/2 2-1/2 25-9/16 27 24 1-1/4 1-3/8 6-3/4 .....24 36 2-3/4 30-1/4 32 24 1-1/2 1-5/8 7-3/4 9-1/2

* 30 43 3 37-3/16 39-1/4 28 1-3/4 2 8-1/2 10-1/2* 36 50 3-3/8 43-11/16 46 32 2 2-1/4 9-1/2 11-3/4* 42 57 3-11/16 50-7/16 52-3/4 36 2 2-1/4 10-1/4 12-1/2

Cast iron flange dimensions - Class 125

All dimensions are in inches. * These sizes are included for convenience and do not carry a definite rating. Extracted from American Standard Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (ANSI B16.1), with the permission of publisher, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Cast iron flange dimensions - Class 250

All dimensions are in inches. Extracted from American Standard Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (ANSI B16.1), with the permission of publisher, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

16.17Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - STANDARD MECHANICAL JOINT DIMENSIONS

Size A B C D F O X J

K1

K2 L M O P

S Bolts

Centrifu-galpipe

Pit castpipe

and fit-tings

Centrifu-galpipe

Pit castpipe

and fit-tings

Number Size Length

48 50.80 4.00 52.09 52.25 50.97 20º 1-3/8 57.50 60.00 60.00 60.00 2.00 2.00 .38 1.00 1.61 2.20 32 1-1/4 6

Chart taken from ANSI A21.11 and AWWA C111 Standard Specifications.

16.16Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -PIPE THREAD DATA

1/8 .405 27 .0370 .3635 .180 .3748 .2639 .3800 .1111 .3566 .39241/4 .540 18 .0556 .4774 .200 .4899 .4018 .5025 .1667 .4670 .59463/8 .675 18 .0556 .6120 .240 .6270 .4078 .6375 .1667 .6016 .60061/2 .840 14 .0714 .7584 .320 .7784 .5337 .7918 .2143 .7450 .78153/4 1.050 14 .0714 .9677 .339 .9889 .5457 1.0018 .2143 .9543 .7935

1 1.315 11-1/2 .0870 1.2136 .400 1.2386 .6828 1.2563 .2609 1.1973 .98451-1/4 1.660 11-1/2 .0870 1.5571 .420 1.5834 .7068 1.6013 .2609 1.5408 1.00851-1/2 1.900 11-1/2 .0870 1.7961 .420 1.8223 .7235 1.8413 .2609 1.7798 1.02522 2.375 11-1/2 .0870 2.2690 .436 2.2963 .7565 2.3163 .2609 2.2527 1.05822-1/2 2.875 8 .1250 2.7195 .682 2.7622 1.1375 2.7906 .2500 2.7039 1.57123 3.500 8 .1250 3.3406 .766 3.3885 1.2000 3.4156 .2500 3.3250 1.63373-1/2 4.000 8 .1250 3.8375 .821 3.8880 1.2500 3.9156 .2500 3.8219 1.68374 4.500 8 .1250 4.3344 .844 4.3871 1.3000 4.4156 .2500 4.3188 1.7337

* 4-1/2 5.000 8 .1250 4.8313 .875 4.8859 1.3500 4.8418 ..... ..... .....5 5.563 8 .1250 5.3907 .937 5.4493 1.4063 5.4786 .2500 5.3751 1.84006 6.625 8 .1250 6.4461 .958 6.5060 1.5125 6.5406 .2500 6.4305 1.9462

* 7 7.625 8 .1250 7.4398 1.000 7.5023 1.6125 7.4524 ..... ..... .....8 8.625 8 .1250 8.4336 1.063 8.5000 1.7125 8.5406 .2500 8.4180 2.1462

* 9 9.625 8 .1250 9.4273 1.130 9.4980 1.8125 9.4415 ..... ..... .....10 10.750 8 .1250 10.5453 1.210 10.6209 1.9250 10.6656 .2500 10.5297 2.3587

* 11 11.750 8 .1250 11.5391 1.285 11.6194 2.0250 11.5549 ..... ..... .....12 12.750 8 .1250 12.5328 1.360 12.6178 2.1250 12.6656 .2500 12.5172 2.558714 14.000 8 .1250 13.7750 1.562 13.8726 2.2500 13.9156 .2500 13.7594 2.6837

* 15 15.000 8 .1250 14.7688 1.687 14.8742 2.3500 14.7872 ..... ..... .....16 16.000 8 .1250 15.7625 1.812 15.8758 2.4500 15.9156 .2500 15.7469 2.8837

* 17 17.000 8 .1250 16.7563 1.900 16.8750 2.5500 16.7762 ..... ..... .....18 18.000 8 .1250 17.7500 2.000 17.8750 2.6500 17.9156 .2500 17.7344 3.083720 20.000 8 .1250 19.7375 2.125 19.8703 2.8500 19.9156 .2500 19.7219 3.2837

* 22 22.000 8 .1250 21.7250 2.250 21.8656 3.0500 21.7488 ..... ..... .....24 24.000 8 .1250 23.7125 2.375 23.8609 3.2500 23.9156 .2500 23.6969 3.6837

Standard thread dimensions

0.8P = Thread depth - Amer. Std. 0.760P = Thread depth - A.P.I. Std. Total taper 3/4" per foot (measured on diameter)

Ring gauge

Plug gaugeImperfect threads due to lead or die

Gauge to go on flush by hand F = Thickness of working ring gauge

Plug gauge to enter until notch is flush with first thread standard tolerance is +- one thread

C = Straight pipe thread pitch diameter for locknut connections

G = Minimum pitch diameter straight female locknut thread

Data per American Standad B2.1-1945 (For Taper Pipe Threads) and API Standard 6-A (for line pipe threads). * Sizes discontinued in American Standards listed for reference only. † Also length of plug gauge. ‡ Length of ring gauge and length from gauging notch to small end of plug gauge. The American Standard Pipe Thread and the API Standard Line Pipe Thread are interchangeable.

Reprinted by permission from Catalog No. 55, Ladish Co.

16.15Shaded area indicates change Rev. 8-04

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - PIPE DATA

16.14Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - DIAMETER CONVERSION CHART - METRIC

NOTE: To convert to inches, multilpy the mm by 25.4 *BS 1600 UTI 36" NB ** DIN 28601, 28602, 28603, 28605

16.13Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -CAST IRON PIPE DATA

3" 3.96 3.32 .32 3.80 3.06 .374" 4.80 4.10 .35 4.80 4.00 .406" 6.90 6.14 .38 6.90 6.04 .438" 9.05 8.23 .41 9.05 8.13 .46

10" 11.10 10.22 .44 11.10 9.94 .5812" 13.20 12.24 .48 13.20 11.94 .6314" 15.65 14.55 .55 15.65 14.29 .6816" 17.80 16.64 .58 17.80 16.22 .7918" 19.92 18.66 .63 19.92 18.22 .8520" 22.06 20.72 .67 22.06 20.26 .9024" 26.32 24.74 .79 26.32 24.32 1.0030" 32.00 30.16 .92 32.74 30.36 1.1936" 38.30 36.26 1.02 39.16 36.30 1.4342" 44.50 42.24 1.13 45.58 42.42 1.5848" 50.80 48.34 1.23 51.98 48.52 1.7354" - - - 58.40 54.60 1.9060" - - - 64.82 60.42 2.20

3" 3.96 3.32 .32 3.80 3.06 .374" 4.80 4.10 .35 4.80 4.00 .406" 6.90 6.14 .38 6.90 6.04 .438" 9.05 8.23 .41 9.05 8.05 .50

10" 11.10 10.22 .44 11.40 10.14 .6312" 13.20 12.16 .52 13.50 12.14 .6814" 15.65 14.47 .59 15.65 14.07 .7916" 17.80 16.54 .63 17.80 16.10 .8518" 19.92 18.56 .68 19.92 18.08 .9220" 22.06 20.62 .72 22.06 20.12 .9724" 26.32 24.74 .79 26.32 24.16 1.0830" 32.00 30.02 .99 32.74 29.96 1.3936" 38.30 36.10 1.10 39.16 36.08 1.5442" 44.50 42.06 1.22 45.58 42.16 1.7148" 50.80 48.14 1.33 51.98 47.94 2.0254" - - - 58.40 53.98 2.2160" - - - 64.82 60.06 2.38

AWWA - 1908 STANDARD

Outside diameters, inside diameters and thicknesses of various pipes

16.12Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - CAST IRON PIPE DATA

Outside diameters, inside diameters and thicknesses of various pipes

Nominalsize

CENTRIFUGALLY CAST PIPEANSI A21.6 ANSI A21.8

AWWA C106 AWWA C108

PIT CAST PIPEANSI A21.2

AWWA C102

O.D. I.D. THICKNESS O.D. I.D. THICKNESSCLASS 50 50 PSI 115 FT. HD.

3" 3.96 3.32 .32 3.80 3.06 .374" 4.80 4.10 .35 4.80 4.00 .406" 6.90 6.14 .38 6.90 6.04 .438" 9.05 8.23 .41 9.05 8.13 .46

10" 11.10 10.22 .44 11.10 10.10 .5012" 13.20 12.24 .48 13.20 12.12 .5414" 15.30 14.34 .48 15.30 14.22 .5416" 17.40 16.32 .54 17.40 16.24 .5818" 19.50 18.42 .54 19.50 18.24 .6320" 21.60 20.46 .57 21.60 20.28 .6624" 25.80 24.54 .63 25.80 24.32 .7430" 32.00 30.42 .79 31.74 30.00 .8736" 38.30 36.56 .87 37.96 36.02 .9742" 44.50 42.56 .97 44.20 42.06 1.0748" 50.80 48.68 1.06 50.50 48.14 1.1854" - - - 56.66 54.06 1.3060" - - - 62.80 60.02 1.39

CLASS 100 100 PSI 231 FT. HD.3" 3.96 3.32 .32 3.80 3.06 .374" 4.80 4.10 .35 4.80 4.00 .406" 6.90 6.14 .38 6.90 6.04 .438" 9.05 8.23 .41 9.05 8.13 .46

10" 11.10 10.22 .44 11.10 10.10 .5012" 13.20 12.24 .48 13.20 12.12 .5414" 15.30 14.28 .51 15.30 14.14 .5816" 17.40 16.32 .54 17.40 16.14 .6318" 19.50 18.34 .58 19.50 18.14 .6820" 21.60 20.36 .62 21.60 20.18 .7124" 25.80 24.44 .68 25.80 24.20 .8030" 32.00 30.42 .79 32.00 30.12 .9436" 38.30 36.56 .87 38.30 36.20 1.0542" 44.50 42.56 .97 44.50 42.00 1.2548" 50.80 48.68 1.06 50.80 48.06 1.3754" - - - 57.10 54.08 1.5160" - - - 63.40 60.16 1.62

CLASS 150 150 PSI 346 FT. HD.3" 3.96 3.32 .32 3.80 3.06 .374" 4.80 4.10 .35 4.80 4.00 .406" 6.90 6.14 .38 6.90 6.04 .438" 9.05 8.23 .41 9.05 8.13 .46

10" 11.10 10.22 .44 11.10 10.02 .5412" 13.20 12.24 .48 13.20 12.04 .5814" 15.65 14.63 .51 15.65 14.39 .6316" 17.80 16.72 .54 17.80 16.44 .6818" 19.92 18.76 .58 19.92 18.46 .7320" 22.06 20.82 .62 22.06 20.40 .8324" 26.32 24.86 .73 26.32 24.46 .9330" 32.00 30.30 .85 32.40 30.20 1.1036" 38.30 36.42 .94 38.70 36.26 1.2242" 44.50 42.40 1.05 45.10 42.40 1.3548" 50.80 48.52 1.14 51.40 48.44 1.4854" - - - 57.80 54.54 1.6360" - - - 64.20 60.42 1.89

16.11Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - PLASTIC PIPE DATAHoop stress calculations in plastic tubing and pipe Hoop stress in plastic tubing and pipe may be calculated by the ISO Equation: or

S = P (D - t) OR S = P (R - 1)

2t 2

S = Stress in circumferential direction, psi P = Internal pressure, psig D = Average outside diameter, inches t = Minimum wall thickness, inchesR = D = SDR = Standard thermo- plastic dimension t ratio

Various plastic tubing and pipe dimensional information can be found in the following standards or may be obtained from pipe manufacturers.

ASTM D1785 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120 ASTM D2241 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) ASTM D2104 Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe Schedule 40 ASTM D2239 Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) ASTM D2447 Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80 Based on Outside Diameter ASTM D2666 Polyethylene (PB) Plastic Tubing ASTM D2737 Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Tubing ASTM D2740 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Tubing

ASTM D3035 Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) Based on Controlled Outside Diameter AWWA C900 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, 4" through 12" for Water AWWA C901 Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings, 1/2" though 3" for Water

16.10Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION- STEEL PIPE DATA

Nominalpipesize

Outsidediame-ter (D)

Sched-ule

number

Wallthick-

ness (t)

Insidediameter

(d)

Area ofmetal

(a)Traverse internal

area

Moment ofinertia

(I)

Weight ofpipe

Weight ofWater

Externalsurface

Sectionmodulus

inches inches (see note1)

inches inches squareinches

squareinches

squarefeet (seenote 2)

inches to4th power

pounds perfoot

pounds perfoot of pipe

sq. ft. perfoot of pipe (2 D )

10 10.75

20 .250 10.250 8.24 82.52 .5731 113.7 28.04 35.76 2.814 21.1530 .307 10.136 10.07 80.69 .5603 137.4 34.24 34.96 2.814 25.5740s .365 10.020 11.90 78.86 .5475 160.7 40.48 34.20 2.814 29.9060x .500 9.750 16.10 74.66 .5185 212.0 54.74 32.35 2.814 39.4380 .593 9.564 18.92 71.84 .4989 244.8 64.33 31.13 2.814 45.54100 .718 9.314 22.63 68.13 .4732 286.1 76.93 29.53 2.814 53.22120 .843 9.064 26.24 64.53 .4481 324.2 89.20 27.96 2.814 60.32140 1.000 8.750 30.63 60.13 .4176 367.8 104.13 26.06 2.814 68.43160 1.125 8.500 34.02 56.75 .3941 399.3 115.65 24.59 2.814 74.29

12 12.75

20 .250 12.250 9.82 117.86 .8185 191.8 33.38 51.07 3.338 30.2030 .330 12.090 12.87 114.80 .7972 248.4 43.77 49.74 3.338 38.10...s .375 12.000 14.58 113.10 .7854 279.3 49.56 49.00 3.338 43.8040 .406 11.938 15.77 111.93 .7773 300.3 53.53 48.50 3.338 47.10...x .500 11.750 19.24 108.43 .7528 361.5 65.42 46.92 3.338 56.7060 .562 11.626 21.52 106.16 .7372 400.4 73.16 46.00 3.338 62.8080 .687 11.376 26.03 101.64 .7058 475.1 88.51 44.04 3.338 74.60100 .843 11.064 31.53 96.14 .6677 561.6 107.20 41.66 3.338 88.10120 1.000 10.750 36.91 90.76 .6303 641.6 125.49 39.33 3.338 100.70140 1.125 10.500 41.08 86.59 .6013 700.5 133.68 37.52 3.338 109.90160 1.312 10.126 47.14 80.53 .5592 781.1 160.27 34.89 3.338 122.60

14 14.00

10 .250 13.500 10.80 143.14 .9940 255.3 36.71 62.03 3.665 36.6020 .312 13.376 13.42 140.52 .9758 314.4 45.68 60.89 3.665 45.0030s .375 13.250 16.05 137.88 .9575 372.8 54.57 59.75 3.665 53.2040 .437 13.126 18.61 135.32 .9397 429.1 63.37 58.64 3.665 61.30...x .500 13.000 21.21 132.73 .9217 483.8 72.09 57.46 3.665 69.1060 .593 12.814 24.98 128.96 .8956 562.3 84.91 55.86 3.665 80.3080 .750 12.500 31.22 122.72 .8522 687.3 106.13 53.18 3.665 98.20100 .937 12.126 38.45 115.49 .8020 824.4 130.73 50.04 3.665 117.80120 1.093 11.814 44.32 109.62 .7612 929.6 150.67 47.45 3.665 132.80140 1.250 11.500 50.07 103.87 .7213 1027.0 170.22 45.01 3.665 146.80160 1.406 11.188 55.63 98.31 .6827 1117.0 189.12 42.60 3.665 159.60

16 16.00

10 .250 15.500 12.37 188.69 1.3103 383.7 42.05 81.74 4.189 48.0020 .312 15.376 15.38 185.69 1.2895 473.2 52.36 80.50 4.189 59.2030s .375 15.250 18.41 182.65 1.2684 562.1 62.58 79.12 4.189 70.3040x .500 15.000 24.35 176.72 1.2272 731.9 82.77 76.58 4.189 91.5060 .656 14.688 31.62 169.44 1.1766 932.4 107.50 73.42 4.189 116.6080 .843 14.314 40.14 160.92 1.1175 1155.8 136.46 69.73 4.189 144.50100 1.031 13.938 48.48 152.58 1.0596 1364.5 164.83 66.12 4.189 170.50120 1.218 13.564 56.56 144.50 1.0035 1555.8 192.29 62.62 4.189 194.50140 1.437 13.126 65.74 135.32 .9397 1760.3 223.64 58.64 4.189 220.00160 1.593 12.814 72.10 128.96 .8956 1893.5 245.11 55.83 4.189 236.70

18 18.00

10 .250 17.500 13.94 240.53 1.6703 549.1 47.39 104.21 4.712 61.1020 .312 17.376 17.34 237.13 1.6467 678.2 59.03 102.77 4.712 75.50...s .375 17.250 20.76 233.71 1.6230 806.7 70.59 101.18 4.712 89.6030 .437 17.126 24.11 230.36 1.5997 930.3 82.06 99.84 4.712 103.40...x .500 17.000 27.49 226.98 1.5763 1053.2 92.45 98.27 4.712 117.0040 .562 16.876 30.79 223.68 1.5533 1171.5 104.75 96.93 4.712 130.1060 .750 16.500 40.64 213.83 1.4849 1514.7 138.17 92.57 4.712 168.3080 .937 16.126 50.23 204.24 1.4183 1833.0 170.75 88.50 4.712 203.80100 1.156 15.688 61.17 193.30 1.3423 2180.0 207.96 83.76 4.712 242.30120 1.375 15.250 71.81 182.66 1.2684 2498.1 244.14 79.07 4.712 277.60140 1.562 14.876 80.66 173.80 1.2070 2749.0 274.23 75.32 4.712 305.50160 1.781 14.438 90.75 163.72 1.1369 3020.0 308.51 70.88 4.712 335.60

20 20.00

10 .250 19.500 15.51 298.65 2.0740 756.4 52.73 129.42 5.236 75.6020s .375 19.250 23.12 290.04 2.0142 1113.0 78.60 125.67 5.236 11.3030x .500 19.000 30.63 283.53 1.9690 1457.0 104.13 122.87 5.236 145.7040 .593 18.814 36.15 278.00 1.9305 1703.0 122.91 120.46 5.236 170.4060 .812 18.376 48.95 265.21 1.8417 2257.0 166.40 114.92 5.236 225.7080 1.031 17.938 61.44 252.72 1.7550 2772.0 208.87 109.51 5.236 277.10100 1.281 17.438 75.33 238.83 1.6585 3315.2 256.10 103.39 5.236 331.50120 1.500 17.000 87.18 226.98 1.5762 3754.0 296.37 98.35 5.236 375.50140 1.750 16.500 100.33 213.82 1.4849 4216.0 341.10 92.66 5.236 421.70160 1.968 16.064 111.49 202.67 1.4074 4585.5 379.01 87.74 5.236 458.50

24 24.00

10 .250 23.500 18.65 433.74 3.0121 1315.4 63.41 187.95 6.283 109.6020s .375 23.250 27.83 424.56 2.9483 1942.0 94.62 183.95 6.283 161.90...x .500 23.000 36.91 415.48 2.8853 2549.5 125.49 179.87 6.283 212.5030 .562 22.876 41.39 411.00 2.8542 2843.0 140.80 178.09 6.283 237.0040 .687 22.626 50.31 402.07 2.7921 3421.3 171.17 174.23 6.283 285.1060 .968 22.064 70.04 382.35 2.6552 4652.8 238.11 165.52 6.283 387.7080 1.218 21.564 87.17 365.22 2.5362 5672.0 296.36 158.26 6.283 472.80100 1.531 20.938 108.07 344.32 2.3911 6849.9 367.40 149.06 6.283 570.80120 1.812 20.376 126.31 326.08 2.2645 7825.0 429.39 141.17 6.283 652.10140 2.062 19.876 142.11 310.28 2.1547 8625.0 483.13 134.45 6.283 718.90160 2.343 19.314 159.41 292.98 2.0346 9455.9 541.94 126.84 6.283 787.90

I

Commercial wrought steel pipe data (continued)

16.9Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - STEEL PIPE DATACommercial wrought steel pipe data

Note 1: The letters “s”, “x”, and “xx” in the col-umn of Schedule Numbers indicate Standard, Extra Strong, and Double Extra Strong Pipe, respectively.

Note 2: The values shown in square feet for the Transverse Internal Area also represent the volume in cubic feet per foot of pipe length.

Nominalpipesize

Outsidediame-ter (D)

Sched-ule

number

Wallthick-

ness (t)

Insidediameter

(d)

Area ofmetal

(a)Traverse internal

area

Moment ofinertia

(I)

Weight ofpipe

Weight ofWater

Externalsurface

Sectionmodulus

inches inches (seenote 1)

inches inches squareinches

squareinches

squarefeet (seenote 2)

inches to4th power

poundsper foot

poundsper foot of

pipe

sq. ft. perfoot ofpipe

(2 D )

1/8 0.405 40s .068 .269 .0720 .0568 .00040 .00106 .244 .025 .106 .0052380x .095 .215 .0925 .0364 .00025 .00122 .314 .016 .106 .00602

1/4 0.540 40s .088 .364 .1250 .1041 .00072 .00331 .424 .045 .141 .0122780x .119 .302 .1574 .0716 .00050 .00377 .535 .031 .141 .01395

3/8 0.675 40s .091 .493 .1670 .1910 .00133 .00729 .567 .083 .178 .0216080x .126 .423 .2173 .1405 .00098 .00862 .738 .061 .178 .02554

1/2 0.840

40s .109 .622 .2503 .3040 .00211 .01709 .850 .132 .220 .0478080x .147 .546 .3200 .2340 .00163 .02008 1.087 .102 .220 .04780160 .187 .466 .3836 .1706 .00118 .02212 1.300 .074 .220 .05267...xx .294 .252 .5043 .0500 .00035 .02420 1.714 .022 .220 .05762

3/4 1.050

40s .113 .824 .3326 .5330 .00371 .03704 1.130 .231 .275 .0705580x .154 .742 .4335 .4330 .00300 .04479 1.473 .188 .275 .08531160 .218 .614 .5698 .2961 .00206 .05269 1.940 .128 .275 .10036...xx .308 .434 .7180 .1480 .00103 .05792 2.440 .064 .275 .11032

1 1.315

40s .133 1.049 .4939 .8640 .00600 .08734 1.678 .375 .344 .1328080x .179 .957 .6388 .7190 .00499 .10560 2.171 .312 .344 .16060160 .250 .815 .8365 .5217 .00362 .12510 2.840 .230 .344 .19030...xx .358 .599 1.0760 .2820 .00196 .14050 3.659 .122 .344 .21360

1-1/4 1.660

40s .140 1.380 .6685 1.4950 .01040 .19470 2.272 .649 .435 .2346080x .191 1.278 .8815 1.2830 .00891 .24180 2.996 .555 .435 .29130160 .250 1.160 1.1070 1.0570 .00734 .28390 3.764 .458 .435 .34210...xx .382 .896 1.5340 .6300 .00438 .34110 5.214 .273 .435 .41100

1-1/2 1.900

40s .145 1.610 .7995 2.0360 .01414 .30990 2.717 .882 .497 .3262080x .200 1.500 1.0680 1.7670 .01225 .39120 3.631 .765 .497 .41180160 .281 1.338 1.4290 1.4060 .00976 .48240 4.862 .608 .497 .50780...xx .400 1.100 1.8850 .9500 .00660 .56780 6.408 .420 .497 .59770

2 2.375

40s .154 2.067 1.0750 3.3550 .02330 .66570 3.652 1.450 .622 .5606080x .218 1.939 1.4770 2.9530 .02050 .86790 5.022 1.280 .622 .73090160 .343 1.689 2.1900 2.2410 .01556 1.16200 7.440 .970 .622 .97900...xx .436 1.503 2.6560 1.7740 .01232 1.31100 9.029 .770 .622 1.10400

2-1/2 2.875

40s .203 2.469 1.7040 4.7880 .03322 1.53000 5.790 2.070 .753 1.0640080x .276 2.323 2.2540 4.2380 .02942 1.92400 7.660 1.870 .753 1.33900160 .375 2.125 2.9450 3.5460 .02463 2.35300 10.010 1.540 .753 1.63800...xx .552 1.771 4.0280 2.4640 .01710 2.87100 13.700 1.070 .753 1.99700

3 3.500

40s .216 3.068 2.2280 7.3930 .05130 3.01700 7.580 3.200 .916 1.7240080x .300 2.900 3.0160 6.6050 .04587 3.89400 10.250 2.860 .916 2.22500160 .437 2.626 4.2050 5.4160 .03761 5.03200 14.320 2.350 .916 2.87600...xx .600 2.300 5.4660 4.1550 .02885 5.99300 18.580 1.800 .916 3.42400

3-1/2 4.000 40s .226 3.548 2.6800 9.8860 .06870 4.78800 9.110 4.290 1.047 2.3940080x .318 3.364 3.6780 8.8880 .06170 6.28000 12.510 3.840 1.047 3.14000

4 4.500

40s .237 4.026 3.1740 12.7300 .08840 7.23300 10.790 5.500 1.178 3.21400

80x .337 3.826 4.4070 11.5000 .07986 9.61000 14.980 4.980 1.178 4.27100

120 .437 3.626 5.5780 10.3300 .07170 11.65000 19.000 4.470 1.178 5.17800160 .531 3.438 6.6210 9.2800 .06450 13.27000 22.510 4.020 1.178 5.89800...xx .674 3.152 8.1010 7.8000 .05420 15.28000 27.540 3.380 1.178 6.79100

5 5.563

40s .258 5.047 4.3000 20.0100 .13900 15.16000 14.620 8.670 1.456 5.45100

80x .375 4.813 6.1120 18.1900 .12630 20.67000 20.780 7.880 1.456 7.43100

120 .500 4.563 7.9530 16.3500 .11360 25.73000 27.100 7.090 1.456 9.25000

160 .625 4.313 9.6960 14.6100 .10150 30.03000 32.960 6.330 1.456 10.79600

...xx .750 4.063 11.3400 12.9700 .09010 33.63000 38.550 5.610 1.456 12.09000

6 6.625

40s .280 6.065 5.5810 28.8900 .20060 28.14000 18.970 12.510 1.734 8.50000

80x .432 5.761 8.4050 26.0700 .18100 40.49000 28.570 11.290 1.734 12.22000

120 .562 5.501 10.7000 23.7700 .16500 49.61000 36.400 10.300 1.734 14.98000

160 .718 5.189 13.3200 21.1500 .14690 58.97000 45.300 9.160 1.734 17.81000

...xx .864 4.897 15.6400 18.8400 .13080 66.33000 53.160 8.160 1.734 20.02000

I

8 8.625

20 .250 8.125 6.5700 51.8500 .36010 57.72000 22.360 22.470 2.258 13.39000

30 .277 8.071 7.2600 51.1600 .35530 63.35000 24.700 22.170 2.258 14.69000

40s .322 7.981 8.4000 50.0300 .34740 72.49000 28.550 21.700 2.258 16.81000

60 .406 7.813 10.4800 47.9400 .33290 88.73000 35.640 20.770 2.258 20.58000

80x .500 7.625 12.7600 45.6600 .31710 105.70000 43.390 19.780 2.258 24.51000100 .593 7.439 14.9600 43.4600 .30180 121.30000 50.870 18.830 2.258 28.14000

120 .718 7.189 17.8400 40.5900 .28190 140.50000 60.630 17.590 2.258 32.58000

140 .812 7.001 19.9300 38.5000 .26730 153.70000 67.760 16.680 2.258 35.65000

...xx .875 6.875 21.3000 37.1200 .25780 162.00000 72.420 16.100 2.258 37.56000

160 .906 6.813 21.9700 36.4600 .25320 165.90000 74.690 15.800 2.258 38.48000

16.8Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - COPPER TUBING DATA

Outside diameter Wall thickness Theoreticalweight

Tolerance

Safetyfactorof 8

inches inch inches inch inch inch inch inches sq. in. sq. in. lbs.perfeet

per-cent

lbs. psi psi psi

- 1/4 .250 .002 - .030 .0025 .190 .028 .021 .081 7 630 8305 1593 1038

- 3/8 .375 .002 - .032 .0025 .311 .076 .034 .134 7 1020 5995 1099† 749

- 1/2 .500 .002 - .032 .0025 .436 .149 .047 .182 7 1410 4530 809 566

3/8 - .500 .0025 .001 .049 .004 .402 .127 .069 .269 7 2070 6848 1276† 856

- 5/8 .625 .0025 - .035 .003 .555 .242 .065 .252 7 1950 3974 704 497

1/2 - .625 .0025 .001 .049 .004 .527 .218 .089 .344 7 2670 5521 1004 690

5/8 - .750 .0025 .001 .049 .004 .652 .334 .108 .418 7 3240 4622 827 578

3/4 - .875 .003 .001 .065 .0045 .745 .436 .165 .641 7 4950 5239 948 655

1 - 1.125 .0035 .0015 .065 .0045 .995 .778 .216 .839 7 6480 4101 727 513

1-1/4 - 1.375 .004 .0015 .065 .0045 1.245 1.217 .267 1.04 7 8010 3366 590 421

1-1/2 - 1.625 .0045 .002 .072 .005 1.481 1.723 .351 1.36 7 10530 3155 551 394

2 - 2.125 .005 .002 .083 .007 1.959 3.014 .532 2.06 7 15960 2786 484 348

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Copper tubing - standard dimensions, weights and tolerances

The above information was otained from the following specification standards: AS™ B68-1971, AS™ B88-1971, AS™ B-251-1971, and ANSI H23.1-1970.

The bursting pressures and the hydrostatic test pressures have been figured using the nominal dimensions of the tubing and the appropriate for-mula listed below:

P = S X (D2 - d2) P = 2tS .334d2 + 1.333D2 D - 0.8t

Where S = 30,000 psi (ultimate tensile) Where P = Hydrostatic pressure (psi) P = Bursting pressure (psi) t = Wall thickness (in) D = Outside diameter (in) D= Outside diameter (in)

d = Inside diameter (in) S = Allowable stress of the material = 6000 psi

† This pressure listed to conform with formula. However, the tube need not be tested at a hydrostatic pressure over 1000 psi unless specified. * Calculated from Clavarino’s formula. ** Calculated from formula for thin hollow cylinders. See specifications AS™ B88-1962.

16.7Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - UNIT CONVERSIONS

PRESSURE or STRESS(Force/Area)

To convert from to multiply by

VELOCITY(includes Speed)


foot/hour meter/second (m/s) 8.466 667 E -05

foot/minute meter/second (m/s) 5.080 000*E -03

foot/second meter/second (m/s) 3.048 000*E -01

inch/second meter/second (m/s) 2.540 000*E -02

kilometer/hour meter/second (m/s) 2.777 778 E -01

knot(international) meter/second (m/s) 5.144 444 E -01

mile/hour(U.S. statute) meter/second (m/s) 4.470 400*E -01

mile/minute(U.S. statute) meter/second (m/s) 2.682 240*E+01

mile/second(U.S. statute) meter/second (m/s) 1.609 344*E+03

mile/hour(U.S. statute) kilometer/hour 1.609 344*E+00

VOLUME/TIME(includes Flow)


foot3/minute meter3 /second(m3/s) 4.719 474 E -04

foot3/second meter3 /second(m3/s) 2.831 685 E -02

inch3/minute meter3 /second(m3/s) 2.731 177 E -07

yard3/minute meter3 /second(m3/s) 1.274 258 E -02

gallon(U.S. liquid)/day

meter3 /second(m3/s) 4.381 264 E -08

gallon (U.S.liquid)/minute

meter3 /second(m3/s) 6.309 020 E -05

VOLUME(includes capacity)


acre-foot meter3 (m3) 1.233 482 E+03

barrel(oil, 42 gal) meter3 (m3) 1.589 873 E -01

board foot meter3 (m3) 2.359 737 E -03

bushel (U.S.) meter3 (m3) 3.523 907 E -02

fluid ounce (U.S.) meter3 (m3) 2.957 353 E -05

foot3 meter3 (m3) 2.831 685 E -02

gallon(Canadian liquid) meter3 (m3) 4.546 090 E -03

gallon (U.K. liquid) meter3 (m3) 4.546 092 E -03

gallon (U.S. dry) meter3 (m3) 4.404 884 E -03

gallon (U.S. liquid) meter3 (m3) 3.785 412 E -03

inch3 meter3 (m3) 1.638 706 E -05

liter4 meter3 (m3) 1.000 000*E -03

ounce (U.K. fluid) meter3 (m3) 2.841 307 E -05

ounce (U.S. fluid) meter3 (m3) 2.957 353 E -05

peck (U.S.) meter3 (m3) 8.809 768 E -03

pint (U.S. dry) meter3 (m3) 5.506 105 E -04

pint (U.S. liquid) meter3 (m3) 4.731 765 E -04

quart (U.S. dry) meter3 (m3) 1.101 221 E -03

quart (U.S. liquid) meter3 (m3) 9.463 529 E -04

stere meter3 (m3) 1.000 000*E+00

tablespoon meter3 (m3) 1.478 676 E -05

teaspoon meter3 (m3) 4.928 922 E -06

ton (register) meter3 (m3) 2.831 685 E+00

yard3 meter3 (m3) 7.645 549 E -01

English to Metric Conversions (continued)

* Exact - not rounded

16.6Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION - UNIT CONVERSIONS

FORCETo convert from to multiply by

dyne newton (N) 1.000 000*E -05

kilogram-force newton (N) 9.806 650*E+00

kip newton (N) 4.448 222 E+03

ounce-force(avoirdupois) newton (N) 2.780 139 E -01

pound-force(lbf avoirdupois) newton (N) 4.448 222 E+00

poundal newton (N) 1.382 550 E -01

MASSTo convertfrom to multiply by

carat (metric) kilogram (kg) 2.000 000* E-04

grain kilogram (kg) 6.479 891*E -05

gram kilogram (kg) 1.000 000*E -03

hundredweight(long)

kilogram (kg) 5.080 235 E+01

hundredweight(short)

kilogram (kg) 4.535 924 E+01

kilogram-force-second2/meter(mass)

kilogram (kg) 9.806 650*E+01

kilogram-mass kilogram (kg) 1.000 000*E+00

ounce-mass(avoirdupois)

kilogram (kg) 2.834 952 E -02

ounce-mass(troy or apothecary)

kilogram (kg) 3.110 348 E -02

pennyweight kilogram (kg) 1.555 174 E -03

pound-mass(lbm avoirdupois)

kilogram (kg) 4.535 924 E -01

pound-mass(troy or apothecary)

kilogram (kg) 3.732 417 E -01

slug kilogram (kg) 1.459 390 E+01

ton (assay) kilogram (kg) 2.916 667 E -02

ton (long, 2240 lbm) kilogram (kg) 1.016 047 E+03

ton (metric) kilogram (kg) 1.000 000*E+03

ton (short,2000 lbm) kilogram (kg) 9.071 847 E+02

MASS/AREATo convertfrom to multiply by

pound-mass/foot2

kilogram/meter2

(kg/m2) 4.882 428* E+00

HEAT

MASS/VOLUME(Includes Density and Mass Capacity)


grain (lbm avoirdupois/7000)/gallon (US liquid)

kilogram/meter3

(kg/m3) 1.711 806 E-02

gram/centimeter3 kilogram/meter3(kg/m3) 1.000 000*E+03

ounce (avoirdupois)/gallon (UK liquid)

kilogram/meter3

(kg/m3) 6.236 021 E+00

ounce (avoirdupois)/gallon (US liquid)

kilogram/meter3

(kg/m3) 7.489 152 E+00

ounce (avoirdupois)(mass) /inch3

kilogram/meter3(kg/m3) 1.729 994 E+03

pound-mass/foot3 kilogram/meter3(kg/m3) 1.601 846 E+01

pound-mass/inch3 kilogram/meter3(kg/m3) 2.767 990 E+04

pound-mass/gallon(UK liquid)

kilogram/meter3

(kg/m3) 9.977 633 E+01

pound-mass/gallon(US liquid)

kilogram/meter3

(kg/m3) 1.198 264 E+02

slug/foot3 kilogram/meter3(kg/m3) 5.153 788 E+02

ton (long, mass)/yard3 kilogram/meter3(kg/m3) 1.328 939 E+03

LENGTHTo convert from to multiply by

angstrom meter (m) 1.000 000*E -10

astronomical unit meter (m) 1.495 98 E+11

caliber (inch) meter (m) 2.540 000*E -02

fathom meter (m) 1.828 800*E+00

fermi (femtome-ter) meter (m) 1.000 000*E -15

foot meter (m) 3.048 000*E -01

inch meter (m) 2.540 000*E -02

league(international nautical) meter (m) 5.556 000*E+03

league (statute) meter (m) 4.828 032*E+03

league(U.K. nautical) meter (m) 5.559 552*E+03

light year meter (m) 9.460 55 E+15

microinch meter (m) 2.540 000*E -08

micron meter (m) 1.000 000*E -06

mil meter (m) 2.540 000*E -05

mile(international nautical) meter (m) 1.852 000*E+03

mile(U.K. nautical) meter (m) 1.853 184*E+03

mile(U.S. nautical) meter (m) 1.852 000*E+03

mile (U.S. statute) meter (m) 1.609 344*E+03

parsec meter (m) 3.083 74 E+16

rod meter (m) 5.029 200*E+00

statute mile (U.S.) meter (m) 1.609 344*E+03

yard meter (m) 9.144 000*E -01

TEMPERATURETo convertfrom to multiply by

degree Celsius kelvin (k) tK = t C + 273.15

degree Fahrenheit kelvin (k) tK = (t F + 459.67)/1.8

degree Rankine kelvin (k) tK = t R/1.8

degree Fahrenheit degree Celsius 5 C = (t F - 32)/1.8

TIMETo convert from to multiply by

day (sidereal) second (s) 8.616 409 E+04

hour (sidereal) second (s) 3.590 170 E+03

minute (sidereal) second (s) 5.983 617 E+01

second (sidereal) second (s) 9.972 696 E -01

year (sidereal) second (s) 3.155 815 E+07

English to Metric Conversions (continued)


16.5Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -UNIT CONVERSIONS

Multiply By To Obtain

Millimeters 0.1 Centimeters

Millimeters 0.03937 Inches

Milligrams/liter 1 Parts/million

Million gal/day 1.54723 Cu. ft./sec.

Ounces 437.5 Grains

Ounces 28.349527 Grams

Ounces 0.0625 Pounds

Ounces (fluid) 1.805 Cu. in.

Ounces (fluid) 0.02957 Liters

Ounces/sq. in. 0.0625 Lb/sq. in.

Parts/million 0.0584 Grains/U.S. gal

Parts/million 8.345 Lb/million gal

Pounds 16 Ounces

Pounds 7000 Grains

Pounds 453.5924 Grams

Pounds of water 0.01602 Cu. ft.

Pounds of water 27.68 Cu. in.

Pounds of water 0.1198 Gallons

Pounds/cu. ft. 0.0005787 Lb/cu. in.

Pounds/cu. in. 1728 Lb/cu. ft.

Pounds/sq. ft. 0.01602 Feet of water

Pounds/sq. ft. 0.006945 Pounds/sq. in.

Pounds/sq. in. 2.307 Feet of water

Pounds/sq. in. 2.036 Inches of mercury

Quarts (liquid) 57.75 Cu. in.

Radians 57.30 Degrees

Radians 3438 Minutes

Radians 0.637 Quadrants

Radians/sec. 57.30 Degrees/sec.

Radians/sec. 0.1592 Revolutions/sec.

Radians/sec. 9549 Revolutions/min.

Revolutions 360 Degrees

Revolutions 4 Quadrants

(continued)Multiply By To Obtain

Revolutions 6.283 Radians

Revolutions/min. 6 Degrees/sec.

Revolutions/min. 0.1047 Radians/sec.

Revolutions/min. 0.01667 Revolutions/sec.

Square feet 0.00002296 Acres

Square feet 144 Sq. in.

Square kilometers 247.1 Acres

Square kilometers 10760000 Sq. ft.

Square kilometers 0.3861 Sq. miles

Square kilometers 1196000 Sq. yds.

Square meters 0.0002471 Acres

Square meters 10.76 Sq. ft.

Square meters 0.0000003861 Sq. miles

Square meters 1.196 Sq. yards

Square miles 640 Acres

Square miles 27880000 Sq. ft.

Square millimeters 0.00155 Sq. in.

Square yards 0.0002066 Acres

Square yards 9 Sq. ft.

Square yards 0.0000003228 Sq. miles

Temp. ( °C) + 273 1 Abs. temp. (˚C )

Temp. ( °C) + 17.78 1.8 Temp (°F )Temp. (°F ) + 460 1 Abs. temp. (˚F )

Temp. (°F ) - 32 5/9 Temp (°C )Watts 0.05692 Btu/min.

Watts 44.26 Ft. lb/min.

Watts 0.001341 Horsepower

Watts 0.010 Kilowatts

Yards 91.44 Centimeters

Yards 3 Feet

Yards 36 Inches

Yards 0.9144 Meters

AREATo convert from to multiply by

acre meter2 (m2) 4.046 856 E+03

circular mil meter2 (m2) 5.067 075 E -10

foot 2 meter2 (m2) 9.290 304* E -02

inch2 meter2 (m2) 6.451 600* E -04

mile 2(U.S. statute) meter2 (m2) 2.589 988 E+06

section meter2 (m2) 2.589 988 E+06

township meter2 (m2) 9.323 957 E+07

yard2 meter2 (m2) 8.361 274 E -01

BENDING MOMENT orTORQUE


dyne-centimeter newton-meter(N m) 1.000 000* E -07

kilogram-force-meter

newton-meter(N m) 9.806 650* E+00

ounce-force-inch newton-meter(N m) 7.061 552 E -03

pound-force-inch newton-meter(N m) 1.129 848 E -01

pound-force-foot newton-meter(N m) 1.355 818 E +00

ENERGY (includes Work)To convert from to multiply by

British thermal unit(International Table)

joule (J) 1.055 056 E+03

electron volt joule (J) 1.602 19 E -19

erg joule (J) 1.000 000*E -07

foot-pound-force joule (J) 1.355 818 E+00

foot-poundal joule (J) 4.214 011 E -02

joule, internationalU.S(JINT-US)

joule (J) 1.000 182 E+00

joule, U.S.legal 1948(JUS-48)

joule (J) 1.000 017 E+00

kilowatt-hour joule (J) 3.600 000*E+06

kilowatt-hour, interna-tional U.S.(kWhINT-US)

joule (J) 3.600 655 E+06

kilowatt-hour,U.S.legal 1948(kWhUS-48)

joule (J) 3.600 061 E +06

watt-hour joule (J) 3.600 000*E+03

watt-second joule (J) 1.000 000*E +00

Conversion factors for various engeneering units (continued)

English to Metric Conversions


16.4Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -UNIT CONVERSIONS

Conversion factors for various engineering units

Multiply By To ObtainAcres 43560 Sq. ft.Acre feet 43560 Cubic ft.Acre feet 325851 GallonsAcre feet 1233.49 Cubic metersAtmospheres 76.0 Cm of mercuryAtmospheres 29.92 Inches of mercuryAtmospheres 33.90 Feet of waterAtmospheres 14.70 Lb/sq. in.Barrels - Cement 376 Lb - cementBags or Sacks - Cement 94 Lb - cementBoard - feet 144 sq. in. x 1 in. Cubic in.British Thermal Units 777.5 Foot lbs.British Thermal Units 0.0003927 Horsepower - hrs.British Thermal Units 0.0002928 Kilowatt - hrs.Btu/min. 12.96 Foot lbs./secBtu/min. 0.02356 HorsepowerBtu/min. 0.01757 KilowattsBtu/min. 17.57 WattsCentimeters 0.3937 InchesCentimeters 0.01 MetersCentimeters 10 MillimetersCentimeter of mercury 0.01316 AtmospheresCentimeter of mercury 0.4461 Ft. of waterCentimeter of mercury 136 Kg/sq. meterCentimeter of mercury 27.85 Lb/sq. meterCentimeter of mercury 0.1934 Lb/sq. in.Centimeters/seconds 1.969 Feet/min.Centimeters/seconds 0.03281 Feet/sec.Cm/sec./sec. 0.03281 Feet/sec./sec.Cubic centimeters 0.00003531 Cubic ft.Cubic centimeters 0.06102 Cubic in.Cubic centimeters 0.000001308 Cubic yds.Cubic centimeters 0.0002642 GallonsCubic centimeters 0.03381 Ounces (fluid)Cubic Cm/min. 0.002118 Cu. ft./hr.Cubic Cm/min. 0.002641 Gal./min.Cubic feet 1728 Cubic in.Cubic feet 7.48052 GallonsCubic feet 59.84 Pints ( liq.)Cubic feet 29.92 Quarts (liq.)Cubic feet/min. 472.0 Cubic cm/sec.Cubic feet/min. 0.1247 Gal/sec. 7.48 gal/minCubic feet/sec. 0.646317 Million gal./dayCubic feet/sec. 448.831 Gal/min.Cubic inches 0.0005787 Cubic ft.Cubic inches 0.00002143 Cubic yds.Cubic inches 0.004329 GalCubic meters 35.31 Cu. ft.Cubic meters 61.023 Cu. in.Cubic meters 1.308 Cu. yds.Cubic meters 264.2 GalCubic yards 27 Cu. ft.Degrees ( angle) 60 MinutesDegrees ( angle) 0.01745 RadiansDegrees ( angle) 3600 SecondsDegrees/sec. 0.01745 Radians/sec.Degrees/sec. 0.1667 Revolutions/min.Degrees/sec. 0.002778 Revolutions/min.Fathoms 6 FeetFeet 30.48 CentimetersFeet 12 InchesFeet 0.3048 MetersFeet of water 0.0295 AtmosphereFeet of water 0.8826 In. of mercuryFeet of water 62.43 Lb/sq. ft.Feet of water 0.4335 Lb/sq. inFeet/min. 0.01667 Feet/sec.Feet/min. 0.01136 Miles/hr.Feet/sec. 0.6818 Miles/hr.Foot lb. 0.001286 BtuFoot lb. 0.000000505 Horsepower hrs.Foot lb. 0.0000003766 Kilowatt hrs.

Multiply By To ObtainFoot lb/min. 0.001286 Btu/min.Foot lb/min. 0.01667 Ft. lb/sec.Foot lb/min. 0.0000303 HorsepowerFoot lb/min. 0.0000266 KilowattsFoot lb/sec. 0.0717 Btu/min.Foot lb/sec. 0.001818 HorsepowerFoot lb/sec. 0.001356 KilowattsGallons 3785 Cubic cm.Gallons 0.1337 Cubic ft.Gallons 231 Cubic in.Gallons (Imperial) 1.20095 U.S. gallonsGallons (U.S.) 0.83267 Imperial gallonsGallons water 8.3453 Pounds of waterGallons/min. 0.002228 Cu. ft./sec.Gallons/min. 8.0208 Cu. ft./hr.Grains/U.S. gallons 17.118 Parts/millionGrains/U.S. gallons 142.86 Lb/millionGrains/U.S. gallons 14.254 Parts/millionGrams 0.03527 OuncesGrams 0.002205 PoundsGrams/cu. cm 62.43 Pounds/cu. ft.Grams/cu. cm 0.03613 Pounds/cu. in.Grams/liter 58.417 Grains/gal.Grams/liter 8.345 Pounds/1000 gal.Grams/liter 0.062427 Pounds/cu. ft.Grams/liter 1000 Parts/millionHorsepower 42.44 Btu/min.Horsepower 33000 Ft. lb/min.Horsepower 550 Ft. lb/sec.Horsepower 0.7457 KilowattsHorsepower (boiler) 33479 Btu/hr.Horsepower (boiler) 9.803 KilowattsHorsepower hours 2547 BtuHorsepower hours 7457 Kilowatt hoursInches 2.540 CentimetersInches of mercury 0.03342 AtmospheresInches of mercury 1.133 Ft. of waterInches of mercury 70.73 Lb/sq. ft.Inches of mercury 0.4912 Lb/sq. inInches of water 0.002458 AtmospheresInches of water 0.07355 Inches in mercuryInches of water 5.202 Lb/sq. ft.Inches of water 0.03613 Lb/sq. inInches of water 0.5781 Ounces/sq. in.Kilograms 2.205 LbKg/meter 0.6720 Lb/ftKg/sq. meter 0.003281 Feet of waterKg/sq. meter 0.2048 Lb/sq. ft.Kg/sq. meter 0.001422 Lb/sq. inKilometers 3281 FeetKilometers 0.6214 MilesKilometers 1094 YardsKilometers/hr. 27.78 Centimeters/sec.Kilometers/hr. 54.68 Feet/min.Kilometers/hr. 0.9113 Feet/sec.Kilometers/hr. 0.6214 Miles/hr.Kilowatts 56.92 Btu/min.Kilowatts 44250 Ft. lb/min.Kilowatts 737.6 Ft. lb/sec.Kilowatts 1.341 HorsepowerKilowatts 1000 WattsKilowatt hrs. 3415 BtuKilowatt hrs. 2655000 Ft. lb.Kilowatt hrs. 1.341 Horsepower - hrs.Liters 0.03531 Cu. ft.Liters 61.02 Cu. in.Liters 0.2642 GallonsMeters 100 CentimetersMeters 3.281 FeetMeters 39.37 InchesMeters 1.094 YardsMeters/sec. 196.8 Ft./min.

16.3Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES

Measurements in inches

Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area1/64 .04909 .00019 3/4 11.781 11.045 1/4 38.485 117.86 1/2 98.960 779.311/32 .09818 .00077 13/16 11.977 11.416 1/2 39.270 122.72 3/4 99.746 791.733/64 .14726 .00173 7/8 12.174 11.793 3/4 40.055 127.68 32 100.531 804.251/16 .19635 .00307 15/16 12.370 12.177 13 40.841 132.73 1/4 101.316 816.863/32 .29452 .00690 4 12.566 12.566 1/4 41.626 137.89 1/2 102.102 829.581/8 .39270 .01227 1/16 12.763 12.962 1/2 42.412 143.14 3/4 102.887 842.39

5/32 .49087 .01917 1/8 12.959 13.364 3/4 43.197 148.49 33 103.673 855.303/16 .58905 .02761 3/16 13.155 13.772 14 43.982 153.94 1/4 104.458 868.317/32 .68722 .03758 1/4 13.352 14.186 1/4 44.768 159.48 1/2 105.243 881.411/4 .78540 .04909 5/16 13.548 14.607 1/2 45.553 165.13 3/4 106.029 894.62

9/32 .88357 .06213 3/8 13.744 15.033 3/4 46.338 170.87 34 106.814 907.925/16 .98175 .07670 7/16 13.941 15.466 15 47.124 176.71 1/4 107.600 921.32

11/32 1.07990 .09281 1/2 14.137 15.904 1/4 47.909 182.65 1/2 108.385 934.823/8 1.17810 .11045 9/16 14.334 16.349 1/2 48.695 188.69 3/4 109.170 948.42

13/32 1.27630 .12962 5/8 14.530 16.800 3/4 49.480 194.83 35 109.956 962.117/16 1.37440 .15033 11/16 14.726 17.257 16 50.265 201.06 1/4 110.741 975.91

15/32 1.47260 .17257 3/4 14.923 17.721 1/4 51.051 207.39 1/2 111.527 989.801/2 1.57080 .19635 13/16 15.119 18.190 1/2 51.836 213.82 3/4 112.312 1003.8

17/32 1.66900 .22166 7/8 15.315 18.665 3/4 52.622 220.35 36 113.097 1017.99/16 1.76710 .24850 15/16 15.512 19.147 17 53.407 226.98 1/4 113.883 1032.1

19/32 1.86530 .27688 5 15.708 19.635 1/4 54.192 233.71 1/2 114.668 1046.35/8 1.96350 .30680 1/16 15.904 20.129 1/2 54.978 240.53 3/4 115.454 1060.7

21/32 2.06170 .33824 1/8 16.101 20.629 3/4 55.763 247.45 37 116.239 1075.211/16 2.15980 .37122 3/16 16.297 21.135 18 56.549 254.47 1/4 117.024 1089.823/32 2.25800 .40574 1/4 16.493 21.648 1/4 57.334 261.59 1/2 117.810 1104.5

3/4 2.35620 .44179 5/16 16.690 22.166 1/2 58.119 268.80 3/4 118.596 1119.225/32 2.45440 .47937 3/8 16.886 22.691 3/4 58.905 276.12 38 119.381 1134.113/16 2.55250 .51849 7/16 17.082 23.221 19 59.690 283.53 1/4 120.166 1149.127/32 2.65070 .55914 1/2 17.279 23.758 1/4 60.476 291.04 1/2 120.951 1164.2

7/8 2.74890 .60132 9/16 17.475 24.301 1/2 61.261 298.65 3/4 121.737 1179.329/32 2.84710 .64504 5/8 17.671 24.850 3/4 62.046 306.35 39 122.522 1194.615/16 2.94520 .69029 11/16 17.868 25.406 20 62.832 314.16 1/4 123.308 1210.031/32 3.04340 .73708 3/4 18.064 25.967 1/4 63.617 322.06 1/2 124.093 1225.4

1 3.14160 .78540 13/16 18.261 26.535 1/2 64.403 330.06 3/4 124.878 1241.01/16 3.33790 .88660 7/8 18.457 27.109 3/4 65.188 338.16 40 125.664 1256.6

1/8 3.53430 .99400 15/16 18.653 27.688 21 65.973 346.36 1/4 126.449 1272.43/16 3.73060 1.10750 6 18.850 28.274 1/4 66.759 354.66 1/2 127.235 1288.21/4 3.92700 1.22720 1/8 19.242 29.465 1/2 67.544 363.05 3/4 128.020 1304.2

5/16 4.12330 1.35300 1/4 19.635 30.680 3/4 68.330 371.54 41 128.805 1320.33/8 4.31970 1.48490 3/8 20.028 31.919 22 69.115 380.13 1/4 129.591 1336.4

7/16 4.51600 1.62300 1/2 20.420 33.183 1/4 69.900 388.82 1/2 130.376 1352.71/2 4.71240 1.76710 5/8 20.813 34.472 1/2 70.686 397.61 3/4 131.161 1369.0

9/16 4.90870 1.91750 3/4 21.206 35.785 3/4 71.471 406.49 42 131.947 1385.45/8 5.10510 2.07390 7/8 21.598 37.122 23 72.257 415.48 1/4 132.732 1402.0

11/16 5.30140 2.23650 7 21.991 38.485 1/4 73.042 424.56 1/2 133.518 1418.63 /4 5.49780 2.40530 1/8 22.384 39.871 1/2 73.827 433.74 3/4 134.303 1435.4

13/16 5.69410 2.58020 1/4 22.776 41.282 3/4 74.613 443.01 43 135.088 1452.27/8 5.89050 2.76120 3/8 23.169 42.718 24 75.398 452.39 1/4 135.874 1469.1

15/16 6.08680 2.94830 1/2 23.562 44.179 1/4 76.184 461.86 1/2 136.659 1486.22 6.28320 3.14160 5/8 23.955 45.664 1/2 76.969 471.44 3/4 137.445 1503.3

1/16 6.47950 3.34100 3/4 24.347 47.173 3/4 77.754 481.11 44 138.230 1520.51/8 6.67590 3.54660 7/8 24.740 48.707 25 78.540 490.87 1/4 139.015 1537.9

3/16 6.87220 3.75830 8 25.133 50.265 1/4 79.325 500.74 1/2 139.801 1555.31/4 7.06860 3.97610 1/8 25.525 51.849 1/2 80.111 510.71 3/4 140.586 1572.8

5/16 7.26490 4.20000 1/4 25.918 53.456 3/4 80.896 520.77 45 141.372 1590.43/8 7.46130 4.43010 3/8 26.311 55.088 26 81.681 530.93 1/4 142.157 1608.2

7/16 7.65760 4.66640 1/2 26.704 56.745 1/4 82.467 541.19 1/2 142.942 1626.01/2 7.85400 4.90870 5/8 27.096 58.426 1/2 83.252 551.55 3/4 143.728 1643.9

9/16 8.05030 5.15720 3/4 27.489 60.132 3/4 84.038 562.00 46 144.513 1661.95/8 8.24670 5.41190 7/8 27.882 61.862 27 84.823 572.56 1/4 145.299 1680.0

11/16 8.44300 5.67270 9 28.274 63.617 1/4 85.608 583.21 1/2 146.084 1698.23/4 8.63940 5.93960 1/8 28.667 65.397 1/2 86.394 593.96 3/4 146.869 1716.5

13/16 8.83570 6.21260 1/4 29.060 67.201 3/4 87.179 604.81 47 147.655 1734.97/8 9.03210 6.49180 3/8 29.452 69.029 28 87.965 615.75 1/4 148.440 1753.5

15/16 9.22840 6.77710 1/2 29.845 70.882 1/4 88.750 626.80 1/2 149.226 1772.13 9.42480 7.06860 5/8 30.238 72.760 1/2 89.535 637.94 3/4 150.011 1790.8

1/16 9.62110 7.36620 3/4 30.631 74.662 3/4 90.321 649.18 48 150.796 1809.61/8 9.81750 7.66990 7/8 31.023 76.589 29 91.106 660.52 1/4 151.582 1828.5

3/16 10.01400 7.97980 10 31.416 78.540 1/4 91.892 671.96 1/2 152.367 1847.51/4 10.21000 8.29580 1/4 32.201 82.516 1/2 92.677 683.49 3/4 153.153 1866.5

5/16 10.40700 8.61790 1/2 32.987 86.590 3/4 93.462 695.13 49 153.938 1885.73/8 10.60300 8.94620 3/4 33.772 90.763 30 94.248 706.86 1/4 154.723 1905.0

7/16 10.79900 9.28060 11 34.558 95.033 1/4 95.033 718.69 1/2 155.509 1924.41/2 10.99600 9.62110 1/4 35.343 99.402 1/2 95.819 730.62 3/4 156.294 1943.9

9/16 11.19200 9.96780 1/2 36.128 103.870 3/4 96.604 742.64 50 157.080 1963.5

16.2Rev. 4-99

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -INCH TO MILLIMETER CONVERSIONS & BOLT COMPARISONS

in. mma in. mma in. in. mma

.0001 0.00254 .001 0.0254 .01 0.254 .1 2.54

.0002 0.00508 .002 0.0508 .02 0.508 .2 5.08

.0003 0.00762 .003 0.0762 .03 0.762 .3 7.62

.0004 0.01016 .004 0.1016 .04 1.016 .4 10.16

.0005 0.01270 .005 0.1270 .05 1.270 .5 12.70

.0006 0.01524 .006 0.1524 .06 1.524 .6 15.24

.0007 0.01778 .007 0.1778 .07 1.778 .7 17.78

.0008 0.02032 .008 0.2032 .08 2.032 .8 20.32

.0009 0.02286 .009 0.2286 .09 2.286 .9 22.86

mma

in.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Millimetersa

0 - 25.4 50.8 76.2 101.6 127.0 152.4 177.8 203.2 228.6

10 254.0 279.4 304.8 330.2 355.6 381.0 406.4 431.8 457.2 482.6

20 508.0 533.4 558.8 584.2 609.6 635.0 660.4 685.8 711.2 736.6

30 762.0 787.4 812.8 838.2 863.6 889.0 914.4 939.8 965.2 990.6

40 1016.0 1041.4 1066.8 1092.2 1117.6 1143.0 1168.4 1193.8 1219.2 1244.6

50 1270.0 1295.4 1320.8 1346.2 1371.6 1397.0 1422.4 1447.8 1473.2 1498.6

60 1524.0 1549.4 1574.8 1600.2 1625.6 1651.0 1676.4 1701.8 1727.2 1752.6

70 1778.0 1803.4 1828.8 1854.2 1879.6 1905.0 1930.4 1955.8 1981.2 2006.6

80 2032.0 2057.4 2082.8 2108.2 2133.6 2159.0 2184.4 2209.8 2235.2 2260.6

90 2286.0 2311.4 2336.8 2362.2 2387.6 2413.0 2438.4 2463.8 2489.2 2514.6

100 2540.0 - - - - - - - - -

METRIC BOLTM12 = 0.47

M16 = 0.63

M20 = 0.79

M24 = 0.95

M27 = 1.06

M30 = 1.18

M33 = 1.30

M36 = 1.42

M39 = 1.54

M45 = 1.77

M52 = 2.05

IMPERIAL BOLT1/2 = 12.70

5/8 = 15.88

3/4 = 19.05

7/8 = 22.23

1 = 25.40

1-1/8 = 28.58

1-1/4 = 31.75

1-3/8 = 34.93

1-1/2 = 38.10

1-3/4 = 44.45

2 = 50.8

Conversion of inches (in.) to millimeters (mm)

a= Exact Figure

EXAMPLE: Convert 9.156 inches to millimeters 9.000 inches = 228.6000 millimeters .100 inches = 2.5400 millimeters .050 inches = 1.2700 millimeters .006 inches = 0.1524 millimeters 9.156 inches = 232.5624 millimeters (Rounded to 232.56 mm)

Metric & Imperial Bolt Comparison

engineering information - water 16.1...

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