Mechanics of fluids

Thermodynamics

Automotive

Environmental & Clean Energies

Applied Mechanics

Process Control Engineering

Marine Hydrodynamics

Engineering Education& Research Solutions

Issue no. 7

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Introduction Cussons Technology was founded in 1876 and

has specialised in the design and manufacture of

teaching and research equipment for mechanical

engineering and allied subjects for more than a

century. Worldwide our customers are typically

within tertiary educational establishments,

research institutes, government establishments

and the research departments of national and

multinational companies.

In addition to the educational product range a

division producing automotive research

equipment and facilities was created,

complemented by new automotive teaching

products which Cussons continues to develop.

Further expansion saw the company acquire

the rights to the well-respected German

manufacturer Kempf & Remmers’ marine

hydrodynamics research and naval architecture systems and products.

Cussons’ K&R brand continues to grow and today includes a range of compact

educational marine hydrodynamics and maritime studies resources.

The automotive and marine expansions of our core mechanical, fluid and

energy-related range have helped to consolidate Cussons’ position as a leader

in the supply of reliable, well-designed and supported, high quality solutions

for educational and research institutions worldwide.

At the heart of Cussons’ philosophy there has always been an understanding

that student commitment - so critical for success - is most effectively

engendered by interesting, well-designed hands-on experimentation. Our

current equipment offer continues to embrace this principle and incorporates

modern computer technology for data acquisition and control.

The subjects Cussons specialises in are thermodynamics (including heat

transfer, refrigeration, air conditioning and steam engineering), automotive

technology, fluid mechanics, process control and instrumentation, theory of

machines and applied mechanics plus a renewable energy range covering wind,

wave, tidal and solar energy studies.

In addition to supplying individual items of equipment, Cussons also

undertakes complete turnkey projects for the design, supply, installation

and commissioning of entire laboratories, specialising in those for steam,

automotive engineering and marine hydrodynamics . We are fully ISO 9001

compliant.

Full details of all products are available on our website at www.cussons.co.uk

Marine Hydrodynamic Systems

Automotive Research and Development Equipment and Instrumentation

Integrated facilities for R&D projects in Aerospace, Oil, and Military Sectors

Analysis and purification of special gases.

3

Cussons CUDAS 4

Mechanics of Fluids 5

Fundamental Hydraulic Studies 7

Hydraulic Applied Studies 9

Air Flow 11

Wind Tunnel 12

Thermodynamics 14

Thermodynamic Principles 15

Steam Power Plant 15

Steam Experiments 16

Ancillary Equipment 18

Refrigeration 18

Heat Transfer & Heat Exchanger 19

Gas Turbine and Compressors 20

Properties of Fuels 21

Sectioned Thermodynamics Equipment 22

Automotive 23

Engine Test Beds 24

Autotrainers 25

Instrumentation and Accessories 25

Automotive Fuel & Gas Analysers 25

Sectioned Automotive Equipment 25

Environmental & Clean Energies 26

Wind Turbine Dynamometer Range 27

Solar & Fuel Cell 28

Applied Mechanics 29

Theory of Machines 30

Strength of Materials 31

Structures 32

Process Control Engineering 33

Marine Hydrodynamics Educational Range 36

Product Index 39

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CUDAS (P4000/P4001)Over the last twenty five years new technologies have revolutionised educational practice in many subjects, most

especially in engineering and science. Whilst the internet might be the most obvious - contributing to the exponential

rise in information - other digital technologies including computerised data acquisition are becoming ubiquitous

throughout university and college laboratories.

At Cussons we believe the combination of practical experimental equipment and digital applications enhances students’

learning experience and helps educators to convey knowledge and understanding more effectively. Our latest addition is

CUDAS, a modern computerised data acquisition and control system compatible with many of the products featured on

the following pages.

CUDAS Features

Base unit (P4000) houses power supply suitable for 96 – 250V AC 50/60 Hz mains supply within 2U module

suitable for desk or panel mounting:

8 Thermocouple inputs

6 Analogue inputs (+/-10V 16 bit)

2 Counters or encoders

8 Digital inputs (volt free contacts)

8 Digital relay/lamp driver outputs (24V 50mA)

2 Analogue outputs (0 – 5V 12 bit)

Expansion unit (P4001) – up to 3 may be added to give a maximum of:

26 Thermocouple inputs

30 Analogue inputs (+/-10V 16 bit)

8 Counters or encoders

32 Digital inputs (volt free contacts)

32 Digital outputs (24V 50mA)

8 Analogue outputs (0 – 5V 12 bit)

CUDAS can log data from steady state experiments at rates between 0.03Hz and 1Hz

8 Different logs may be selected and run simultaneously

Up to 8 PID loops may be configured using any input as the feedback channel and any input as setpoint

Alternatively a manually specified setpoint may be used

The expansion units (P4001) are powered from the base unit (P4000) and and connected to it via USB

Only one USB channel is required to communicate with host computer

Data Collection Data Transfer

Cussons’ Equipment

CUDAS P4000 Unit

Computer

CUDAS

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The behaviour of fluids is a key element of study

across many disciplines and Cussons educational

equipment is ideally suited to mechanical, civil,

chemical and marine engineering courses. Its

modular design enables additions to be made as

academic requirements evolve and each unit provides

clear visual appreciation of the principles of fluid

mechanics. Instrumentation is provided which allows

a full range of experimental work to be completed

and data acquisition options are being developed.

Our Hydraulic Bench provides a self-contained water supply and

the facilities required to service a wide range of experiments.

Our suggested laboratory includes a number of workstations for

teaching the core principles and the user may select additional

units for investigating hydrostatics, hydraulic machinery and

pump characteristics as required.

Air flow studies may be conducted using the Cussons Airflow

Bench which is designed for versatility across the areas of

aerodynamics, boundary layers, turbulent jets and flow through

ducts etc. The equipment is robust, durable and castor-mounted

so that it may be easily relocated.

Mechanics of Fluids

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www.cussons.co.uk6

Only required if customer does not have a bench

Optional Accessories

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Accessories Required for Experiments

Experiments

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Required Accessories

KEY:

P6211 Cavitation Demonstration Set

P6220 Laminar Flows Apparatus

P6221 Losses in Pipes and Fittings

P6222 Entry/Exit & Cont/Expansion Losses

P6223/4 Orifice Experiments Basic/Advanced

P6225/6 Open Channel Weirs Basic/Advanced

P6227 Venturi Meter

P6228 Orifice Plate Experiment

P6229 Turbine Meter

P6230 Pitot Static Tube

P6231 Bernouilli’s Theorem

P6232 Hydraulic Ram

P6233 Impact of Jets

P6234 Calibration of Pressure Gauge

P6235/6 Metacentric Height

P6237 Centre of Pressure

P6238 Free and Forced Vortex

P6239 Comparison of Flow Measurements

P6240 Pelton Wheel

P6249 Miniature Flow Channel

Fundamental Hydraulic Studies

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Fundamental Hydraulic Studies

The Cussons Hydraulic Bench provides the basic services for pumping and volumetric measurement of water supply. Various optional modules are available to form a comprehensive laboratory facility which enables a detailed Mechanics of Fluids Experimental Course to be followed. The equipment is designed to provide a clear visual appreciation of hydraulic principles and has been featured by BBC Television on the Open University Mechanics of Fluids course.

These units provide experiments to study reaction, impulse & axial turbines. The P6240 may be conveniently mounted on a Hydraulics Bench whereas the P6212 and P6213 require the dedicated P6290 Service Unit. The experiments are performed by pumping water through the turbines with a variable flow rate and using a drum brake system with spring force balance.

P6100 - HYDRAULIC BENCH

P6212 - FRANCIS TURBINE P6240 - PELTON WHEEL P6213 - KAPLAN TURBINE

This compact and cost effective unit provides experimental capabilities to study the cavitation effect including observation of the relationship between cavitation and temperature and observation of the relationships between discharge, velocity and pressure.

Study of liquid flow through an orifice illustrates the need for a semi-empirical approach. Cussons offers two related experiments - each with multiple orifices - which may be mounted on the Hydraulic Bench:

P6223 Basic Orifices

P6224 Advanced Orifices

In open channels weirs are commonly used to either regulate or to measure the volumetric flow rate. Cussons offers the following experiments (with multiple weir plates) which may be mounted on the Hydraulic Bench:

P6225 Basic Weirs

P6226 Advanced Weirs

P6211 - CAVITATION DEMONSTRATION SET

P6223/P6224 - ORIFICES STUDIES P6225/P6226 - OPEN CHANNEL WEIRS

The flow of fluids in closed conduits or pipes is a major topic in mechanical, civil and chemical engineering and is of interest in areas of biology (e.g. blood flow) and medicine (e.g. drip delivery). Cussons offers three experiments, mountable on the Hydraulic Bench:

P6220 - Laminar Flow Apparatus

P6221 - Friction Losses in Pipes and Fittings

P6222 - Entry Exit & Expansion Losses

P6220/21/22 - WATER FLOW IN PIPES AND FITTINGS EXPERIMENTS P6290 - SERVICE UNIT

www.cussons.co.uk8

Cussons offers three related experiments mountable on the Hydraulic Bench:

P6234 Calibration of Pressure Gauge

P6235 Metacentric Height Apparatus

P6236 Alternative Hulls

P6237 Centre of Pressure Apparatus (Hydrostatic pressure)

A hydraulic ram helps to illustrate the principal by which water may be obtained from low lying water sources when no electrical supply is available to power a pump.

The creation of vortices is a common engineering and natural phenomenon worthy of study. This apparatus may be used to plot the shape of free/forced vortices by measurement of surface profile co-ordinates.

This apparatus enables experiments on the reaction of a jet of water upon vanes of various forms (fixed vane, a cone shape or a hemispherical) to be carried out and demonstrates the relationship between the forces exerted on the model and the rate of change of momentum of the jet stream

P6234 - P6237 - HYDROSTATICS EXPERIMENTS

P6232 - HYDRAULIC RAM

P6238 - FREE & FORCED VORTEX APPARATUS P6239 - WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT

P6233 - IMPACT OF JETS

This apparatus can be used on the Hydraulic Bench or used as free-standing apparatus in conjunction with a low pressure water supply. The static head at various points in the flow path is measured enabling students to analyse the behaviour of water flowing through a sudden enlargement, transparent venturi meter, an orifice plate and a rotameter.

These four different experiments in comparative flow measurement use various techniques operating on the principle of head loss, impulse or velocity:

P6227 Venturi Meter

P6228 Orifice Plate

P6229 Turbine Meter

P6230 Pitot Static Tube

This experiment demonstrates the principles of conservation of mass and conservation of energy and may also be used to examine the onset of turbulence in an accelerating stream of water.

P6231 - BERNOULLI’S EXPERIMENT P6227 - P6230 - WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT RANGE

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Hydraulic Applied Studies

This unit incorporates two pumps which enables investigations of series and parallel operation of identical pumps running at the same or different speeds.

P6135 - SERIES AND PARALLEL PUMP TEST SET

As an independent and self-contained unit, the Hydrostatics Bench enables the students to understand the fundamental properties of non-moving fluids. Experimental coverage includes density and relative density; variation of pressure with head; Hare’s Tube; Pascal’s Law; viscosity; capillarity; surface tension; Archimedes Principle; use of vernier level gauge and the hydraulic press.

P6242 - HYDROSTATICS BENCH

This compact set of hydrostatics apparatus enables students to investigate the fundamental properties of non-moving fluids. P6244 is a reduced version of the apparatus supplied with Cussons’ full size P6242 Hydrostatics Bench.

This Osborne Reynolds experiment may be used to investigate laminar/streamline flow, turbulent flow and the transition between these two regimes by observation of an injected dye line. It may also be used to determine the upper and lower Critical Velocities and Reynolds Number.

P6244 - HYDROSTATICS SET

P6248 - OSBORNE REYNOLDS APPARATUS

This apparatus enables students to investigate flow through smooth and roughened pipes under laminar or turbulent flow conditions and also flow through fittings and valves. Various methods of flow measurement are covered including the variable area flowmeter (rotameter), venturi, orifice plate and pitot static tube.

Accessories:

P5160 requires either a P5161 Water Recirculation

Unit or a P6100 Hydraulic Bench fitted with an

auxiliary pump as the source of pumped water.

P5160 - FRICTION LOSS IN PIPES & FITTINGS

www.cussons.co.uk10

This is a self-contained bench top unit comprising a high-walled flow channel incorporating a detachable glass front panel, light source, inlet tank with removable flow straightener, level control sluice gate, outlet tank, electrically driven circulating pump, interconnecting pipework plus flow control and drain valves.

This equipment comprises two stainless steel pipes to study water hammer and surge which is a common phenomenon. This apparatus is provided with software oscilloscope facility for display on user supplied PC.

This unit enables students to investigate the fundamental concepts of soil permeability within a compact indoor laboratory facility to solve problems such as the seepage of water under dams, the abstraction of water from wells and the hydrostatic forces exerted on bridge foundations in the real world.

This self-contained unit enables students to investigate a range of hydrological phenomena within a compact indoor laboratory facility. It allows the study of basin hydrology cycles; flood and run off hydrographs; effects on civil constructions (bridges and dams); interaction of adjacent wells and elementary fluvial processes such as erosion on hillsides and river meander.

P6520 - PERMEABILITY APPARATUS P6530 - HYDROLOGY APPARATUS

P6247 - WATER FLOW VISUALISATION APPARATUS

P6515 - PIPE SURGE AND WATER HAMMER APPARATUS

These 2.5m and 5m units provide channels with adjustable slope and transparent acrylic sides for full visibility of the flow characteristics. Test models plus an inclinometer and surface profile measuring instrument are used to investigate the flow of water along an open channel and to verify the Chézy equation and Mannings friction factor.

Additional experimental equipment provided with the 5m channel includes a pitot-statictube, dam spillway, Ogee (i.e. overflow) weir with manometer, Crump weir and Parshall flume.

Two types of larger flow channel are offered for flexible semi-custom experimental configurations. Either option may be used as a low speed circulating water channel for sedimentation work, at higher flow rates for hydrodynamics work or with wave and wind attachments for coastal engineering studies. The channels come in the following sizes and are constructed in modular sections and may be specified to a maximum length of 20 metres.

P6275 FLOW CHANNEL - Medium 300 x 450 mm

P6410 FLOW CHANNEL - Large 600 x 500mm

P6245/P6255 - FLOW CHANNEL

P6275/P6410 - ADVANCED FLOW CHANNELS

This two dimensional potential flow apparatus is based upon the well-known Hele Shaw experimental method. It provides a parallel laminar water flow field to allow study of low Reynolds number flow patterns around submerged models representing cylinders, aerofoils, bluff bodies, knife edge weirs and through passages such as valve bodies and nozzles etc.

P6246 - HELE SHAW APPARATUS

This apparatus can be used to investigate the flow of water along an open channel and to visualise the flow around objects in its path through the injection of ink. It includes triangular hump section and an undershot weir and demonstration of approximate ‘Specific energy/Depth’ relationships.

P6249 - MINIATURE FLOW CHANNEL

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The Cussons Air Flow Bench with associated experiments provide a comprehensive facility for detailed experiments in various aspects of air flow studies, convective heat transfer and subsonic aerodynamics to be performed. Air Flow Accessories:

P3202 Multitube Manometer

P3204 Anemometer

P3200 - AIR FLOW BENCH

Air Flow

This relatively compact unit enables students to investigate the full range of forms that arise in a mobile bed as the flow rate and/or slope are increased. The movement of sediment around structures may be examined for scouring and blockage etc.

This apparatus enables students to conduct a range of experiments on a system of interconnecting series and parallel pipe networks and fluid distribution systems. The unit enables students to obtain a full understanding of the factors affecting flow distribution and the behaviour of pipe network systems.

P6540 - SEDIMENT TRANSPORT APPARATUS P6510 - NETWORK OF PIPES APPARATUS

Detailed investigations on both rotodynamic and positive displacement pumps may be performed on this multipurpose test bench which is designed to be self-contained requiring only a single phase electrical supply. A positive displacement Gear Pump (P6361) is supplied as standard with the following pumps available as optional extras:

P6362 Positive Displacement Piston Pump

P6363 Rotodynamic Centrifugal Pump

P6364 Rotodynamic Axial Pump

P6365 Positive Displacement Vane Pump

P6367 Rotodynamic Channel Impeller Pump

P6360 - MULTI-PUMP TEST RIG

Air Flow Experiments

To introduce the student to the study of air flow measurement using various types of measuring devices based upon the specifications given in BS848 and BS1042.

To visually demonstrate the interchange between static and dynamic pressure as air flows through a duct of variable cross sectional area

P3203 - FLOW MEASUREMENT APPARATUS P3208 - BERNOULLI’S APPARATUS

www.cussons.co.uk12

This is a unique system employing vertical and horizontal balance beams to provide independent measurements of lift and drag forces.

This experiment is used to determine the thickness of the ‘boundary layer’ where fluid flow meets a stationary surface and investigate the velocity profile within this layer.

This equipment produces smoke filaments of adequate density to enable flow patterns around various objects to be demonstrated.

This apparatus demonstrates the general behaviour of a jet of air emitted from a circular pipe into free surroundings and helps to investigate air jet velocity at various distances from the emission point in order to determine both velocity and momentum profiles.

P3231 - TWO COMPONENT BALANCE

P3233 - SMOKE GENERATOR P3234 - TURBULENT JET APPARATUS

P3232 - BOUNDARY LAYER EXPERIMENT

To investigate the pressure distribution along the inner and outer walls of a bend in ductwork of rectangular cross-section.

To gain a practical appreciation of various topics related to air flow in pipes.

P3222 - FLOW THROUGH A BEND P3224 - FLOW IN PIPES

Wind Tunnel

This is designed for use with either the Cussons Air Flow Bench or P3240 Fan Test Stand and enables students to investigate pressure distributions around cylinder, aerofoil and other models. Lift and drag forces acting upon models may also be determined with P3231. Data acquisition is also available for this equipment.

P3230 - TWO DIMENSIONAL WIND TUNNEL

The units have been developed to study the characteristics of Axial and Centrifugal fans enabling a wide range of experimentation capabilities related with flow velocity profile in the pipe aspiration, difference between static pressure, dynamic and total, characteristic of axial and centrifugal curves or axial and centrifugal fan spin.

Speed is displayed digitally and a combination of pressure transducers enables the measurement of working pressure in order to study the fan characteristics in real time. Pressure taps are sealed to prevent leaks that distort the readings taken.

P3226 AXIAL & P3228 CENTRIFUGAL FAN DEMONSTRATION UNITS

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This has been designed to demonstrate the capability of a centrifugal fan unit in accordance with BS848. It may also be used as the base unit for a series of additional experiments involving air flow in pipes, heat transfer, aerodynamics and compressible flow studies.

This is a self-contained facility comprising the tunnel with a three-component balance system (lift, drag and pitching moment) and an air speed indicator. The unit enables students to investigate the pressure distributions around and the forces experienced by aerofoils, cylinders and other models and also to study boundary layers.

Optional accessories:

This is an open, continuously operating supersonic wind tunnel to investigate pressure distribution along a convergent-divergent nozzle, pressure losses, demonstration of the boundary layers Schlieren method, observation of flow patterns around the aerofoils and much more.

P3264 Aerofoil with Slot & Flap

P3265 Pitot Static Tube

P3266 Yaw Probe

P3267 Drag Models

P3268 Pressure Cylinder

P3269 Aircraft Model

P3270 Car Model

P3240 - FAN TEST STAND

P3259 & P3260 - SUBSONIC OPEN CIRCUIT WIND TUNNEL

P3290 - SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL

www.cussons.co.uk14

Thermodynamics is a branch of physical science

concerned with the relationship between different

forms of energy and the conversion of one type to

another. The best way for students to understand

the laws of thermodynamics is through experimental

work and Cussons offers a range of products to help

achieve this aim.

A good practical understanding of air conditioning,

refrigeration, work and heat transfer may be achieved with the

use of various types of heat engine. Another essential subject

area concerns steam properties and steam turbine technology.

Cussons offers a range of bench mounted steam property

teaching solutions and several complete working steam

power plants (up to 20kW) with features representing current

industrial practice.

Thermodynamics

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Therm

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This bench top unit provides comparisons of two methods of measuring pressure and two methods of measuring vacuum. It includes measurement of differential pressure by means of a manometer, a digital pressure calibrator and calibration of a pressure transducer.

The Stirling Cycle Hot Air Engine enables students to visualize and study the phenomena of cyclic compression and expansion of air, study of Hot air engine, effect on performance, use of gases of different specific heat ratio, regenerative heat exchanger and many others.

The Humidity Bench provides the student with the means of measuring the humidity of the air in the laboratory by several different methods, whilst at the same time allowing comparisons to be made of the accuracy of one measurement against another.

This equipment is a modern version of the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat apparatus derived from the original design by Callendar which aptly demonstrated the relationship between mechanical energy and heat energy. Though extremely simple in design, the apparatus will yield results with an accuracy of 0.5%.

This Marcet Boiler helps the students to investigate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam, in equilibrium with water, at all pressures between atmospheric and 17 bar (250 lb/in2).

P4811 - PRESSURE MEASURING APPARATUS P5691 - STIRLING CYCLE HOT AIR ENGINE

P4812 - HUMIDITY MEASURING APPARATUS P5700 - MARCET BOILER

Thermodynamic Principles

P4810 - TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

P5631 - MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT APPARATUS

A self-contained bench top unit which demonstrates common methods of temperature measurement, methods of calibration, common faults occurring in thermocouple systems and investigation of basic thermocouple laws and their applications.

Steam is widely used in industry for power generation, heating and many other processes requiring high temperatures. Cussons Steam Laboratory Equipment has been designed to provide a comprehensive range of products for teaching the technology of steam plant in thermodynamics courses. The equipment has been designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the theory and operation of a modern steam power plant. The features incorporated and power ratings chosen constitute an excellent representation of industrial practice within the limitations of an educational laboratory. All items reflect modern practices and their design incorporates the safety features necessary to minimise any risk in operation.

Steam Power Plant

www.cussons.co.uk16

This Cussons Steam Power Plant is designed as a comprehensive self-contained unit with all relevant items of equipment factory mounted on a common steel bedplate. This modular construction and assembly greatly reduces space and installation requirements. The plant can operate as a steam boiler, turbo-generator or complete power plant. Available tests include: thermal and total efficiency, consumption, boiler capacity, heat balance, turbine power and specific steam consumption.

Further optional items such as additional boiler and superheater instrumentation, flue gas analysers etc. though not strictly essential to the plant operation; considerably improve the versatility, and hence teaching potential, of the equipment.

A basic laboratory scheme comprises a boiler and turbine/condenser. In addition the complementary items; “P7692 Cooling Tower”, Separating and Throttling Calorimeters, Superheater, Tanks, Blowdown Tank, Water Treatment, Interconnecting Pipework and Lab. Design, Steam Pipework Lagging, and Installation & Commissioning may be supplied as required.

STEAM POWER PLANT RANGEP7690 Series: 1KW Steam Power PlantP7600 Series: 5kW Steam Power PlantP7620 Series: 10kW Steam Power PlantP7655 Series: 20kW Steam Power Plant

STEAM POWER PLANT RANGE

The Steam Boiler Bench is a self-contained electric boiler supplied with all necessary facilities to allow it to be used as a service unit to supply steam to a range of Steam Bench Experiments - P7671 to P7683.

Cussons steam benches have been designed to allow experiments to be carried out on each piece of equipment by a small group of students. Experience has shown that this modular form of construction is most versatile and the benches can generally be supplied as ‘standalone’ units or simply interlinked to form a continuous system.

P7670 - STEAM BOILER BENCH

Steam Experiments

P7671 - PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE VESSEL BENCH

Self-contained Steam Bench unit allows students to investigate the relationship between temperature and pressure of saturated steam and compare the experimental observations with data published in recognised steam tables.

P7690 - 1kW Steam plant

P7600 - 5kW Steam plant

The Miniature Steam Power Plant is the smallest in our comprehensive range of Steam Power Products and has been designed to allow teaching establishments to give students an appreciation of steam and its properties, without the larger capital investment normally required. There are two versions:

P7669R with Reciprocating Engine

P7669T with a Steam Turbine

P7669 - MINIATURE STEAM POWER PLANT

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With this bench students can investigate the efficiency of two types of lagging and can calculate the lagging efficiency of each type, compare the energy loss from lagged tubes with that from unlagged tubes and calculate the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the lagging.

P7673 - LAGGING EFFICIENCY BENCHP7672 - SEPARATING & THROTTLING CALORIMETER BENCH

Separating and throttling calorimeters are used to determine the dryness fraction or quality of steam passing through the steam main.

On this apparatus students are able to investigate the efficiency of an ejector as a water pump and to measure the heat transfer of steam to cooling water.

This apparatus enables students to demonstrate the operation of the condenser, to investigate the heat transfer coefficient of condenser tubes and to demonstrate the vacuum produced by the condensing steam in a closed system.

Dual purpose bench designed to demonstrate the basic principles of water treatment by filtration and chemical means or to supply treated water to a Steam Boiler Bench P7670. The bench includes five interchangeable clear PVC filter columns each of which can be filled with either filter sand or one of three ion exchange media.

P7674 - EJECTOR BENCH P7675 - CONDENSER BENCH

P7677 - WATER TREATMENT STUDIES BENCHP7676R - RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINE BENCH

On this bench students can test a single cylinder steam engine and measure brake horse power, steam consumption and various efficiencies.

The steam heating circuit on this bench supplies steam to a process fluid circuit designed so that the various processes can be clearly observed, visually demonstrating the use of steam in a natural circulation (thermosyphon) reboiler for the heating of other fluids and the distillation process.

P7678 - STEAM PROCESS PLANT BENCH

www.cussons.co.uk18

Self-contained Steam Bench allows students to determine the performance of a double effect evaporator and compares the relative efficiencies of single effect and double effect evaporators.

With four different nozzles on this bench, the students can experiment with the variation of pressure along a nozzle profile, the effect of back pressure on the mass flow rate, determine the critical pressure ratio and much more.

P7683 - DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR BENCHP7681 - NOZZLE RIG BENCH

Ancillary Equipment

P7660 - SEPARATING & THROTTLING CALORIMETER

P8385 - COMBUSTION AND FLUE GAS EMISSIONS ANALYSER

This compact unit is an optional economic separating & throttling calorimeter with a simpler more cost-effective frame design. The unit is used to determine the dryness fraction of the steam supplied to steam systems.

This compact and portable unit measures the gas temperature at inlet and in stack providing high accuracy and enabling calculation of nett temperature.

Refrigeration

This training system provides functioning refrigeration circuits utilising commercial controls and components and provides realistic training in setting up, operating and fault finding refrigeration systems. The system operates with R134a, an environmentally acceptable refrigerant.

The self-contained Air Conditioning Unit demonstrates the application of the principles of thermodynamics in the field of air conditioning. The unit provides results over a wide range of operating conditions and includes a data acquisition package.

P5698E - AIR CONDITIONING UNIT P5721 - COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION TRAINER

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P3210 - HEAT TRANSFER BENCH INCLUDING CROSS FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

Heat Transfer & Heat Exchanger

Cussons offers specialised test equipment to illustrate the subject of heat exchange in fluids. All the experimental units are bench top and specially designed to enable flexibility in the interconnections between them. The units are also computer controlled with modern data acquisition facilities.

Accessories:

P3212 Parallel Flow

Heat Exchanger

P3213 Mixed Flow

Heat Exchanger

Cussons Refrigerator and Heat Pump Apparatus has been developed for the study of the thermodynamics of the vapour compression cycle operating as either a refrigerator or heat pump. As a self-contained unit it includes instrumentation to enable a comprehensive series of experiments to be carried out, including refrigerant cycle evaluation and thermodynamic energy balances of the condenser, evaporator and compressor.

This unit enables students to visualise and study industrial refrigeration. It integrates all of the essential components for a desktop installation. The unit includes a computer control system and a troubleshooting simulation module. The system “anti-knock fluid” in the compressor ensures reliable operation under extreme stress.

The unit allows the instructor to introduce 12 faults into a control circuit, which has been wired by the student. The Unit has a mimic diagram on the front panel which simulates an actual compressor control circuit.

The equipment clearly demonstrates the operation of a heat pump air / water. The system consists of: compressor, circulation pump, flow control valve, accumulator tank, condenser, filter / drier, expansion valve and evaporator fan, water flow meters, temperature sensors and pressure display at strategic points of the process.

P5730 - HEAT PUMP DEMONSTRATION UNIT

P5750 - VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATOR & HEAT PUMP APPARATUS

P5740 - REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH REFRIGERATION CHAMBER

This unit demonstrates the conversion of heat energy into electricity. It comprises a multiple cell thermo-electric generator sandwiched between a hot source and a cold sink. The current generated by the thermo-electric effect is used to drive an electric motor which rotates the cooling fan.

P5735 - REFRIGERATION WIRING SKILLS BENCH

P5689 - THERMO-ELECTRIC ENGINE

www.cussons.co.uk20

P3300 - RADIATION AND CONVECTION APPARATUS

P5687 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS

This Thermal Radiation and Natural Convection Heat Transfer Apparatus is a self- contained bench mounted unit, designed to demonstrate the essential features of heat transfer by radiation and natural convection from various heating element shapes under varying conditions of ambient pressure and element surface temperature.

The Thermal Conductivity Apparatus is designed for bench top use allowing students to calculate heat flows and temperature gradients along various cylindrical specimens of relatively high conductivity, such as metals, and across thin sections of insulating material that may be attached to one end of a metal specimen.

The apparatus has been developed to permit experiments on heat transfer from the solid to the liquid state under conditions of convection and nucleate boiling to be carried out and to demonstrate the effect of film boiling. Heat transfer takes place from a heated horizontal nickel filament to the water or other liquid surrounding it.

Cussons offers benchtop equipment for teaching heat exchanger technology. This range is modular and provides flexible interconnexions. The units may be computer controlled with data logging for advanced experiments.

The Exchanger Range comprises:• P3430 Water Cooling tower• P3420 Free and forced Convection• P3400 Heat exchanger unit with optional accessories: o P3401 Concentric Heat Exchanger o P3402 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger o P3403 Plate Heat Exchanger o P3404 Jacketed Vessel with coil o P3405 Tubular Heat Exchanger o P3406 Cross Flow Heat Exchanger

P5697 - BOILING HEAT TRANSFER APPARATUS HEAT EXCHANGER RANGE

This popular unit is a full two shaft machine with built in starting equipment, power absorption system and a data logging option (P9008). It provides the means for carrying out an extensive programme of experiments in gas turbine technology using only the instrumentation provided. Particular features of the Two Shaft Gas Turbine Unit are its versatility, ease of operation, safety and low noise level. All instrumentation and controls are carried on the panel which displays the flow diagram with a clear indication of all measurements identified by symbols and illuminated tell-tales. Measurement of power turbine torque is by calibrated electrical dynamometer.

Cussons has developed a turbojet engine test stand to provide a cost effective method of testing the performance of an operational aero jet engine. The turbojet test stand is mounted on a wheeled trolley allowing it to be moved to an operational area or stored in a convenient location. The unit is provided with a mimic diagram displaying the temperatures of the gas flow and engine pressure ratio. The unit can demonstrates the turbojet principle, performance analysis of a turbojet at varying power and enables the measurement of air flow, fuel flow and rotational speed.

Gas turbines are increasingly used as power plants for a wide variety of applications around the world. Originally they were developed for aircraft propulsion where their inherently low specific weight (i.e. mass/unit power) made them ideal for high speed and long haul flight. For this particular purpose they have been developed to a high degree of efficiency both thermodynamically and mechanically.

Industrial gas turbines have been and are being developed for such diverse applications as electrical power peak lopping stations, firefighting pump sets, natural gas pumping and compressor units, factory power and process heating plants, heavy lorry propulsion, rail and ship propulsion. Cussons has designed and manufactured educational gas turbines since 1970 and numerous universities use our gas turbines for experimental and practical demonstrations.

P9005 - TWO SHAFT GAS TURBINE P9010E - TURBOJET ENGINE TEST STAND

Gas Turbine and Compressors

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This apparatus comprises a single stage compressor coupled to an electric motor and attached to a spring balance. This apparatus enables students to investigate the laws of thermodynamics including energy balance, entropy and compressed volumetric efficiency.

P9080 - ENERGY BALANCE APPARATUS

Properties of Fuels

P6310 - CALORIMETER SET FOR CALORIFIC VALUES OF FUELS (BOMB CALORIMETER)

P5656 - ELECTRIC PENSKY MARTENS FLASH POINT APPARATUS

P5657 - 3 CLOSED CUP FLASH POINT APPARATUS

The Cussons’ calorimeter is widely used in teaching establishments for the accurate determination of the calorific value of liquid and solid hydrocarbons. It meets the specifications of the Institute of Petroleum Designation IP12/73 Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels For Calorimeters.

As the most popular flash point apparatus, the Pensky Martens method is designed to determine the flash point of petroleum products with flash points up to a maximum temperature of 370°C and in so doing conforms to a number of ASTM, ISO, UN class and EN standards. Compatible with bio-fuel testing.

The electrically heated flash point apparatus is designed to determine the flash point of petroleum products and semi-solids with Flash/No Flash tests in a temperature range of 10 - 130°C. It conforms to the ASTM D3278; ASTM D3828; ASTM E502; IP 303 (obs); IP 523 standards and many more. Compatible with bio-fuel testing.

This Boys Gas Calorimeter has been developed to provide a simple but accurate method of ascertaining the calorific values of a wide range of gaseous fuels.

P5615 - BOYS GAS CALORIMETER

www.cussons.co.uk22

Sectioned Thermodynamics Equipment

Cussons sectioned instructional units have been designed to enable the maximum educational value to be obtained from actual equipment in use today. Cussons offers components from refrigeration and air conditioning plant, pumps, valves and steam equipment. Where necessary, units are painted in contrasting colours to show the sectioning clearly and highlight points of interest.

Refrigeration and Air ConditioningP2255 Sectioned Refrigeration CompressorP2256 Board of Sectioned Refrigeration Components P2257 Sectioned Hermetic Refrigeration UnitP2258 Sectioned Air Conditioning Unit

Pumps P2265 Sectioned Centrifugal Water Pump (motorised)P2266 Sectioned Reciprocating Water PumpP2267 Sectioned Vane Pump (air)P2268 Sectioned Diaphragm Pump (air)P2269 Sectioned Gear Pump (oil power hydraulics)P2270 Sectioned Swash Plate Pump (oil power hydraulics)P2271 Sectioned Mono Pump

Valves and Steam PlantP2285 Sectioned Gate ValveP2286 Sectioned Globe ValveP2287 Board of Sectioned Pipe FittingsP2288 Sectioned Reducing Valve (air or gas)P2289 Sectioned Rotary Ball ValveP2295 Sectioned Steam TrapP2296 Sectioned Steam SeparatorP2297 Sectioned Steam EjectorP2298 Sectioned Pressure Relief Valve (steam)P2299 Sectioned CondenserP2300 Sectioned Steam EngineP2301 Sectioned Steam Injector

In addition to the listed products, Cussons can undertake to section a wide range of equipment to meet specific requirements.

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For eighty years Cussons Technology has designed

and manufactured engine test beds for universities

and industry. Our design and engineering team

integrates engines of different types and sizes within

dynamometer-equipped test beds to suit a multitude

of educational and research requirements.

Test bed instrumentation - also offered on a stand-alone

basis - includes equipment for measuring air flow, fuel flow,

temperature, torque, speed, emissions etc. With decades of

automotive industry experience, Cussons has an excellent

understanding of what is required in education and has

completed several hundred installations world-wide from the

simplest test bed to major engine test facilities.

Automotive

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A bench top unit offered with P8251 Petrol and P8252 Diesel four stroke, air cooled engine options. Engines can accept a cylinder pressure transducer and crank angle encoder (See P8005 PV system). Experimental capabilities include determination of:

1. Engine performance curves at full and part load2. Efficiency and variation of specific fuel consumption with speed and load3. Effect of mixture strength on performance and fuel consumption4. Gasoline engine includes AFR meter

A self-contained unit with integrated four stroke, single cylinder, air cooled spark ignition engine and an electrical dynamometer capable of absorbing 2.2 kW and starting/motoring the engine. The engine can accept a cylinderpressure transducer and crank angle encoder. (See P8005 PV system). Extensive experimental capabilities include determination of:

1. Mixture strength 2. Spark advance characteristics3. Frictional power losses4. Effect of compression ratio changes

A self-contained unit with an air cooled 7kW/4,000 RPM eddy currentdynamometer. A wide range of engines may be used and Cussons offers models covering two/four stroke, air/watercooling and spark/compression ignition. These engines can accept a cylinder pressure transducer and crank angle encoder. (See P8005 PV system). Extensive experimental capabilities include determination of:

1. Engine performance curves at full and part load2. Volumetric efficiency3. Fuel consumption mixture loops4. Air/Fuel ratio5. Frictional power losses6. Heat and energy balances

Self-contained spark and compression ignition units are offered with integrated data acquisition. Both include modern, multi-cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, fuel injected engines which can accept a cylinder pressure transducer and crank angle encoder. (See P8005 PV system). Extensive experimental capabilities include determination of:

1. Four stroke engine performance curves at full and part load2. Engine efficiency and variation of specific fuel consumption with speed and load3. Brake Mean Effective Pressure4. Exhaust, water, oil and air temperatures5. Heat and energy balances

An advanced engine test bed with integrated data acquisition optimised for academic studies and offering significant scope for research. The unit is compatible with a range of engines and utilises an eddy current dynamometer. The test bed is offered with a spark or compression ignition four stroke multi-cylinder engine but both may be supplied and interchanged on-site. Standard engines accept a cylinder pressure transducer and crank angle encoder. (See P8005 PV system). A compact external cooling tower (P8751) is available to reduce reliance on mains water for energy dissipation. Provides very extensive experimental capabilities.

Engine Test Beds

P8250 - AUTOMOTIVE 1 ENGINE TEST BED – PETROL & DIESEL ENGINE OPTIONS

P8160 - SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE TEST BED - ENGINE OPTIONS UP TO 7KW

P8001/P8002 - MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE TEST BEDS

P8150 - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE TEST BED - 2.2 KW

P8750 - MULTICYLINDER ENGINE TEST BED - MULTIPLE ENGINE OPTIONS

Engine options:P8615 4-Stroke Water Cooled Petrol EngineP8616 4-Stroke Water Cooled Diesel EngineP8617 4-Stroke Water Cooled Petrol Engine converted to CNG Engine

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A selection of digital blowby meters to measure the gas flow from crankcases which may be easily incorporated into engine ventilation systems. Each meter includes a flow transducer and a digital display module.

This 19 inch rack mounted exhaust gas analyser provides a cost effective solution for determining the concentrations of pollutants and oxygen in the exhaust gases from spark or compression ignition IC engines optimised for all current and envisaged future requirements. It provides gas detection with high measurement accuracy and long term stability. The gases which may be detected are CO, CO2, O2, HC, SO2 and NOx.

P8360 - P8373 - BLOWBY METER RANGE P8390 - EXHAUST GAS ANALYSER

Automotive & Gas Analysers

Cussons offers high quality gas analysers enabling students to test and monitor exhaust gases and emissions in the area of automotive technology. All analysers are compatible with our engine test beds and meet the international standards and accreditations for exhaust gas analysers.

P8227 - VOLUMETRIC FUEL FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

P8260 – P8265 - EXHAUST GAS CALORIMETER RANGE

A self-contained unit for the supply and measurement of fuel use at controlled pressure for both petrol or diesel engines.· Continuous Flow Measurement· Designed for high fuel recirculating rate· Pelton wheel design transducer· Analogue output proportional to flow rate· Digital display of flow rate· Totaliser with reset facility· Pressure controlled fuel delivery· Suitable for both diesel and gasoline fuels

A selection of exhaust gas calorimeters with instrumentation to enable the heat energy content of exhaust gases to be accurately determined.

A factory-fitted option for almost all engines offered for use on Cussons’ range of test beds.A low cost pressure-vs-volume system with high speed data acquisition and graphical displayon a host PC.

P8005 - PV SYSTEM FOR ENGINE TEST BEDS

A selection of laminar flow meters (LFMs) for measuring the pulsating air flows in IC engine air intakes. Eleven models are offered suitable for measuring airflows across a wide range. An airflow measurement and data acquisition system (P7032) is also offered for use with these LFMs.

Two units are offered to measure ‘swirl’ in the air drawn into an engine cylinder. Both are equally effective with blow or suction induced flow in either the upward or downward direction. Cussons also designs and manufactures custom research equipment such as complete port flow rigs for light duty ports (including parts for tumble) and for heavy duty ports etc.

P7190 - P7217 - LAMINAR FLOW METER RANGE P7300/P7302 - IMPULSE SWIRL METER RANGE

Instrumentation and Accessories

Engine test stands for vocational training fitted with fuel injected four stroke four cylinder liquid cooled engines. Petrol (P8952) and diesel (P8962) versions are offered both supplied complete with starter motor, alternator, water pump, fuel pump, flywheel, flywheel guard and throttle assembly ready for running.

P8952/P8962 - AUTOTRAINER TEST STANDS

Autotrainers

www.cussons.co.uk26

World attention has been increasingly focused on the

use of finite energy resources in recent years and on

the mounting evidence for climate change.

Academics and students are particularly aware of

environmental issues and are motivated to

study renewable energy sources. The engineering

disciplines encountered within a study of renewable

energy technologies are often applicable as part of

broader mechanical or aeronautical courses. Cussons’

range of renewable energy laboratory experiments

and demonstrations are designed to teach students

the principles underlying the various technologies.

Each user manual explains the theory behind the

experiment in a way that allows it to be applied

within a dedicated renewable energy module or as an

interesting part of other engineering courses.

Environmental & Clean Energies

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Wind Turbine Dynamometer Range

Wind energy provided one of the earliest forms of mechanical power with a wide range of momentum based wind-powered machines (‘windmills’). Today full size wind turbines typically use the lift generated by aerofoils to provide torque to the electrical generator. Whilst most modern wind turbines are horizontal axis types, there is also support for emerging vertical axis designs. Cussons provides a range of products to permit realistic experiments with flat bladed horizontal axis wind turbines including considerations of energy extraction and forces on the structure.

The P3130A Wind Generator Set is designed to test small scale wind power turbines of up to 450 mm blade diameter. The equipment is designed to allow use inside a laboratory that does not have access to a wind tunnel. Students can measure power coefficients, compare power coefficients to theoretical limits (the Betz limit), produce power curves for stall regulated and pitch regulated turbines and determine thrust coefficients etc.

Dynamometers are used within industrial and other test facilities to verify the performance and reliability of wind turbines and other commercial machines. Cussons’ Wind Turbine Dynamometer range enables small scale turbine blade designs to be tested and the results of their performance validated with complete control of the external variables. Options are:

P3131A Wind Turbine Dynamometer - Basic Version

P3132A Wind Turbine Dynamometer - Instrumented hub (slip rings)

P3133A Wind Turbine Dynamometer - Instrumented hub (telemetry)

P3134A & P3136A 2/4 OR 3 BLADE INSTRUMENTATED HUBThe 2/4 and 3 blade instrumented hubs include two strain gauged blade root elements to measure blade bending moments in two planes. One set of flat blades is included and a protractor gauge is supplied to measure pitch angle.

P3137A & P3138A 2/4 OR 3 BLADE NON INSTRUMENTED HUB The 2/4 and 3 blade non-instrumented hubs are supplied with one set of flat blades and a protractor gauge is supplied to measure pitch angle.

The equipment is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of a wind turbine plant and its whole operation. The layout is very visual and intuitive for teaching purposes. This is achieved by the provision of equipment in schematic and plugging panels. In addition, the unit has a full computer control system.

P3130A - WIND GENERATOR SET

WIND TURBINE DYNAMOMETER RANGE

BLADES FOR WIND DYNAMOMETER

P3150 - WIND TURBINE TRAINER UNIT

www.cussons.co.uk28

P9060 - PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER UNIT

The P7140 Solar Energy Demonstration unit allows students to gain an appreciation of the total heat capture of a solar thermal energy panel and an understanding of their relative efficiency. Students are able to vary the water flow rate and angle of incidence of the unit to measure the change in energy collection performance.

This unit provides students the means of collecting and storing solar power, measuring the energy available from it and investigating the performance of a photovoltaic unit. The package enables both electrical and mechanical power to be obtained yet it does not require the use of complicated reflecting systems in order to concentrate the solar energy.

The equipment reproduces a full scale solar photovoltaic installation. The system offers a wide variety of energy tests, observation and analysis of the performance of PV panels:

- PV Panel as independent system, series and parallel.

- Simulations with batteries in series or in parallel.

- Direct access to DC converter and DC to AC.

- PV system as isolated system or connected to the network.

The P9040 Fuel Cell Demonstration Unit provides a working desk top proton exchange membrane fuel cell as the basis for student investigations including measurement of efficiency

P7140 - SOLAR ENERGY DEMONSTRATION

P9065 - SOLAR ENERGY MANAGEMENT UNIT

P9040 - FUEL CELL DEMONSTRATION UNIT

Solar & Fuel Cell

Solar energy has been used for thousands of years to dry crops and fuels naturally and provides the basis for biomass energy of course. Direct use of solar energy is illustrated in the solar distillation of water, solar water heating and in the production of electricity by photovoltaic cells.

Cussons provides a range of solar energy products to permit realistic experiments in each of these three fields. Many interesting engineering challenges are presented in understanding solar energy use.

Students are often interested in small scale solar energy use and compact indoor laboratory equipment to illustrate the principles is desirable. Each product manual lays out the theory behind the experiment so that it may be used within a dedicated renewable energy programme or as an interesting part of other engineering teaching modules. Each solar apparatus may be used externally with natural sunlight or with Cussons’ indoor light kits which allow studies to be conducted at any time of the year. Data may be recorded manually or through the use of data acquisition equipment.

Fuel cells are a flexible form of energy storage that have the potential to dominate transport and local power supply during the 21st century but many students will have no direct experience of them. Cussons provides a series of hydrogen fuel cell experiments and practical work which can familiarise students with this emerging technology.

P7130/P7135 - SOLAR DISTILLATION APPARATUS – BASIN AND THIN FILM TYPE

The Solar Distillation Apparatus enables students to measure output and efficiency against solar energy input, amount of base insulation and brine depth. The effects of different absorbent surfaces, inclination, ambient temperature, wind velocity and the effect of cooling the glass cover may also be investigated

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The important subjects of dynamics, balancing,

vibrations, whirling and other basic principles of

applied mechanics are covered with this range of

products. The equipment has evolved from designs

originating within academic institutions to fulfil the

requirements of a modern mechanical engineering

curriculum. Introductory studies through to advanced

investigations are possible and each piece of

equipment is supplied with comprehensive user

manuals as with all Cussons equipment.

Applied Mechanics

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P1150 - STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCING MACHINE

P5464 - INCLINED PLANE / SLIDING FRICTION APPARATUS

This experiment has been developed to provide a means for accurate experimental work in the balancing of rigid rotors. The design of the machine adheres to industrial practice and it may be used to balance real rotors in addition to the five-disc rotor provided.

This apparatus enables students to measure the coefficient of friction for several combinations of materials. The robust apparatus is of all metal construction with an inclinable 90 cm ground steel plane.

This apparatus enables students to investigate the angular acceleration of a solid cylindrical body caused by the action of a falling mass. It provides a number of interesting experiments relating to the kinematics and dynamics of rotating systems.

Theory of Machines

This experiment enables students to understand dynamically induced stresses arising in mechanically resonant systems such as transmission shafts and engine crank shafts. An additional Linear Vibration Apparatus P1906 is available and this extends the range of experiments with the P1901.

The Linear Vibration Apparatus extends the range of experiments of the P1901 Torsional Vibration Apparatus. The apparatus provides the student with an introductory course on linear vibration. The practical experiments with their direct relationship to common design situations give an insight into vibration phenomena and illuminate the fundamental theory.

The Fletcher Trolley Apparatus is the classic equipment for both linear and angular motion investigations. Measurement of velocity and acceleration, experiments on momentum and angular acceleration and determination of acceleration due to gravity are possible with this apparatus.

The Energy of Flywheel apparatus is an extremely robust and versatile unit comprising a flywheel - the mass of which may be varied by adding and removing two rings and one disc - mounted upon a heavy duty stand. The unit also includes a vibrating arm to enable traces to be drawn on a paper strip positioned on the circumference of the flywheel.

The Centripetal Force Apparatus enables accurate determinations of the relationship between force, mass radius and angular velocity for a rotating body.

The Whirling of Shafts Apparatus enables students to investigate the whirling of a long thin shaft supported at its ends, whirling of a shaft with concentrated masses, whirling of a continuous shaft and whirling of a shaft with intermediate nodes.

P1901 - TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS APPARATUS

P1906 - LINEAR VIBRATION APPARATUS P2072 - FLETCHER TROLLEY APPARATUS

P2776 - ENERGY OF FLYWHEEL

P2799 - CENTRIPETAL FORCE APPARATUS

P5428 - WHIRLING OF SHAFTS APPARATUS

P5226 - ANGULAR ACCELERATION APPARATUS

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P5377 - ELECTRICAL GYROSCOPE COMPLETE WITH DIGITAL TACHOMETER

This Electrical Gyroscope has been designed to demonstrate the relationships between gyroscopic speed, gyroscopic inertia, external applied torque and precession. A separate hand-held optical tachometer is provided for accurate measurement of the gyroscope rotor speed.

The Extension and Compression of Springs apparatus is a wall mounted unit which enables students to determine the load and deflection relationship for close coiled springs as well as concepts of Modulus of Rigidity.

This apparatus provides a wide range of laboratory experiments on journal bearings within a self-contained unit. Various options make it possible to measure journal friction, map the hydrodynamic pressure of the oil film and determine the bearing attitude of a journal bearing using only the optional instrumentation 5014 and P5015.

The Rubber Block Apparatus is a wall mounted unit which enables students to investigate the shear stress and shear strain in a rubber slab. It introduces students to the concept of Modulus of Rigidity.

Cussons is able to offer digital testing machines ranging from 25kN to 1,000kN capacity with high precision control and accuracy and including automated computer control of test methods for simplicity of operation. These UTMs have 800% overload capability (load cells), small footprint, high resolution, self-cleaning ball-screws and an extensive suite of software. A range of different grips and fixtures for tension and compression is available.

P5030 – 25 Universal Testing Machines 25kN

P5030 – 50 Universal Testing Machines 50kN

P5030 – 100 Universal Testing Machines 100kN

P5030 – 500 Universal Testing Machines 500kN

P5030 – 600 Universal Testing Machines 600kN

The Torsion Apparatus is bench mounted and consists of a horizontal unit which can accept specimens up to 6 mm diameter and 450 mm length. The torsion head is supported in ball bearings and torque is applied by a hanger and masses. Angular displacement is measured by a dial and pointer which can slide along the base to enable readings to be taken at any point.

The Free and Forced Vibration Apparatus has been developed to present vibration phenomena with viscous damping in a way that may be easily perceived and accurately analysed.

P5013 - JOURNAL FRICTION APPARATUS

P1206 - RUBBER BLOCK APPARATUS

P5030 - UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES P4334 - TORSION APPARATUS

P5000 - FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION APPARATUS

Strength of Materials

P2180 - EXTENSION & COMPRESSION OF SPRINGS

www.cussons.co.uk32

Cussons Structures range comprises a standard test frame with loading and measurement facilities plus a series of different test structures which fit into the frame. This range provides an excellent introduction to structures for demonstration and for experiments at technician and undergraduate level. The equipment is complemented by Cussons’ structures software which provides an interactive system for the input of loads and calculation of displacements. Many teachers find that the traditional weights and dial gauge system is just as effective for teaching purposes however.

P4120 Frame Bench / Floor mounted

P4125 Deflection of Beams

P4126 Buckling of Struts

P4127 Measurement of Shear Forces

P4128 Measurement of Bending Moment

P4130 Rigidly Supported Arch

P4131 Two Hinged Arch

P4132 Three Hinged Arch

P4133 Suspension Bridge

P4134 Forces in a Truss

P4135 Portal Frame

P4140 Plastic deflection of beam

P4141 Plastic deflection of portal

Structures

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A practical understanding of Process Control

Engineering is essential in many industries. Cussons’

range of process control engineering products

presents students with a broad cross section of

control techniques and applications typical of those

in the real world.

The products demonstrate the function of individual control loop components and allow students to change parameters, observe effects and follow a full experimental programme using the manuals provided.

To prepare students, operators and maintenance staff to understand the automated environment in industry, Cussons offers a range of products for electrical and mechanical control engineering and instrumentation. The products are designed to be either “self-paced” or instructor taught with a curriculum which is easy to understand. Hands-on training programmes simulate real life working conditions. Industry standard quality components are used throughout.

Process Control Engineering

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The Boiler Control unit along with its software simulation allows students to investigate the operation of a steam generation plant. Altering the system properties allows the user to simulate a wide range of boiler systems for periods up to 24 hours and adjustments to the operating parameters may be made whilst the simulation is running to allow the investigation of transients on the system.

The Process Control Simulator is a self-contained laboratory scale industrial system (bench type model - under development) that allows the principles underlying modern industrial control equipment to be studied in the context of process operations. The unit may be used to investigate pressure, flow, temperature, level and cascade control utilising pneumatic and microprocessor-based PID controllers.

This Pressure Control Apparatus is designed to demonstrate automatic control of the pressure within a vessel. The unit enables students to investigate the effects of changing the parameters of the control algorithm (proportional band, integral action and derivative time) on the control capability of the system.

This Flow Control Apparatus is designed to demonstrate automatic control of the flow of water delivered by a centrifugal pump. The unit enables students to investigate the effects of changing the parameters of the control algorithm (proportional band, integral action and derivative time) on the control capability of the system.

This Level Control System is designed to allow numerous level control experiments to be performed within a typicallaboratory session. The unit enables students to investigate the effects of changing the parameters of the control algorithm and changes can be made to the process conditions by adjustment of the flow into the vessel.

P3005 - PROCESS CONTROL SIMULATORP7665 - BOILER CONTROL DEMONSTRATION AND FAULT SIMULATION UNIT

P3009 - PRESSURE CONTROL APPARATUS, THREE TERM PNEUMATIC

P3015 - LEVEL CONTROL APPARATUS, THREE TERM ELECTRONIC

P3035 - TEMPERATURE CONTROL APPARATUS, THREE TERM ELECTRONIC

P3010 - FLOW CONTROL APPARATUS, THREE TERM ELECTRONIC

The Temperature Control Apparatus illustrates the control of temperature in a simulated reactor vessel by controlling the supply of coolant (air) in response to changes in process conditions. The unit provides students with the opportunity of investigating the effects of a change of controller parameters (proportional band, integral and derivative times) on the control capability of the system. The unit is made up of typical items of control equipment currently used in industrial applications, thereby providing an excellent opportunity for familiarisation.

The pH Control Apparatus is designed to demonstrate the control of the acidity of a water supply by chemical dosing. Two methods are available to control the addition of the dosing chemical, either slug (on-off) dosing or continuous controlled injection.

The Programmable Logic Control Module (PLC) is designed to be connected to a range of experiments for simulating an automatic process. The unit has digital inputs and relay outputs which, when connected to the experiments, may be used to start and stop pumps, select remote set point inputs and create disturbances to a process by opening or closing solenoid valves.

P3020 - ACIDITY (PH) CONTROL APPARATUS P3030 - PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROL MODULE

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The Three Phase Separator is an essential resource for teaching engineering students and ‘oil & gas’ or process industry personnel. It enables students to investigate the effects of separation pressure and flow/residence time etc. on the separation dynamics. Experimental coverage includes flow vs residence time, flow vs composition, pressure vs flow, pressure vs composition and temperature vs composition (latter by means of simulation).

The Plant Trainer has been designed to provide a unique opportunity to train technicians on an industrial process plant in a safe, controlled and supervised environment. The trainer is the perfect tool to offer training courses in Plant Maintenance, Control Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Health and Safety Engineering. Use of this equipment by companies such as BP and Shell, has allowed their technicians to gain hands on experience of a real, full size process plant facility without the obvious danger of contamination due to leakage, human error or expensive equipment damage

The Multiphase Flow Unit which is particularly suitable for ‘oil and gas‘courses enables students to study 2- and 3-phase flow (oil, water and compressed air) by means of ‘once through’ experimental runs followed by gravitational separation. The unit provides for various investigations including single phase flow, hydrostatic and dynamic pressure investigations, hold-up time and slip velocity, 2-phase separation and superficial velocity, drift velocity in air/water flow, 2-phase flow, 2-phase and 3-phase flow separation rates, bubble structures and bubble sizes. The unit is operated via a touch-screen PC with SCADA software and may be specified with an electrical capacitance tomography sensor option for advanced studies in flow and bubble structure imaging.

P3620 - MULTIPHASE FLOW UNIT

P3700 - THREE PHASE SEPARATION TRAINING UNIT

P3600 - INDUSTRIAL PROCESS PLANT TRAINER

The Process Control Unit provides measurement, data acquisition and PID control of water temperature, level, pressure and flow rate. Digital and LED displays provide instant indication of status and measured values for group demonstrations. Connexion to a PC is by means of a USB cable and powerful Windows software is included. The package provides a complete solution for introducing the concept of closed loop ‘error driven’ process control systems. It enables students to gain practical experience of tuning real-world loops in a completely safe environment. Experiments may be as short as thirty seconds (for studying some aspects of flow rate control) or several minutes (for temperature control) and may be changed as required by the user. This allows many highly relevant experiences to be packed into short practical sessions for a large cohort. It offers academics, course designers and managers great benefits in terms of the efficient ‘exposure’ of students to a wealth of short practical investigations and real-world data acquisition opportunities to support many areas of theoretical study.

P3050 - PROCESS CONTROL UNIT

www.cussons.co.uk36

Cussons Technology has built on the success of its

Kempf & Remmers Range of Research Hydrodynamics

test equipment and its knowledge of tertiary

educational engineering equipment to produce a

new range of Educational hydrodynamic equipment

to complement smaller facilities. The Equipment is

designed to be robust for student use, and consistent

in its results and accuracy as many of the components

are inherited from the Kempf & Remmers Range.

The Purpose is to allow the lecturer demonstrations

to be carried out with ease, and for the students to

undertake a range of experiments with repeatable

results and reasonable accuracy.

Marine Hydrodynamics

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Educational Towing Carriages

Educational Wave Makers & Wave Absorbing Beaches

Cussons has a whole new range of towing carriages aimed at University and Educational Institutes that do not have the room for the larger scale research grade facilities. This range of unmanned carriages, are light weight, highly rigid & robust platforms that allow a wide variety of equipment to be attached from them. The carriages are controlled and operated by a shore based Wireless supervisory control and data logging / acquisition system.

Designed to suit a towing tank 2m wide, with minimum length 40 up to a maximum of 70m (maximum rail length is 60m) - Max Speed 3m/s

A variety of dynamometers can be supplied for use with the educational carriages, these are interfaced with he support frame for connection to ship models or fitting of propeller models. These include:

R35E – Educational Resistance Dynamometer

R200E – Educational Multi Component Ship / Yacht Model Balance

V110E - Educational Ship Stability Dynamometer

H75E - Educational Open Water Propeller / Turbine Dynamometer R75E - Educational Self–Propulsion

R31E, R42E & R43E Traditional Self-Propulsion Dynamometer for educational scaled models

We also supply additional equipment which can be used in conjunction with the towing carriage for model manufacturing & measuring facilities:

R28E - Educational Scaled Model Guiding Arms

V122E - Educational High Speed Camera System

N10E - Educational Wake Rake with Integrated Pressure Transducers

M150E - Educational 1.5m Offshore Support Vessel / Trawler Model

H75P Set of Educational Scaled Propeller models

R67 - Tank Pit mounted Off–shore & floor mounted static model 6 component balance

Cussons Technology wave makers incorporate proven software techniques for wave generator control and can include software links to towing carriages to optimise test duration. Wave Technology is a rapidly advancing science - new or modified products are continually being developed to meet unique experimental needs, including those associated with the offshore industry’s deep-sea exploration research programmes. Our wave maker designs include:

W20E/W40E - Wet Back Hinge Flap Regular / Irregular Wave Maker

W20EB/W40EB – Hybrid Resonant Tuneable Wave Absorbing Beach

R23E - Educational Carriage Mounted Wave Probe

Designed to suit a towing tank 4m wide, with minimum length 40 up to a maximum of 70m (maximum rail length is 60m) - Max Speed 3m/s (however 4m/s is possible)

C20E - EDUCATIONAL TOWING CARRIAGE

DYNAMOMETERS FOR EDUCATIONAL TOWING CARRIAGES

ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT & INSTRUMENTATION

C40E - EDUCATIONAL TOWING CARRIAGE

www.cussons.co.uk38

Educational Cavitation Tunnels

Cussons offers a range of small Cavitation Tunnels developed from the Kempf and Remmers designs for use in the laboratories of Technical Universities. The Tunnels are manufactured from high grade materials to resist corrosion and fouling. Each of our Educational Range of Tunnels is supplied with optional control and data-acquisition systems. The data acquisition system interface is based on National Instruments Front End for development with Labview.

A small but carefully made circulating water tunnel with pressure regulation for cavitation tests, which is suitable for various kinds of experimental and demonstration work on flow and cavitation. The tunnel provides a range of experiments in either hydrodynamic, aerospace or civil engineering.

This is a Small Research Cavitation Tunnel with 3different interchangeable measuring sections available:

- 300mm x 300mm Measuring Section Max Speed 9m/s- 425mm x 425mm Measuring Section Max Speed 5m/s- Asymmetric 630mm x 350mm Measuring Section Max Speed 4m/s

Cussons offers a large variety of instrumentation for hydrodynamic studies. Our range of Wake Rakes, Pitot Tubes and High Speed Cameras allow the experimental work associated with new research being undertaken in many parts of the world.

J19 Wake Rake with Integrated Pressure Transducers for use Tunnels

K23-06 Pitot Static Tube for use in measuring section of Tunnel

V121E High Speed / Frame Rate Camera system for observing cavitation.

V140 B&K Cavitation Tunnel Hydrophone system

V123E Flat Plate and Cylinder Model Experiment for use in Tunnels

There is a full range of equipment available to compliment these facilities including; Open-water propeller dynamometers, force and moment balances, wake rakes and pitot static Prandtl probes. Please see the list on the adjacent page. Within the standard K14 and the K23 square sections we would recommend the use of the Open water propeller dynamometers that can be mounted either down-stream of the flow in the traditional open water mode, or upstream of the flow where it can be installed with wake screens to simulate the wake of the hull.

K14 - EDUCATIONAL CAVITATION TUNNEL

K23 - RESEARCH CAVITATION TUNNEL - ENTRY LEVEL

EDUCATIONAL CAVITATION TUNNEL INSTRUMENTATION

EDUCATIONAL CAVITATION TUNNEL DYNAMOMETERS

External Mounted Dynamometers for use in Tunnels for Open Water Propeller testing in the following ranges:

R33E Rated Max Torque ±15Nm, Rated Max Thrust ±400N at 3500rpm. Rated Max Torque ±30Nm, Rated Max Thrust ±600N at 3500rpm.

R73E Rated Max Torque ±15Nm, Rated Max Thrust ±400N at 3500rpm. Rated Max Torque ±30Nm, Rated Max Thrust ±600N at 3500rpm.

Component Balance range:The R30 Three Component Balance is designed for use in the measuring section of water tunnels with pressure regulation for cavitation tests.

The R35 Single Component Balance can be used in air as well as under water, including within a Cavitation Tunnel.

The R37 Six Component Balance is designed for testing rudders, hydrofoils and ship appendages within medium sized measuring sections of Cavitation Tunnels.

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Product Index

Product Code PageAcidity (PH) Control P3020 34Air Conditioning Unit P5698E 18Air Flow Bench P3200 11Anemometer P3204 11Angular Acceleration P5226 30Autotrainer Test Stands P8652 / P8962 25Axial & Centrifugal Fan P3226 / P3228 12Bernoulli’s Apparatus P3208 11Bernoulli’s Experiment P6231 8Blowby Meters P8360 - P8373 25Boiler Demonstration P7665 34Boiling Heat Transfer P5697 20Boundary Layer P3232 12Boy’s Gas Calorimeter P5615 21Calibration of Pressure Gauge P6234 8Calorimeter Set P6310 21Cavitation Demonstration Set P6211 7Centre of Pressure P6237 8Centripetal Force P2799 30Combustion & Flue Gas Analyser P8385 18Commercial Refrigeration Trainer P5721 18Condenser Bench P7675 17Double Effect Evaporator Bench P7683 18Ejector Bench P7674 17Electrical Gyroscope P5377 31Energy Balance P9080 21Energy of Flywheel P2776 30Entry, Exit & Expansion Losses P6222 7Exhaust Gas Analyser P8390 25Exhaust Gas Calorimeters P8261 - P8265 25Extension & Compression Springs P2180 21Fan Test Stand P3240 13Flash Point Apparatus P5656 / P5657 21Fletcher Trolley P2072 30Flow Channels P6245 / P6255 / P6275 10Flow Control P3010 34Flow in Pipes P3234 12Flow Measurement Apparatus P3203 11Flow Through a Bend P3222 12Francis Turbine P6212 7Free & Forced Vortex P6238 8Free and Forced Convection P3420 20Free and Forced Vibration P5000 31Friction Loss in Pipes & Fittings P5160 9Friction Losses P6221 7Fuel Cell Unit P9040 28Heat Exchanger and Accessories P3400 - P3406 20Heat Pump Demonstration Unit P5730 19Heat Transfer Bench P3210 19Hele Shaw P6246 10Humidity Measurement P4812 15Hydraulic Bench P6100 6 & 7Hydraulic Ram P6232 8Hydraulic Service Unit P6290 7Hydrology Apparatus P6530 10Hydrostatics Bench / Set P6242 / P6244 9Impact of Jets P6233 8Impulse Swirl Meter P7300 25Inclined Plane / Sliding Friction P5464 30Industrial Process Plant P3600 35Journal Friction P5013 31Kaplan Turbine P6213 7Lagging Efficiency Bench P7673 17Laminar Flow P6220 7Laminar Flow Meters P7190 - P7217 25Level Control P3015 34Linear Vibration P1906 30Marcet Boiler P5700 15Mechanical Equivalent of Heat P5631 15Metacentric Height P6235 / P6236 8

Product Code Page Miniature Steam Power Plant P7669 16Multiphase Flow P3620 35Multi-Pump Test Rig & Pump Options P6360 11Multi-Tube Manometer P3202 11Multi-Cylinder Test Beds P8001 / P8002 / P8750 24Network of Pipes P6510 11Nozzle Rig Bench P7681 18Open Channel Weirs P6225 / P6226 7Orifices Studies P6223 / P6224 7Osborne Reynolds P6248 9Pelton Wheel P6240 7Permeability Apparatus P6520 10Photovoltaic Solar Power Unit P9060 28Pipe Surge & Water Hammer P6515 10Pressure Control P3009 34Pressure Measuring P4811 15Pressure/Temperature Bench P7671 16Process Control Simulator P3005 34Radiation & Convection P3300 20Reciprocating Steam Engine Bench P7676R 17Refrigeration Wiring Skills Bench P5735 19Rubber Block P1206 31Sectioned Equipment P2255 - P2301 22Sediment Transport P6540 11Separating & Throttling Calorimeter P7672 / P7660 17 & 18Series and Parallel Pump Test Set P6135 9Single Cylinder Test Beds P8250 / P8150 / P8160 24Smoke Generator P3233 12Solar Distillation P7130 / P7135 28Solar Energy Demonstration P7140 28Solar Energy Unit P9065 28Static & Dynamic Balancing P1150 30Steam Boiler Bench P7670 16Steam Power Plant - 1kW P7690 16Steam Power Plants - 5, 10, 20kW P7600 - P7655 16Steam Process Plant Bench P7678 17Stirling Cycle P5691 15Structures Range P4120 32Temperature Control P3035 34Temperature Measurement P4810 15Thermal Conductivity P5687 20Three Phase Separation P3700 35Torsion Apparatus P4334 31Torsional Vibration P1901 30Turbojet Engine Test Stand P9010E 20Turbulent Jet P3234 12Two Component Balance P3231 12Two Dimensional Wind Tunnel P3230 12Two Shaft Gas Turbine P9005 20Universal Testing Machines P5030 31Vapour Compression & Heat Pump P5750 19Volumetric Fuel Flow P8227 25Water Cooling Tower P3430 20Water Flow Measurement P6239 8Water Flow Measurement Range P6227 / P6230 8Water Flow Visualisation P6247 10Water Treatment Studies Bench P7677 17Whirling of Shafts P5428 30Wind Generator Set P3130A 27Wind Tunnels P3259 / P3260 / P3290 13Wind Turbine Trainer P3150 27

MARINE HYDRODYNAMICS Educational Towing Carriages 37Dynamometers 37 & 38Wave Makers & Wave Absorbing Beaches 37Educational Cavitation Tunnels 38Research Cavitation Tunnels 38

HEAD OFFICE

Cussons Technology Limited

Cussons Technology Ltd

Great Clowes Street

Manchester

M7 1RH

TEL: +44 (0)161 833 0036

FAX: +44 (0)161 834 4688

E-MAIL: sales@cussons.co.uk

www.cussons.co.uk