engineering education & research solutions · experiment setup and procedures experiment 1:...
TRANSCRIPT
Structures
Mechanics of Fluids
Aerodynamics & Airflow
Thermodynamics
Steam
Automotive
Environmental & Clean Energies
Applied Mechanics
Process Control Engineering
Marine Hydrodynamics
Engineering Education& Research Solutions
Issue no. 8
2
Introduction Cussons Technology was founded in 1876 and
has specialised in the design and manufacture of
teaching and research equipment for mechanical
engineering and allied subjects for more than a
century. Worldwide our customers are typically
within tertiary educational establishments,
research institutes, government establishments
and the research departments of national and
multinational companies.
In addition to the educational product range a
division producing automotive research
equipment and facilities was created,
complemented by new automotive teaching
products which Cussons continues to develop.
Further expansion saw the company acquire
the rights to the well-respected German
manufacturer Kempf & Remmers’ marine
hydrodynamics research and naval architecture systems and products.
Cussons’ K&R brand continues to grow and today includes a range of compact
educational marine hydrodynamics and maritime studies resources.
The automotive and marine expansions of our core mechanical, fluid and
energy-related range have helped to consolidate Cussons’ position as a leader
in the supply of reliable, well-designed and supported, high quality solutions
for educational and research institutions worldwide.
At the heart of Cussons’ philosophy there has always been an understanding
that student commitment - so critical for success - is most effectively
engendered by interesting, well-designed hands-on experimentation. Our
current equipment offer continues to embrace this principle and incorporates
modern computer technology for data acquisition and control.
The subjects Cussons specialises in are thermodynamics (including heat
transfer, refrigeration, air conditioning and steam engineering), automotive
technology, fluid mechanics, process control and instrumentation, theory of
machines and applied mechanics plus a renewable energy range covering wind,
wave, tidal and solar energy studies.
In addition to supplying individual items of equipment, Cussons also
undertakes complete turnkey projects for the design, supply, installation
and commissioning of entire laboratories, specialising in those for steam,
automotive engineering and marine hydrodynamics . We are fully ISO 9001
compliant.
Full details of all products are available on our website at www.cussons.co.uk
Marine Hydrodynamic Systems
Automotive Research and Development Equipment and Instrumentation
Integrated facilities for R&D projects in Aerospace, Oil, and Military Sectors
Analysis and purification of special gases.
Follow us on:
3
Structures 4
Mechanics of Fluids 8 Fundamental Hydraulic Studies 9
Hydraulic Applied Studies 12
Aerodynamics & Air Flow 14 Air Flow 14
Air Flow Experiments 14
Wind Tunnels 15
Thermodynamics 17 Thermodynamic Principles 17
Heat Transfer & Heat Exchanger 18
Gas Turbine and Compressors 19
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 20
Properties of Fuels 21
Steam 22
Steam Power Plant 22
Steam Experiments 23
Ancillary Equipment 24
Automotive 25 Engine Test Beds 25
Autotrainers 26
Instrumentation and Accessories 26
Automotive Fuel & Gas Analysers 27
Environmental & Clean Energies 28 Wind Turbine Dynamometer Range 28
Solar & Fuel Cell 29
Applied Mechanics 30 Theory of Machines 30
Strength of Materials 32
Process Control Engineering 33
Marine Hydrodynamics Educational Range 36
Product Index 39
4
State-of-the-art solution providing meaningful laboratory experiences relevant to real-world scenarios.
Relevant to the design of bridges, wing spars, engine pylons, cranes and a multitude of other constructions.
Secret of the CST system’s cost-effectiveness is its fundamental modularity and modern design ethos.
Broad coverage: beams, cantilevers, arches, struts, davits, weight, reaction, moment, shear force and torsion.
System is based upon a Structures Platform which will accept any of
twenty-one optional experiments.
Structures Platform incorporates a USB interface ‘hub’ which connects
to any modern PC.
Each experiment is supplied with data acquisition software to capture
measurements during practical sessions.
Software for each experiment incorporates teaching elements plus a
simulator - students benefit from being able to predict and
confirm experimental results.
Software can expand investigations beyond hardware limitations -
another great benefit for students.
All of the software has been created using LabVIEW™ but LabVIEW™
licences are not required.
NEW STRUCTURES TEACHING SYSTEMCussons’ new structures range (CST100 to CST121) is a modular system optimised for
teaching a broad array of structural engineering concepts to students studying civil,
aeronautical or mechanical engineering courses at certificate, diploma and degree level.
CST100 - STRUCTURES PLATFORM
5
CST101 - DEFLECTION OF BEAMS AND CANTILEVERS
CST101 Deflection of Beams and Cantilevers
CST102 Bending Moments in a Beam
CST103 Shear Force in a Beam
CST104 Bending Stress in a Beam
CST105 Unsymmetrical Bending and Shear Centre
CST106 Equilibrium of a Simply Supported Beam
CST107 Continuous and Indeterminate Beams
CST108 Euler Buckling of Struts
CST109 Plastic Deformation of Beams
CST110 Plastic Deformation of Portals
CST111 Portal Frame Deflections and Reactions
CST112 Bending Moments in a Portal Frame
CST113 Pin-Jointed Frameworks
CST114 Redundant Frame Truss
CST115 Three-Pinned Arch
CST116 Two-Pinned Arch
CST117 Fixed Arch
CST118 Simple Suspension Bridge
CST119 Suspended (Gerber) Beam Bridge
CST120 Deflections of Curved Bars and Davits
CST121 Torsion of Circular Sections
OPTIONAL STRUCTURES EXPERIMENTS:
The most frequently specified ‘fundamentals’ experiments for typical teaching laboratories include:
CST104 - BENDING STRESS IN A BEAM
CST102 - BENDING MOMENTS IN A BEAM CST113 - PIN-JOINTED FRAMEWORKS
CST103 - SHEAR FORCE IN A BEAM CST121 - TORSION OF CIRCULAR SECTIONS
6
Other notable experiments particularly relevant to Civil Engineering include three portal frames, three arches and two bridges, for example:
Experiments and topics studied:
• Horizontal reaction and fixing moment due to a varying single point load on
a portal frame.
• Uniform and non-uniform cross-section portal frames.
• Predicting sway direction by consideration of shear forces.
• Deflection (sway) of a portal frame due to loading asymmetry.
• Deflection (sway) of a portal frame due to asymmetry of uprights.
• Plotting bending moment diagrams.
CST111 - PORTAL FRAME DEFLECTIONS AND REACTIONS
Experiments and topics studied:
• Horizontal reaction due to a varying OR moving single point load on a
statically determinate structure.
• Horizontal reactions due to a uniformly distributed load on a statically
determinate structure.
• Influence lines and superposition.
• Lines of thrust in an arch.
• Graphical construction of a bending moment diagram for point loads.
• Maximum bending moments due to a load on an arch.
CST115 - THREE-PINNED ARCH
Experiments and topics studied:
• How bridge load affects the tension in a suspension cable.
• Comparing a central point load with a uniformly distributed load.
• Exploring the ratio of bridge ‘deck’ mass and a moving load.
• Comparing simple parabola-based theory with a more realistic
analysis of the model.
CST118 - SIMPLE SUSPENSION BRIDGE
Comprehensive user guides - with practical assignments for students to carry out - included with all experiments
Page 17 of 82
CST101 User Guide
Theo
ry
Deflections for Uniformly Distributed Loads (UDLs)
Table 10 Deflections for Uniformly Distributed Loads
A uniformly distributed load UDL (w) has units of N/m. You calculate this from a simple ratioof the total load (in Newton) over the distance over which it spreads.
For example, nine loads of 100 g produces a total load of 9 x 0.981 N = 8.829 N
When spread evenly over a distance of 0.5 m gives 8.829/0.5 = 17.658 N/m.
Deflection at Centre
Deflection at Centre
Deflection at End
Deflection at Centre
5384--------- wL4
EI----------=
1384--------- wL4
EI----------=
18--- wL4
EI----------=
1192--------- wL4
EI----------=
Page 31 of 82
CST101 User Guide
Expe
rimen
t Set
up a
nd P
roce
dure
s
Experiment 1: Deflection and Stiffness Relationships - Simply Supported BeamAims
To use a simply supported beam with a point load to confirm the deflection theory and therelationships between:
• Load and deflection.
• Beam material (E value) and deflection.
• Beam cross-section (I value) and deflection.
• To help show why different applications use beams of different materials and stiffness (EIvalue).
Procedure A - Aluminium Beam Deflection and Load
Figure 18 Experiment Setup
300 mm 300 mm
200 mm 500 mm 800 mm
+2 mm
Knife Edge Mass Hanger
Page 32 of 82
CST101 User Guide
Experiment Setup and Procedures
Table 12 Blank Results Table
1. Create a blank table of results similar to Table 12.
2. Find the aluminium beam (nominal 25.4 mm x 3.2 mm) and use the Vernier Caliper to measure its dimensions accurately. Record its dimensions.
3. Set the supports to the positions shown and set them as simple supports with the Knife Edges.
4. Fit the beam to the supports so that each end of the beam extends equally outside the supports.
5. Fit the Dial Indicator Slide to the position shown and adjust the Dial Indicator so that it is vertical and has 2 mm upward movement from resting on the beam. Gently pull up on its black disc to check this.
6. Fit the Knife Edge Mass Hanger to the beam so its rests centrally around the tip of the Dial Indicator.
7. Set the Dial Indicator display as shown earlier, so it shows positive values as it travels down and then set it to read zero (+/- 0.01 mm) as its tip rests on the beam.
8. Record the indicated deflection with zero load.
9. Add a Mass Hanger with 4 x 20 g masses (total 100 g) to the Knife Edge Hanger.
10.Record the load and measured deflection.
11.Increase the load in steps of 100 g, recording the deflection at each step.
Analysis
Calculate the I value for the beam.
Create a chart of deflection in mm or m (vertical axis) against load in Newton. Add yourresults and confirm the relationship between load and deflection.
Beam Material = E (GPa) =
L = L3 = b = d = I =
Mass (g) Load W (N) Measured Deflection
(mm)
Measured Deflection
(m)
48IL Calculated Deflection
(m)
0 0
100 0.981
200 1.962
300 2.943
400 3.924
500 4.905
Page 61 of 82
CST101 User Guide
Typi
cal R
esul
ts
Typical Results
These results are for guidance only. Your results may be slightly different, due tomeasurement accuracy and how well you obey the instructions.
Experiment 1: Deflection and Stiffness Relationships - Simply Supported Beam
Procedure A - Aluminium Beam Deflection and Load
Table 22 Typical Results
Your measured and calculated results should compare well, showing that the theory workswell. Sources of error are likely to be:
• beam dimension measurements, particularly the d value.
• small errors in the masses
• general measurement errors
Beam Material = Aluminium E (GPa) = 69
L = 0.6 m L3 = 0.215 b = 25.6 mm d = 3.2 mm I = 6.99 x 10-11 m4
Mass (g) Load W (N) Measured Deflection
(mm)
Measured Deflection
(m)
48IL Calculated Deflection
(m)
0 0 0 0 0 0
100 0.981 0.91 0.00091 1.41 x 10-11 0.92
200 1.962 1.83 0.00183 2.84 x 10-11 1.83
300 2.943 2.73 0.00273 4.24 x 10-11 2.75
400 3.924 3.65 0.00365 5.67 x 10-11 3.66
500 4.905 4.61 0.00461 7.16 x 10-11 4.58
7
Software is included in the price of each experiment:
In addition to data acquisition the software includes a simulator to extend the range of scenarios and variations students can consider around each main theme.
For example bending stress in a beam:
• Choice of beam cross sections
• Selectable dimensions/weight/modulus
• Calculated parameters
• Resulting stresses and strains
Similarly for pin-jointed frameworks:
• Choice of truss/girder types
• Selectable dimensions/weight/load angle
• Calculated parameters
• Resulting forces and deflection
(Pointers omitted for clarity).
As well as the software, each of the 21 optional experiments is supplied with all ancillary items (weights, hangers, cables etc.) required for full use of the apparatus, provided in a convenient storage tray with an easily secured lid. All that needs to be specified is the quantity of Structures Platforms plus the quantities of each experiment that are required for the laboratory.
• Cost effective and does not require a separate expensive computer interface
• State of the art utilising LabVIEW™ based software
• Easy to setup with ‘plug and play’ technology to maximise effective use of laboratory time and space
• Ideal for minimally supervised laboratory sessions
• Rugged, bench-mounted, low centre-of-gravity apparatus optimised for use by inexperienced students
• Great resource for mobile trolley-based ‘in-lecture’ demonstrations with software projected for whole auditorium to view
• Enables easy future expansion of teaching facilities with extra experiments and/or Structures Platforms
www.cussons.co.uk8
Mechanics of FluidsCussons offers a comprehensive range of solutions for teaching fluid mechanics and
hydraulic science to students studying civil or mechanical engineering courses. The
Hydraulics Bench provides all core services for around twenty optional experiments
which can be mounted on or alongside it.
Only required if customer does not
have a bench
Optional Accessories
P6
100
Hyd
rau
lics
Be
nch
P6
103
Co
nst
an
t H
ead
In
let
Tan
k
P6
104
Vari
ab
le H
ead
Ou
tle
t Ta
nk
P6
105
Fe
ed
blo
ck
P6
106
Man
om
ete
r
P6
107
Ho
ok G
au
ge
an
d S
cale
P6
106
M D
igit
al
Man
om
ete
r
P6
108
Ro
tam
ete
r
Accessories Required for Experiments
Experiments
Required Accessories
KEY:
P6211 Cavitation Demonstration Set
P6220 Laminar Flows Apparatus
P6221 Losses in Pipes and Fittings
P6222 Entry/Exit & Cont/Expansion Losses
P6223/4 Orifice Experiments Basic/Advanced
P6225/6 Open Channel Weirs Basic/Advanced
P6227 Venturi Meter
P6228 Orifice Plate Experiment
P6229 Turbine Meter
P6230 Pitot Static Tube
P6231 Bernouilli’s Theorem
P6232 Hydraulic Ram
P6233 Impact of Jets
P6234 Calibration of Pressure Gauge
P6235/6 Metacentric Height
P6237 Centre of Pressure
P6238 Free and Forced Vortex
P6239 Comparison of Flow Measurements
P6240 Pelton Wheel
P6249 Miniature Flow Channel
Fundamental Hydraulic Studies
9
The Cussons Hydraulics Bench provides the basic services for pumping and volumetric measurement of the water supply required by various optional accessories and experiments. The equipment is designed to provide a clear visual appreciation of hydraulic principles and applications.
P6100-01 Hydraulics Bench (fixed speed pump): This bench is equipped with a fixed speed electric motor driving a centrifugal pump.
P6100-02 Hydraulics bench (variable speed pump & speed display): This bench has a variable speed electric motor driving a centrifugal pump and comes with a digital speed display.
P6100-03 Hydraulics Bench (2 variable speed pumps & speed displays): This bench is equipped with 2 variable speed electric motors each driving a centrifugal pump. The bench comes with 2 digital speed displays.
These units provide experiments to study reaction, impulse & axial turbines. The P6240 may be conveniently mounted on a Hydraulics Bench whereas the P6212 and P6213 require the dedicated P6290 Service Unit. The experiments are performed by pumping water through the turbines with a variable flow rate and using a drum brake system with spring force balance.
P6100 - HYDRAULICS BENCH
P6212 - FRANCIS TURBINE P6240 - PELTON WHEEL P6213 - KAPLAN TURBINE
This compact and cost effective unit provides experimental capabilities to study the cavitation effect including observation of the relationship between cavitation and temperature and observation of the relationships between discharge, velocity and pressure.
P6211 - CAVITATION DEMONSTRATION SET
The flow of fluids in closed conduits or pipes is a major topic in mechanical, civil and chemical engineering and is of interest in areas of biology (e.g. blood flow) and medicine (e.g. drip delivery). Cussons offers three experiments, mountable on the Hydraulic Bench:
P6220 - Laminar Flow Apparatus
P6221 - Friction Losses in Pipes and Fittings
P6222 - Entry Exit & Expansion Losses
P6220/21/22 - WATER FLOW IN PIPES AND FITTINGS EXPERIMENTSP6290 - SERVICE UNIT
Fundamental Hydraulic Studies
www.cussons.co.uk10
Study of liquid flow through an orifice illustrates the need for a semi-empirical approach. Cussons offers two related experiments - each with multiple orifices - which may be mounted on the Hydraulic Bench:
P6223 Basic Orifices
P6224 Advanced Orifices
In open channels weirs are commonly used to either regulate or to measure the volumetric flow rate. Cussons offers the following experiments (with multiple weir plates) which may be mounted on the Hydraulic Bench:
P6225 Basic Weirs
P6226 Advanced Weirs
P6223/P6224 - ORIFICES STUDIES P6225/P6226 - OPEN CHANNEL WEIRS
A hydraulic ram helps to illustrate the principal by which water may be obtained from low lying water sources when no electrical supply is available to power a pump.
The creation of vortices is a common engineering and natural phenomenon worthy of study. This apparatus may be used to plot the shape of free/forced vortices by measurement of surface profile co-ordinates.
This apparatus enables experiments on the reaction of a jet of water upon vanes of various forms (fixed vane, a cone shape or a hemispherical) to be carried out and demonstrates the relationship between the forces exerted on the model and the rate of change of momentum of the jet stream
P6232 - HYDRAULIC RAM
P6238 - FREE & FORCED VORTEX APPARATUS P6239 - WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT
P6233 - IMPACT OF JETS
This apparatus can be used on the Hydraulic Bench or used as free-standing apparatus in conjunction with a low pressure water supply. The static head at various points in the flow path is measured enabling students to analyse the behaviour of water flowing through a sudden enlargement, transparent venturi meter, an orifice plate and a rotameter.
These four different experiments in comparative flow measurement use various techniques operating on the principle of head loss, impulse or velocity:
P6227 Venturi Meter
P6228 Orifice Plate
P6229 Turbine Meter
P6230 Pitot Static Tube
This experiment demonstrates the principles of conservation of mass and conservation of energy and may also be used to examine the onset of turbulence in an accelerating stream of water.
P6231 - BERNOULLI’S EXPERIMENT P6227 - P6230 - WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT RANGE
11
Cussons offers three related experiments mountable on the Hydraulic Bench:
P6234 Calibration of Pressure Gauge
P6235 Metacentric Height Apparatus
P6236 Alternative Hulls
P6237 Centre of Pressure Apparatus (Hydrostatic pressure)
P6234 - P6237 - HYDROSTATICS EXPERIMENTS
As an independent and self-contained unit, the Hydrostatics Bench enables the students to understand the fundamental properties of non-moving fluids. Experimental coverage includes density and relative density; variation of pressure with head; Hare’s Tube; Pascal’s Law; viscosity; capillarity; surface tension; Archimedes Principle; use of vernier level gauge and the hydraulic press.
P6242 - HYDROSTATICS BENCH
This compact set of hydrostatics apparatus enables students to investigate the fundamental properties of non-moving fluids. P6244 is a reduced version of the apparatus supplied with Cussons’ full size P6242 Hydrostatics Bench.
This Osborne Reynolds experiment may be used to investigate laminar/streamline flow, turbulent flow and the transition between these two regimes by observation of an injected dye line. It may also be used to determine the upper and lower Critical Velocities and Reynolds Number.
P6244 - HYDROSTATICS SET
This two dimensional potential flow apparatus is based upon the well-known Hele Shaw experimental method. It provides a parallel laminar water flow field to allow study of low Reynolds number flow patterns around submerged models representing cylinders, aerofoils, bluff bodies, knife edge weirs and through passages such as valve bodies and nozzles etc.
P6246 - HELE SHAW APPARATUS P6248 - OSBORNE REYNOLDS APPARATUS
www.cussons.co.uk12
Hydraulic Applied Studies
This unit incorporates two pumps which enables investigations of series and parallel operation of identical pumps running at the same or different speeds.
P6135 - SERIES AND PARALLEL PUMP TEST SET
This apparatus enables students to investigate flow through smooth and roughened pipes under laminar or turbulent flow conditions and also flow through fittings and valves. Various methods of flow measurement are covered including the variable area flowmeter (rotameter), venturi, orifice plate and pitot static tube.
Accessories:
P5160 requires either a P5161 Water Recirculation
Unit or a P6100 Hydraulic Bench fitted with an
auxiliary pump as the source of pumped water.
P5160 - FRICTION LOSS IN PIPES & FITTINGS
These 2.5m and 5m units provide channels with adjustable slope and transparent acrylic sides for full visibility of the flow characteristics. Test models plus an inclinometer and surface profile measuring instrument are used to investigate the flow of water along an open channel and to verify the Chézy equation and Mannings friction factor.
Additional experimental equipment provided with the 5m channel includes a pitot-statictube, dam spillway, Ogee (i.e. overflow) weir with manometer, Crump weir and Parshall flume.
Two types of larger flow channel are offered for flexible semi-custom experimental configurations. Either option may be used as a low speed circulating water channel for sedimentation work, at higher flow rates for hydrodynamics work or with wave and wind attachments for coastal engineering studies. The channels come in the following sizes and are constructed in modular sections and may be specified to a maximum length of 20 metres.
P6275 FLOW CHANNEL - Medium 300 x 450 mm
P6410 FLOW CHANNEL - Large 600 x 500mm
P6245/P6255 - FLOW CHANNEL
P6275/P6410 - ADVANCED FLOW CHANNELS
This apparatus can be used to investigate the flow of water along an open channel and to visualise the flow around objects in its path through the injection of ink. It includes triangular hump section and an undershot weir and demonstration of approximate ‘Specific energy/Depth’ relationships.
P6249 - MINIATURE FLOW CHANNEL
13
This is a self-contained bench top unit comprising a high-walled flow channel incorporating a detachable glass front panel, light source, inlet tank with removable flow straightener, level control sluice gate, outlet tank, electrically driven circulating pump, interconnecting pipework plus flow control and drain valves.
This equipment comprises two stainless steel pipes to study water hammer and surge which is a common phenomenon. This apparatus is provided with software oscilloscope facility for display on user supplied PC.
This unit enables students to investigate the fundamental concepts of soil permeability within a compact indoor laboratory facility to solve problems such as the seepage of water under dams, the abstraction of water from wells and the hydrostatic forces exerted on bridge foundations in the real world.
This self-contained unit enables students to investigate a range of hydrological phenomena within a compact indoor laboratory facility. It allows the study of basin hydrology cycles; flood and run off hydrographs; effects on civil constructions (bridges and dams); interaction of adjacent wells and elementary fluvial processes such as erosion on hillsides and river meander.
P6520 - PERMEABILITY APPARATUS P6530 - HYDROLOGY APPARATUS
P6247 - WATER FLOW VISUALISATION APPARATUS
P6515 - PIPE SURGE AND WATER HAMMER APPARATUS
This relatively compact unit enables students to investigate the full range of forms that arise in a mobile bed as the flow rate and/or slope are increased. The movement of sediment around structures may be examined for scouring and blockage etc.
This apparatus enables students to conduct a range of experiments on a system of interconnecting series and parallel pipe networks and fluid distribution systems. The unit enables students to obtain a full understanding of the factors affecting flow distribution and the behaviour of pipe network systems.
P6540 - SEDIMENT TRANSPORT APPARATUS P6510 - NETWORK OF PIPES APPARATUS
Detailed investigations on both rotodynamic and positive displacement pumps may be performed on this multipurpose test bench which is designed to be self-contained requiring only a single phase electrical supply. The following pumps are available as optional extras:
P6361 Gear Pump
P6362 Positive Displacement Piston Pump
P6363 Rotodynamic Centrifugal Pump
P6364 Rotodynamic Axial Pump
P6365 Positive Displacement Vane Pump
P6367 Rotodynamic Channel Impeller Pump
P6360 - MULTI-PUMP TEST RIG
www.cussons.co.uk14
The Cussons Air Flow Bench with associated experiments provide a comprehensive facility for detailed experiments in various aspects of air flow studies, convective heat transfer and subsonic aerodynamics to be performed. Air Flow Accessories:
P3202 Multitube Manometer
P3204 Anemometer
P3200 - AIR FLOW BENCH
Air Flow
Air Flow Experiments
To introduce the student to the study of air flow measurement using various types of measuring devices based upon the specifications given in BS848 and BS1042.
To visually demonstrate the interchange between static and dynamic pressure as air flows through a duct of variable cross sectional area
P3203 - FLOW MEASUREMENT APPARATUS P3208 - BERNOULLI’S APPARATUS
To investigate the pressure distribution along the inner and outer walls of a bend in ductwork of rectangular cross-section.
To gain a practical appreciation of various topics related to air flow in pipes.
P3222 - FLOW THROUGH A BEND P3224 - FLOW IN PIPES
Aerodynamics & Air FlowCussons offers a range of compact laboratory wind tunnels for teaching aerodynamics
and air flow in pipes plus several fan test packages. Cussons can also design,
manufacture and install large recirculating wind tunnels and multi-component balances
to meet specialist requirements.
15
The units have been developed to study the characteristics of Axial and Centrifugal fans enabling a wide range of experimentation capabilities related with flow velocity profile in the pipe aspiration, difference between static pressure, dynamic and total, characteristic of axial and centrifugal curves or axial and centrifugal fan spin.
Speed is displayed digitally and a combination of pressure transducers enables the measurement of working pressure in order to study the fan characteristics in real time. Pressure taps are sealed to prevent leaks that distort the readings taken.
P3226 AXIAL & P3228 CENTRIFUGAL FAN DEMONSTRATION UNITS
This is a unique system employing vertical and horizontal balance beams to provide independent measurements of lift and drag forces.
This experiment is used to determine the thickness of the ‘boundary layer’ where fluid flow meets a stationary surface and investigate the velocity profile within this layer.
This equipment produces smoke filaments of adequate density to enable flow patterns around various objects to be demonstrated.
This apparatus demonstrates the general behaviour of a jet of air emitted from a circular pipe into free surroundings and helps to investigate air jet velocity at various distances from the emission point in order to determine both velocity and momentum profiles.
P3231 - TWO COMPONENT BALANCE
P3233 - SMOKE GENERATOR P3234 - TURBULENT JET APPARATUS
P3232 - BOUNDARY LAYER EXPERIMENT
Wind Tunnel
This is designed for use with either the Cussons Air Flow Bench or P3240 Fan Test Stand and enables students to investigate pressure distributions around cylinder, aerofoil and other models. Lift and drag forces acting upon models may also be determined with P3231. Data acquisition is also available for this equipment.
P3230 - TWO DIMENSIONAL WIND TUNNEL
This has been designed to demonstrate the capability of a centrifugal fan unit in accordance with BS848. It may also be used as the base unit for a series of additional experiments involving air flow in pipes, heat transfer, aerodynamics and compressible flow studies.
P3240 - FAN TEST STAND
www.cussons.co.uk16
This is a self-contained facility comprising the tunnel with a three-component balance system (lift, drag and pitching moment) and an air speed indicator. The unit enables students to investigate the pressure distributions around and the forces experienced by aerofoils, cylinders and other models and also to study boundary layers.
Optional accessories:
P3264 Aerofoil with Slot & Flap
P3265 Pitot Static Tube
P3266 Yaw Probe
P3267 Drag Models
P3268 Pressure Cylinder
P3269 Aircraft Model
P3270 Car Model
This is an open, continuously operating supersonic wind tunnel to investigate pressure distribution along a convergent-divergent nozzle, pressure losses, demonstration of the boundary layers Schlieren method, observation of flow patterns around the aerofoils and much more.
P3259 & P3260 - SUBSONIC OPEN CIRCUIT WIND TUNNEL
P3290 - SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL
Cussons offers a complete service for the design, manufacture, installation and commissioning of custom solutions to meet clients’ specialist requirements for recirculating wind tunnels including -
• Horizontal recirculation for wide laboratories with
limited headroom
• Vertical recirculation for narrow laboratories with plenty
of headroom
• Canted recirculation ductwork for laboratories with
inconvenient dimensions
• All designs can be supplied with open or closed working
sections 500-2,000mm square
• Matching high precision multi-component balances and
instrumentation available
• Suitable for multi-purpose advanced teaching & various
research sectors
CUSTOM-DESIGNED RECIRCULATING WIND TUNNELS
17
ThermodynamicsCussons manufactures a broad family of equipment which encompasses fundamental
measurement techniques, equivalence of work and heat, refrigeration and air
conditioning, heat transfer and heat exchangers plus a kerosene fuelled turbojet
module and a propane fuelled two shaft gas turbine.
This equipment is a modern version of the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat apparatus derived from the original design by Callendar which aptly demonstrated the relationship between mechanical energy and heat energy. Though extremely simple in design, the apparatus will yield results with an accuracy of 0.5%.
This Marcet Boiler helps the students to investigate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam, in equilibrium with water, at all pressures between atmospheric and 17 bar (250 lb/in2).
P5700 - MARCET BOILER
Thermodynamic Principles
P4810 - TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
P5631 - MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT APPARATUS
A self-contained bench top unit which demonstrates common methods of temperature measurement, methods of calibration, common faults occurring in thermocouple systems and investigation of basic thermocouple laws and their applications.
This bench top unit provides comparisons of two methods of measuring pressure and two methods of measuring vacuum. It includes measurement of differential pressure by means of a manometer, a digital pressure calibrator and calibration of a pressure transducer.
The Stirling Cycle Hot Air Engine enables students to visualize and study the phenomena of cyclic compression and expansion of air, study of Hot air engine, effect on performance, use of gases of different specific heat ratio, regenerative heat exchanger and many others.
P4811 - PRESSURE MEASURING APPARATUS
P5691 - STIRLING CYCLE HOT AIR ENGINE
www.cussons.co.uk18
P3210 - HEAT TRANSFER BENCH INCLUDING CROSS FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
Heat Transfer & Heat Exchanger
Cussons offers specialised test equipment to illustrate the subject of heat exchange in fluids. All the experimental units are bench top and specially designed to enable flexibility in the interconnections between them. The units are also computer controlled with modern data acquisition facilities.
Accessories:
P3212 Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger
P3213 Mixed Flow Heat Exchanger
This unit demonstrates the conversion of heat energy into electricity. It comprises a multiple cell thermo-electric generator sandwiched between a hot source and a cold sink. The current generated by the thermo-electric effect is used to drive an electric motor which rotates the cooling fan.
P5689 - THERMO-ELECTRIC ENGINE
P3300 - RADIATION AND CONVECTION APPARATUS
P5687 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS
This Thermal Radiation and Natural Convection Heat Transfer Apparatus is a self- contained bench mounted unit, designed to demonstrate the essential features of heat transfer by radiation and natural convection from various heating element shapes under varying conditions of ambient pressure and element surface temperature.
The Thermal Conductivity Apparatus is designed for bench top use allowing students to calculate heat flows and temperature gradients along various cylindrical specimens of relatively high conductivity, such as metals, and across thin sections of insulating material that may be attached to one end of a metal specimen.
19
This apparatus comprises a single stage compressor coupled to an electric motor and attached to a spring balance. This apparatus enables students to investigate the laws of thermodynamics including energy balance, entropy and compressed volumetric efficiency.
The apparatus has been developed to permit experiments on heat transfer from the solid to the liquid state under conditions of convection and nucleate boiling to be carried out and to demonstrate the effect of film boiling. Heat transfer takes place from a heated horizontal nickel filament to the water or other liquid surrounding it.
Cussons offers benchtop equipment for teaching heat exchanger technology. This range is modular and provides flexible interconnexions. The units may be computer controlled with data logging for advanced experiments.
The Exchanger Range comprises:• P3430 Water Cooling tower• P3420 Free and forced Convection• P3400 Heat exchanger unit with optional accessories: o P3401 Concentric Heat Exchanger o P3402 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger o P3403 Plate Heat Exchanger o P3404 Jacketed Vessel with coil o P3405 Tubular Heat Exchanger
P5697 - BOILING HEAT TRANSFER APPARATUS HEAT EXCHANGER RANGE
P9080 - ENERGY BALANCE MOTOR-COMPRESSOR UNIT
This popular unit is a full two shaft machine with built in starting equipment, power absorption system and a data logging option (P9008). It provides the means for carrying out an extensive programme of experiments in gas turbine technology using only the instrumentation provided. Particular features of the Two Shaft Gas Turbine Unit are its versatility, ease of operation, safety and low noise level. All instrumentation and controls are carried on the panel which displays the flow diagram with a clear indication of all measurements identified by symbols and illuminated tell-tales. Measurement of power turbine torque is by calibrated electrical dynamometer.
Cussons has developed a turbojet engine test stand to provide a cost effective method of testing the performance of an operational aero jet engine. The turbojet test stand is mounted on a wheeled trolley allowing it to be moved to an operational area or stored in a convenient location. The unit is provided with a mimic diagram displaying the temperatures of the gas flow and engine pressure ratio. The unit can demonstrates the turbojet principle, performance analysis of a turbojet at varying power and enables the measurement of air flow, fuel flow and rotational speed.
P9005 - TWO SHAFT GAS TURBINE P9010E - TURBOJET ENGINE TEST STAND
Gas Turbine and Compressors
www.cussons.co.uk20
Cussons Refrigerator and Heat Pump Apparatus has been developed for the study of the thermodynamics of the vapour compression cycle operating as either a refrigerator or heat pump. As a self-contained unit it includes instrumentation to enable a comprehensive series of experiments to be carried out, including refrigerant cycle evaluation and thermodynamic energy balances of the condenser, evaporator and compressor.
This unit enables students to visualise and study industrial refrigeration. It integrates all of the essential components for a desktop installation. The unit includes a computer control system and a troubleshooting simulation module. The system “anti-knock fluid” in the compressor ensures reliable operation under extreme stress.
The equipment clearly demonstrates the operation of a heat pump air / water. The system consists of: compressor, circulation pump, flow control valve, accumulator tank, condenser, filter / drier, expansion valve and evaporator fan, water flow meters, temperature sensors and pressure display at strategic points of the process.
P5730 - HEAT PUMP DEMONSTRATION UNIT
P5750 - VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATOR & HEAT PUMP APPARATUS
P5740 - REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH REFRIGERATION CHAMBER
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
This self-contained mobile Air Conditioning Unit demonstrates a key application of the principles of thermodynamics and provides results over a wide range of operating conditions. The design ensures all readings provided by the instruments relate to a proper homogeneous air flow. The refrigerant compressor is a single cylinder unit driven by an AC motor and the instrumentation is conveniently located on panels alongside a mimic diagram.
P5698 - AIR CONDITIONING UNIT
21
Properties of Fuels
P5657 - 3 CLOSED CUP FLASH POINT APPARATUS
The Cussons’ calorimeter is widely used in teaching establishments for the accurate determination of the calorific value of liquid and solid hydrocarbons. It meets the specifications of the Institute of Petroleum Designation IP12/73 Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels For Calorimeters.
As the most popular flash point apparatus, the Pensky Martens method is designed to determine the flash point of petroleum products with flash points up to a maximum temperature of 370°C and in so doing conforms to a number of ASTM, ISO, UN class and EN standards. Compatible with bio-fuel testing.
The electrically heated flash point apparatus is designed to determine the flash point of petroleum products and semi-solids with Flash/No Flash tests in a temperature range of 10 - 130°C. It conforms to the ASTM D3278; ASTM D3828; ASTM E502; IP 303 (obs); IP 523 standards and many more. Compatible with bio-fuel testing.
This Boys Gas Calorimeter has been developed to provide a simple but accurate method of ascertaining the calorific values of a wide range of gaseous fuels.
P5615 - BOYS GAS CALORIMETER
P6310 - CALORIMETER SET FOR CALORIFIC VALUES OF FUELS (BOMB CALORIMETER)
P5656 - ELECTRIC PENSKY MARTENS FLASH POINT APPARATUS
www.cussons.co.uk22
This Cussons Steam Power Plant is designed as a comprehensive self-contained unit with all relevant items of equipment factory mounted on a common steel bedplate. This modular construction and assembly greatly reduces space and installation requirements. The plant can operate as a steam boiler, turbo-generator or complete power plant. Available tests include: thermal and total efficiency, consumption, boiler capacity, heat balance, turbine power and specific steam consumption.
Further optional items such as additional boiler and superheater instrumentation, flue gas analysers etc. though not strictly essential to the plant operation; considerably improve the versatility, and hence teaching potential, of the equipment.
A basic laboratory scheme comprises a boiler and turbine/condenser. In addition the complementary items; “P7692 Cooling Tower”, Separating and Throttling Calorimeters, Superheater, Tanks, Blowdown Tank, Water Treatment, Interconnecting Pipework and Lab. Design, Steam Pipework Lagging, and Installation & Commissioning may be supplied as required.
STEAM POWER PLANT RANGEP7690 Series: 1KW Steam Power PlantP7600 Series: 5kW Steam Power PlantP7620 Series: 10kW Steam Power PlantP7655 Series: 20kW Steam Power Plant
STEAM POWER PLANT RANGE
P7690 - 1kW Steam plant
P7600 - 5kW Steam plant
The Miniature Steam Power Plant is the smallest in our comprehensive range of Steam Power Products and has been designed to allow teaching establishments to give students an appreciation of steam and its properties, without the larger capital investment normally required. There are two versions:
P7669R with Reciprocating Engine
P7669T with a Steam Turbine
P7669 - MINIATURE STEAM POWER PLANT
Power of SteamCussons’ Steam Power Plants are based upon the use of actual industrial steam
components fully instrumented to meet the requirements of a teaching laboratory.
These allow subjects including Thermal and Plant Efficiencies, Heat Balance and Energy
Utilisation, Performance Tests and Electrical Power Generation Studies to be taught.
There is a range of complete steam power plants available - 1kW, 5kW and 20kW plus a
family of individual Steam Benches each dedicated to a specific experimental subject.
Steam Power Plant
P7669T P7669R
23
The Steam Boiler Bench is a self-contained electric boiler supplied with all necessary facilities to allow it to be used as a service unit to supply steam to a range of Steam Bench Experiments - P7671 to P7683.
Cussons steam benches have been designed to allow experiments to be carried out on each piece of equipment by a small group of students. Experience has shown that this modular form of construction is most versatile and the benches can generally be supplied as ‘standalone’ units or simply interlinked to form a continuous system.
P7670 - STEAM BOILER BENCH
Steam Experiments
P7671 - PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE VESSEL BENCH
Self-contained Steam Bench unit allows students to investigate the relationship between temperature and pressure of saturated steam and compare the experimental observations with data published in recognised steam tables.
With this bench students can investigate the efficiency of two types of lagging and can calculate the lagging efficiency of each type, compare the energy loss from lagged tubes with that from unlagged tubes and calculate the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the lagging.
P7673 - LAGGING EFFICIENCY BENCHP7672 - SEPARATING & THROTTLING CALORIMETER BENCH
Separating and throttling calorimeters are used to determine the dryness fraction or quality of steam passing through the steam main.
On this apparatus students are able to investigate the efficiency of an ejector as a water pump and to measure the heat transfer of steam to cooling water.
This apparatus enables students to demonstrate the operation of the condenser, to investigate the heat transfer coefficient of condenser tubes and to demonstrate the vacuum produced by the condensing steam in a closed system.
P7674 - EJECTOR BENCH P7675 - CONDENSER BENCH
www.cussons.co.uk24
Dual purpose bench designed to demonstrate the basic principles of water treatment by filtration and chemical means or to supply treated water to a Steam Boiler Bench P7670. The bench includes five interchangeable clear PVC filter columns each of which can be filled with either filter sand or one of three ion exchange media.
P7677 - WATER TREATMENT STUDIES BENCHP7676R - RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINE BENCH
On this bench students can test a single cylinder steam engine and measure brake horse power, steam consumption and various efficiencies.
The steam heating circuit on this bench supplies steam to a process fluid circuit designed so that the various processes can be clearly observed, visually demonstrating the use of steam in a natural circulation (thermosyphon) reboiler for the heating of other fluids and the distillation process.
P7678 - STEAM PROCESS PLANT BENCH
Self-contained Steam Bench allows students to determine the performance of a double effect evaporator and compares the relative efficiencies of single effect and double effect evaporators.
With four different nozzles on this bench, the students can experiment with the variation of pressure along a nozzle profile, the effect of back pressure on the mass flow rate, determine the critical pressure ratio and much more.
P7683 - DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR BENCH
P7681 - NOZZLE RIG BENCH
Ancillary Equipment
P7660 - SEPARATING & THROTTLING CALORIMETER
This compact unit is an optional economic separating & throttling calorimeter with a simpler more cost-effective frame design. The unit is used to determine the dryness fraction of the steam supplied to steam systems.
This compact and portable unit measures the gas temperature at inlet and in stack providing high accuracy and enabling calculation of nett temperature.
P8385 - COMBUSTION AND FLUE GAS EMISSIONS ANALYSER
25
AutomotiveFor eighty years Cussons Technology has designed and manufactured engine test beds
for universities and industry. Our design and engineering team integrates engines of
different types and sizes within dynamometer-equipped test beds to suit a multitude of
educational and research requirements.
A self-contained unit with an air cooled 7kW/4,000 RPM eddy currentdynamometer. A wide range of engines may be used and Cussons offers models covering two/four stroke, air/watercooling and spark/compression ignition. These engines can accept a cylinder pressure transducer and crank angle encoder. (See P8005 PV system). Extensive experimental capabilities include determination of:
1. Engine performance curves at full and part load2. Volumetric efficiency3. Fuel consumption mixture loops4. Air/Fuel ratio5. Frictional power losses6. Heat and energy balances
Self-contained spark and compression ignition units are offered with integrated data acquisition. Both include modern, multi-cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, fuel injected engines which can accept a cylinder pressure transducer and crank angle encoder. (See P8005 PV system). Extensive experimental capabilities include determination of:
1. Four stroke engine performance curves at full and part load2. Engine efficiency and variation of specific fuel consumption with speed and load3. Brake Mean Effective Pressure4. Exhaust, water, oil and air temperatures5. Heat and energy balances
Engine Test Beds
P8160 - SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE TEST BED - ENGINE OPTIONS UP TO 7KW
P8001/P8002 - MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE TEST BEDS
A bench top unit offered with P8251 Petrol and P8252 Diesel four stroke, air cooled engine options. Engines can accept a cylinder pressure transducer and crank angle encoder (See P8005 PV system). Experimental capabilities include determination of:
1. Engine performance curves at full and part load2. Efficiency and variation of specific fuel consumption with speed and load3. Effect of mixture strength on performance and fuel consumption4. Gasoline engine includes AFR meter
P8250 - AUTOMOTIVE 1 ENGINE TEST BED – PETROL & DIESEL ENGINE OPTIONS
www.cussons.co.uk26
An advanced engine test bed with integrated data acquisition optimised for academic studies and offering significant scope for research. The unit is compatible with a range of engines and utilises an eddy current dynamometer. The test bed is offered with a spark or compression ignition four stroke multi-cylinder engine but both may be supplied and interchanged on-site. Standard engines accept a cylinder pressure transducer and crank angle encoder. (See P8005 PV system). A compact external cooling tower (P8751) is available to reduce reliance on mains water for energy dissipation. Provides very extensive experimental capabilities.
P8750 - MULTICYLINDER ENGINE TEST BED - MULTIPLE ENGINE OPTIONS
Engine options:
P8615 4-Stroke Water Cooled Petrol Engine
P8616 4-Stroke Water Cooled Diesel Engine
P8617 4-Stroke Water Cooled Petrol Engine converted to
CNG Engine
A selection of laminar flow meters (LFMs) for measuring the pulsating air flows in IC engine air intakes. Eleven models are offered suitable for measuring airflows across a wide range. An airflow measurement and data acquisition system (P7032) is also offered for use with these LFMs.
Two units are offered to measure ‘swirl’ in the air drawn into an engine cylinder. Both are equally effective with blow or suction induced flow in either the upward or downward direction. Cussons also designs and manufactures custom research equipment such as complete port flow rigs for light duty ports (including parts for tumble) and for heavy duty ports etc.
P7190 - P7217 - LAMINAR FLOW METER RANGE P7300/P7302 - IMPULSE SWIRL METER RANGE
Instrumentation and Accessories
Engine test stands for vocational training fitted with fuel injected four stroke four cylinder liquid cooled engines. Petrol (P8952) and diesel (P8962) versions are offered both supplied complete with starter motor, alternator, water pump, fuel pump, flywheel, flywheel guard and throttle assembly ready for running.
P8952/P8962 - AUTOTRAINER TEST STANDS
Autotrainers
27
Automotive & Gas Analysers
Cussons offers high quality gas analysers enabling students to test and monitor exhaust gases and emissions in the area of automotive technology. All analysers are compatible with our engine test beds and meet the international standards and accreditations for exhaust gas analysers.
A factory-fitted option for almost all engines offered for use on Cussons’ range of test beds. A low cost pressure-vs-volume system with high speed data acquisition and graphical display on a host PC.
P8005 - PV SYSTEM FOR ENGINE TEST BEDS
A selection of digital blowby meters to measure the gas flow from crankcases which may be easily incorporated into engine ventilation systems. Each meter includes a flow transducer and a digital display module.
This benchtop exhaust gas analyser provides a cost effective solution for determining the concentrations of pollutants and oxygen in the exhaust gases from spark or compression ignition IC engines optimised for all current and envisaged future requirements. It provides gas detection with high measurement accuracy and long term stability. The gases which may be detected are CO, CO2, O2, HC, SO2 and NOx.
P8390-P8393 - EXHAUST GAS ANALYSERS
A selection of exhaust gas calorimeters with instrumentation to enable the heat energy content of exhaust gases to be accurately determined.
A self-contained unit for the supply and measurement of fuel use at controlled pressure for both petrol or diesel engines.
· Continuous Flow Measurement· Designed for high fuel recirculating rate· Pelton wheel design transducer· Analogue output proportional to flow rate
· Digital display of flow rate· Totaliser with reset facility· Pressure controlled fuel delivery· Suitable for both diesel and gasoline fuels
P8227 - VOLUMETRIC FUEL FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
P8360 - P8373 - BLOWBY METER RANGE P8260 – P8265 - EXHAUST GAS CALORIMETER RANGE
www.cussons.co.uk28
Environmental & Clean Energies Cussons offers a broad range of packages for teaching ‘green’ or renewable energy
technologies. These include wind turbine dynamometers and wind energy systems,
photovoltaic, solar thermal and solar distillation systems plus a proton exchange
membrane fuel cell.
Wind Turbine Dynamometer Range
The airflow produced by a compact wind generator passes through a honeycomb straightener (to reduce ‘swirl’) to the turbine under test. The flow rate is measured with a pitot static tube and differential pressure transducer. This signal is used in a closed loop algorithm to control the airflow by means of the inverter-driven wind generator fan. Maximum airflow reaching the turbine is 10m/s.
Each of the dynamometer options enables students to investigate energy extraction, compare power coefficients with theoretical Betz limits and produce power curves for stall/pitch regulated turbines up to 450mm in diameter. The turbine dynamometer is mounted on a vertical tower supported by the base plate and its axis may be yawed up to ±20° from the airflow axis. The tower is mounted in bearings and a load cell is used to measure the overturning moment due to thrust on the turbine and dynamometer nacelle. Dynamometer options are:
P3131A Basic version (no measurement of blade root bending moments)
P3132A Instrumented hub (slip rings) for blade root bending moments
measured in two orthogonal directions
P3133A Instrumented hub (telemetry) for blade root bending moments
measured in two orthogonal directions
Hubs with two strain gauged blade roots to measure bending moments in and
perpendicular to the plane of turbine rotation (set of blades included) for use
with P3132A or P3133A:
P3134A 2/4 blade
P3136A 3 blade
Non-instrumented hubs (set of blades included) for use with P3131A:
P3137A 2/4 blade
P3138A 3 blade
For all hub options the blade pitch may be measured using a protractor tool provided with the equipment and adjusted as required.
P3130A - WIND GENERATOR SET
WIND TURBINE DYNAMOMETER RANGE
Cussons’ family of wind turbines and dynamometers provides a powerful laboratory scale solution for the study of wind renewable energy. The complete system comprises a wind generator with base plate, a control panel, a dynamometer plus turbine and a laptop computer with pre-installed software.
29
The equipment is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of a wind turbine plant and its whole operation. The layout is very visual and intuitive for teaching purposes. This is achieved by the provision of equipment in schematic and plugging panels. In addition, the unit has a full computer control system.
P3150 - WIND TURBINE TRAINER UNIT
The P7140 Solar Energy Demonstration unit allows students to gain an appreciation of the total heat capture of a solar thermal energy panel and an understanding of their relative efficiency. Students are able to vary the water flow rate and angle of incidence of the unit to measure the change in energy collection performance.
The equipment reproduces a full scale solar photovoltaic installation. The system offers a wide variety of energy tests, observation and analysis of the performance of PV panels:
- PV Panel as independent system, series and parallel.
- Simulations with batteries in series or in parallel.
- Direct access to DC converter and DC to AC.
- PV system as isolated system or connected to the network.
P7140 - SOLAR ENERGY DEMONSTRATION
P9065 - SOLAR ENERGY MANAGEMENT UNIT
P7130/P7135 - SOLAR DISTILLATION APPARATUS – BASIN AND THIN FILM TYPE
The Solar Distillation Apparatus enables students to measure output and efficiency against solar energy input, amount of base insulation and brine depth. The effects of different absorbent surfaces, inclination, ambient temperature, wind velocity and the effect of cooling the glass cover may also be investigated
P9060 - PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER UNIT
This unit provides students the means of collecting and storing solar power, measuring the energy available from it and investigating the performance of a photovoltaic unit. The package enables both electrical and mechanical power to be obtained yet it does not require the use of complicated reflecting systems in order to concentrate the solar energy.
The P9040 Fuel Cell Demonstration Unit provides a working desk top proton exchange membrane fuel cell as the basis for student investigations including measurement of efficiency
P9040 - FUEL CELL DEMONSTRATION UNIT
Solar & Fuel Cell
www.cussons.co.uk30
Applied MechanicsThe important subjects of dynamics, balancing, vibrations, whirling and other
basic principles of applied mechanics are covered with this range of products. The
equipment has evolved from designs originating within academic institutions to fulfil
the requirements of a modern mechanical engineering curriculum. Introductory studies
through to advanced investigations are possible and each piece of equipment is
supplied with comprehensive user manuals as with all Cussons equipment.
P1150 - STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCING MACHINE
This experiment has been developed to provide a means for accurate experimental work in the balancing of rigid rotors. The design of the machine adheres to industrial practice and it may be used to balance real rotors in addition to the five-disc rotor provided.
Theory of Machines
This experiment enables students to understand dynamically induced stresses arising in mechanically resonant systems such as transmission shafts and engine crank shafts.
The Fletcher Trolley Apparatus is the classic equipment for both linear and angular motion investigations. Measurement of velocity and acceleration, experiments on momentum and angular acceleration and determination of acceleration due to gravity are possible with this apparatus.
P1901 - TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS APPARATUS
P2072 - FLETCHER TROLLEY APPARATUS
This apparatus enables students to investigate the angular acceleration of a solid cylindrical body caused by the action of a falling mass. It provides a number of interesting experiments relating to the kinematics and dynamics of rotating systems.
P5226 - ANGULAR ACCELERATION APPARATUS
31
P5464 - INCLINED PLANE / SLIDING FRICTION APPARATUS
This apparatus enables students to measure the coefficient of friction for several combinations of materials. The robust apparatus is of all metal construction with an inclinable 90 cm ground steel plane.
The Energy of Flywheel apparatus is an extremely robust and versatile unit comprising a flywheel - the mass of which may be varied by adding and removing two rings and one disc - mounted upon a heavy duty stand. The unit also includes a vibrating arm to enable traces to be drawn on a paper strip positioned on the circumference of the flywheel.
P2776 - ENERGY OF FLYWHEEL
The Centripetal Force Apparatus enables accurate determinations of the relationship between force, mass radius and angular velocity for a rotating body.
The Whirling of Shafts Apparatus enables students to investigate the whirling of a long thin shaft supported at its ends, whirling of a shaft with concentrated masses, whirling of a continuous shaft and whirling of a shaft with intermediate nodes.
P2799 - CENTRIPETAL FORCE APPARATUS P5428 - WHIRLING OF SHAFTS APPARATUS
P5377 - ELECTRICAL GYROSCOPE COMPLETE WITH DIGITAL TACHOMETER
This Electrical Gyroscope has been designed to demonstrate the relationships between gyroscopic speed, gyroscopic inertia, external applied torque and precession. A separate hand-held optical tachometer is provided for accurate measurement of the gyroscope rotor speed.
This apparatus provides a wide range of laboratory experiments on journal bearings within a self-contained unit. Various options make it possible to measure journal friction, map the hydrodynamic pressure of the oil film and determine the bearing attitude of a journal bearing using only the optional instrumentation 5014 and P5015.
The Free and Forced Vibration Apparatus has been developed to present vibration phenomena with viscous damping in a way that may be easily perceived and accurately analysed.
P5013 - JOURNAL FRICTION APPARATUS
P5000 - FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION APPARATUS
www.cussons.co.uk32
The Extension and Compression of Springs apparatus is a wall mounted unit which enables students to determine the load and deflection relationship for close coiled springs as well as concepts of Modulus of Rigidity.
The Rubber Block Apparatus is a wall mounted unit which enables students to investigate the shear stress and shear strain in a rubber slab. It introduces students to the concept of Modulus of Rigidity.
P1206 - RUBBER BLOCK APPARATUSP2180 - EXTENSION & COMPRESSION OF SPRINGS
Cussons is able to offer digital testing machines ranging from 25kN to 1,000kN capacity with high precision control and accuracy and including automated computer control of test methods for simplicity of operation. These UTMs have 800% overload capability (load cells), small footprint, high resolution, self-cleaning ball-screws and an extensive suite of software. A range of different grips and fixtures for tension and compression is available.
P5030 – 25 Universal Testing Machines 25kN
P5030 – 50 Universal Testing Machines 50kN
P5030 – 100 Universal Testing Machines 100kN
P5030 – 500 Universal Testing Machines 500kN
P5030 – 600 Universal Testing Machines 600kN
The Torsion Apparatus is bench mounted and consists of a horizontal unit which can accept specimens up to 6 mm diameter and 450 mm length. The torsion head is supported in ball bearings and torque is applied by a hanger and masses. Angular displacement is measured by a dial and pointer which can slide along the base to enable readings to be taken at any point.
P5030 - UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES
P4334 - TORSION APPARATUS
Strength of Materials
33
Process Control EngineeringA practical understanding of Process Control Engineering is essential in many
industries. Cussons’ range of process control engineering products presents students
with a broad cross section of control techniques and applications typical of those in the
real world.
The Boiler Control unit along with its software simulation allows students to investigate the operation of a steam generation plant. Altering the system properties allows the user to simulate a wide range of boiler systems for periods up to 24 hours and adjustments to the operating parameters may be made whilst the simulation is running to allow the investigation of transients on the system.
The Process Control Simulator is a self-contained laboratory scale industrial system (bench type model - under development) that allows the principles underlying modern industrial control equipment to be studied in the context of process operations. The unit may be used to investigate pressure, flow, temperature, level and cascade control utilising pneumatic and microprocessor-based PID controllers.
This Flow Control Apparatus is designed to demonstrate automatic control of the flow of water delivered by a centrifugal pump. The unit enables students to investigate the effects of changing the parameters of the control algorithm (proportional band, integral action and derivative time) on the control capability of the system.
This Level Control System is designed to allow numerous level control experiments to be performed within a typicallaboratory session. The unit enables students to investigate the effects of changing the parameters of the control algorithm and changes can be made to the process conditions by adjustment of the flow into the vessel.
P3005 - PROCESS CONTROL SIMULATORP7665 - BOILER CONTROL DEMONSTRATION AND FAULT SIMULATION UNIT
P3015 - LEVEL CONTROL APPARATUS, THREE TERM ELECTRONIC
P3010 - FLOW CONTROL APPARATUS, THREE TERM ELECTRONIC
The Temperature Control Apparatus illustrates the control of temperature in a simulated reactor vessel by controlling the supply of coolant (air) in response to changes in process conditions. The unit provides students with the opportunity of investigating the effects of a change of controller parameters (proportional band, integral and derivative times) on the control capability of the system. The unit is made up of typical items of control equipment currently used in industrial applications, thereby providing an excellent opportunity for familiarisation.
P3035 - TEMPERATURE CONTROL APPARATUS, THREE TERM ELECTRONIC
www.cussons.co.uk34
The Plant Trainer has been designed to provide a unique opportunity to train technicians on an industrial process plant in a safe, controlled and supervised environment. The trainer is the perfect tool to offer training courses in Plant Maintenance, Control Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Health and Safety Engineering. Use of this equipment by companies such as BP and Shell, has allowed their technicians to gain hands on experience of a real, full size process plant facility without the obvious danger of contamination due to leakage, human error or expensive equipment damage
P3600 - INDUSTRIAL PROCESS PLANT TRAINER
The Programmable Logic Control Module (PLC) is designed to be connected to a range of experiments for simulating an automatic process. The unit has digital inputs and relay outputs which, when connected to the experiments, may be used to start and stop pumps, select remote set point inputs and create disturbances to a process by opening or closing solenoid valves.
P3030 - PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROL MODULE
The pH Control Apparatus is designed to demonstrate the control of the acidity of a water supply by chemical dosing. Two methods are available to control the addition of the dosing chemical, either slug (on-off) dosing or continuous controlled injection.
P3020 - ACIDITY (PH) CONTROL APPARATUS
35
The Three Phase Separator is an essential resource for teaching engineering students and ‘oil & gas’ or process industry personnel. It enables students to investigate the effects of separation pressure and flow/residence time etc. on the separation dynamics. Experimental coverage includes flow vs residence time, flow vs composition, pressure vs flow, pressure vs composition and temperature vs composition (latter by means of simulation).
The Multiphase Flow Unit which is particularly suitable for ‘oil and gas‘courses enables students to study 2- and 3-phase flow (oil, water and compressed air) by means of ‘once through’ experimental runs followed by gravitational separation. The unit provides for various investigations including single phase flow, hydrostatic and dynamic pressure investigations, hold-up time and slip velocity, 2-phase separation and superficial velocity, drift velocity in air/water flow, 2-phase flow, 2-phase and 3-phase flow separation rates, bubble structures and bubble sizes. The unit is operated via a touch-screen PC with SCADA software and may be specified with an electrical capacitance tomography sensor option for advanced studies in flow and bubble structure imaging.
P3620 - MULTIPHASE FLOW UNIT
P3700 - THREE PHASE SEPARATION TRAINING UNIT
The Process Control Unit provides measurement, data acquisition and PID control of water temperature, level, pressure and flow rate. Digital and LED displays provide instant indication of status and measured values for group demonstrations. Connexion to a PC is by means of a USB cable and powerful Windows software is included. The package provides a complete solution for introducing the concept of closed loop ‘error driven’ process control systems. It enables students to gain practical experience of tuning real-world loops in a completely safe environment. Experiments may be as short as thirty seconds (for studying some aspects of flow rate control) or several minutes (for temperature control) and may be changed as required by the user. This allows many highly relevant experiences to be packed into short practical sessions for a large cohort. It offers academics, course designers and managers great benefits in terms of the efficient ‘exposure’ of students to a wealth of short practical investigations and real-world data acquisition opportunities to support many areas of theoretical study.
P3050 - PROCESS CONTROL UNIT
www.cussons.co.uk36
Educational Towing Carriages
Cussons has a whole new range of towing carriages aimed at University and Educational Institutes that do not have the room for the larger scale research grade facilities. This range of unmanned carriages, are light weight, highly rigid & robust platforms that allow a wide variety of equipment to be attached from them. The carriages are controlled and operated by a shore based Wireless supervisory control and data logging / acquisition system.
Designed to suit a towing tank 2m wide, with minimum length 40 up to a maximum of 70m (maximum rail length is 60m) - Max Speed 3m/s
A variety of dynamometers can be supplied for use with the educational carriages, these are interfaced with he support frame for connection to ship models or fitting of propeller models. These include:
R35E – Educational Resistance Dynamometer
R200E – Educational Multi Component Ship / Yacht Model Balance
V110E - Educational Ship Stability Dynamometer
H75E - Educational Open Water Propeller / Turbine Dynamometer R75E - Educational Self–Propulsion
R31E, R42E & R43E Traditional Self-Propulsion Dynamometer for educational scaled models
Designed to suit a towing tank 4m wide, with minimum length 40 up to a maximum of 70m (maximum rail length is 60m) - Max Speed 3m/s (however 4m/s is possible)
C20E - EDUCATIONAL TOWING CARRIAGE
DYNAMOMETERS FOR EDUCATIONAL TOWING CARRIAGES
C40E - EDUCATIONAL TOWING CARRIAGE
Marine HydrodynamicsCussons Technology has built on the success of its Kempf & Remmers range of
hydrodynamics research and test equipment and its knowledge of tertiary educational
engineering equipment to produce a new range of educational hydrodynamic
equipment to complement smaller facilities. Its purpose is to allow straightforward
lecturer demonstrations and enable students to conduct a range of experiments with
repeatable results and reasonable accuracy.
37
Educational Wave Makers & Wave Absorbing Beaches
We also supply additional equipment which can be used in conjunction with the towing carriage for model manufacturing & measuring facilities:
R28E - Educational Scaled Model Guiding Arms
V122E - Educational High Speed Camera System
N10E - Educational Wake Rake with Integrated Pressure Transducers
M150E - Educational 1.5m Offshore Support Vessel / Trawler Model
H75P Set of Educational Scaled Propeller models
R67 - Tank Pit mounted Off–shore & floor mounted static model 6 component balance
Cussons Technology wave makers incorporate proven software techniques for wave generator control and can include software links to towing carriages to optimise test duration. Wave Technology is a rapidly advancing science - new or modified products are continually being developed to meet unique experimental needs, including those associated with the offshore industry’s deep-sea exploration research programmes. Our wave maker designs include:
W20E/W40E - Wet Back Hinge Flap Regular / Irregular Wave Maker
W20EB/W40EB – Hybrid Resonant Tuneable Wave Absorbing Beach
R23E - Educational Carriage Mounted Wave Probe
ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT & INSTRUMENTATION
Educational Cavitation Tunnels
Cussons offers a range of small Cavitation Tunnels developed from the Kempf and Remmers designs for use in the laboratories of Technical Universities. The Tunnels are manufactured from high grade materials to resist corrosion and fouling. Each of our Educational Range of Tunnels is supplied with optional control and data-acquisition systems. The data acquisition system interface is based on National Instruments Front End for development with Labview.
A small but carefully made circulating water tunnel with pressure regulation for cavitation tests, which is suitable for various kinds of experimental and demonstration work on flow and cavitation. The tunnel provides a range of experiments in either hydrodynamic, aerospace or civil engineering.
K14 - EDUCATIONAL CAVITATION TUNNEL
www.cussons.co.uk38
Cussons offers a large variety of instrumentation for hydrodynamic studies. Our range of Wake Rakes, Pitot Tubes and High Speed Cameras allow the experimental work associated with new research being undertaken in many parts of the world. J19 Wake Rake with Integrated Pressure Transducers for use TunnelsK23-06 Pitot Static Tube for use in measuring section of TunnelV121E High Speed / Frame Rate Camera system for observing cavitation.V140 B&K Cavitation Tunnel Hydrophone systemV123E Flat Plate and Cylinder Model Experiment for use in Tunnels
There is a full range of equipment available to compliment these facilities including; Open-water propeller dynamometers, force and moment balances, wake rakes and pitot static Prandtl probes. Please see the list on the adjacent page. Within the standard K14 and the K23 square sections we would recommend the use of the Open water propeller dynamometers that can be mounted either down-stream of the flow in the traditional open water mode, or upstream of the flow where it can be installed with wake screens to simulate the wake of the hull.
EDUCATIONAL CAVITATION TUNNEL INSTRUMENTATION
EDUCATIONAL CAVITATION TUNNEL DYNAMOMETERS
External Mounted Dynamometers for use in Tunnels for Open Water Propeller testing in the following ranges:
R33E Rated Max Torque ±15Nm, Rated Max Thrust ±400N at 3500rpm. Rated Max Torque ±30Nm, Rated Max Thrust ±600N at 3500rpm.
R73E Rated Max Torque ±15Nm, Rated Max Thrust ±400N at 3500rpm. Rated Max Torque ±30Nm, Rated Max Thrust ±600N at 3500rpm.
Component Balance range:The R30 Three Component Balance is designed for use in the measuring section of water tunnels with pressure regulation for cavitation tests.
The R35 Single Component Balance can be used in air as well as under water, including within a Cavitation Tunnel.
The R37 Six Component Balance is designed for testing rudders, hydrofoils and ship appendages within medium sized measuring sections of Cavitation Tunnels.
This is a Small Research Cavitation Tunnel with 3different interchangeable measuring sections available:
- 300mm x 300mm Measuring Section Max Speed 9m/s- 425mm x 425mm Measuring Section Max Speed 5m/s- Asymmetric 630mm x 350mm Measuring Section Max Speed 4m/s
K23 - RESEARCH CAVITATION TUNNEL - ENTRY LEVEL
3939
Product Index
Product Code PageAcidity (PH) Control P3020 34
Air Conditioning Unit P5698 20
Air Flow Bench P3200 14
Anemometer P3204 14
Angular Acceleration P5226 30
AutoTrainer Test Stands P8952 / P8962 26
Axial & Centrifugal Fan P3226 / P3228 15
Bernouilli’s Apparatus P3208 14
Bernouilli’s Experiment P6231 10
Blowby Meters P8360 - P8373 27
Boiler Demonstration P7665 33
Boiling Heat Transfer P5697 19
Boundary Layer P3232 15
Boy’s Gas Calorimeter P5615 21
Calibration of Pressure Gauge P6234 11
Calorimeter Set P6310 21
Cavitation Demonstration Set P6211 9
Centre of Pressure P6237 11
Centripal Force P2799 31
Combustion & Flue Gas Analyser P8385 24
Condenser Bench P7675 23
Double Effect Evaporator Bench P7683 24
Ejector Bench P7674 23
Electrical Gyroscope P5377 31
Energy Balance P9080 19
Energy of Flywheel P2776 31
Entry, Exit & Expansion Losses P6222 9
Exhaust Gas Analyser P8390 - P8393 27
Exhaust Gas Calorimeters P8260 - P8265 27
Extension & Compression Springs P2180 32
Fan Test Stand P3240 15
Flash Point Apparatus P5656 / P5657 21
Fletcher Trolley P2072 30
Flow Channels P6245 / P6255 12
Flow Channels - Advanced P6275 / P6410 12
Flow Control P3010 33
Flow in Pipes P3234 14
Flow Measurement Apparatus P3203 14
Flow Through a Bend P3222 14
Francis Turbine P6212 9
Free & Forced Vortex P6238 10
Free and Forced Convection P3420 19
Free and Forced Vibration P5000 31
Friction Loss in Pipes & Fittings P5160 12
Friction Losses P6221 9
Fuel Cell Unit P9040 29
Heat Exchanger and Accessories P3400 - P3405 19
Heat Pump Demonstration Unit P5730 20
Heat Transfer Bench P3210 18
Hele Shaw P6246 11
Hydraulic Bench P6100 8 - 9
Hydraulic Ram P6232 10
Hydraulic Service Unit P6290 9
Hydrology Apparatus P6530 13
Hydrostatics Bench / Set P6242 / P6244 11
Impact of Jets P6233 10
Impulse Swirl Meter P7300 26
Inclined Plane / Sliding Friction P5464 31
Industrial Process Plant P3600 34
Journal Friction P5013 31
Kaplan Turbine P6213 9
Lagging Efficiency Bench P7673 23
Laminar Flow P6220 9
Laminar Flow Meters P7190 - P7217 26
Level Control P3015 33
Marcet Boiler P5700 17
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat P5631 17
Metacentric Height P6235 / P6236 11
Product Code PageMiniature Flow Channel P6249 12
Miniature Steam Power Plant P7669 22
Multiphase Flow P3620 35
Multi-Pump Test Rig incl. Pumps P6360 - P6367 13
Multitube Manometer P3202 14
Mutli-Cylinder Test Beds P8001 / P8002 / P8750 25 - 26
Network of Pipes P6510 13
Nozzle Rig Bench P7681 24
Open Channel Weirs P6225 / P6226 10
Orifices Studies P6223 / P6224 10
Osborne Reynolds P6248 11
Pelton Wheel P6240 9
Permeability Apparatus P6520 13
Photovoltaic Solar Power Unit P9060 29
Pipe Surge & Water Hammer P6515 13
Pressure Measuring P4811 17
Pressure/Temperature Bench P7671 23
Process Control Simulator P3005 33
Radiation & Convection P3300 18
Reciprocating Steam Engine Bench P7676R 24
Rubber Block P1206 32
Sediment Transport P6540 13
Separating & Throttling Calorimeter P7672 / P7660 23 - 24
Series and Parallel Pump Test Set P6135 12
Single Cylinder Test Beds P8250 / P8160 25
Smoke Generator P3233 15
Solar Distillation P7130 / P7135 29
Solar Energy Demonstration P7140 29
Solar Energy Unit P9065 29
Static & Dynamic Balancing P1150 30
Steam Boiler Bench P7670 23
Steam Power Plant - 1kW P7690 22
Steam Power Plants - 5, 10, 20kW P7600 - P7655 22
Steam Process Plant Bench P7678 24
Stirling Cycle P5691 17
Structures Range CST 4 - 7
Temperature Control P3035 33
Temperature Measurement P4810 17
Thermal Conductivity P5687 18
Three Phase Separation P3700 35
Torsion Apparatus P4334 32
Torsional Vibration P1901 30
Turbojet Engine Test Stand P9010E 19
Turbulent Jet P3234 15
Two Component Balance P3231 15
Two Dimensional Wind Tunnel P3230 15
Two Shaft Gas Turbine P9005 19
Universal Testing Machines P5030 32
Vapour Compression & Heat Pump P5750 20
Volumetric Fuel Flow P8227 27
Water Cooling Tower P3430 19
Water Flow Measurement P6239 10
Water Flow Measurement Range P6227 - P6230 10
Water Flow Visualisation P6247 13
Water Treatment Studies Bench P7677 24
Whirling of Shafts P5428 31
Wind Generator Set P3130A 28
Wind Tunnels P3259 / P3260 / P3290 16
Wind Turbine Trainer P3150 29
MARINE HYDRODYNAMICS
Educational Towing Carriages 36
Dynamometers 36 & 38
Wave Makers & Wave Absorbing Beaches 37
Educational Cavitation Tunnels 37
Research Cavitation Tunnels 38
HEAD OFFICE
Cussons Technology Limited
Cussons Technology Ltd
Great Clowes Street
Manchester
M7 1RH
TEL: +44 (0)161 833 0036
FAX: +44 (0)161 834 4688
E-MAIL: [email protected]
www.cussons.co.uk