engine performance and emission level investigation...
TRANSCRIPT
i
ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION LEVEL INVESTIGATION OF
VEHICLE RUNNING WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF RON FUEL GRADES AND
FUEL BRANDS
MUHAMMAD AMIN BIN DZULKIFLI
This report is presented in
Partial fulfilment of the requirements of the
Degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Automotive)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
May 2012
ii
SUPERVISOR DECLARATION
“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this report is
sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Automotive)”
Signature : ...................................
Supervisor : Dr.Noreffendy B. Tamaldin
Date : ...................................
iii
DECLARATION
“I hereby declare that the work in this report is my own except for summaries and
quotations which have been duly acknowledged”
Signature :……………………….
Author : MUHAMMAD AMIN BIN DZULKIFLI
Date :……………………….
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am sincerely appreciative to my lecturer, Dr Noreffendy Tamaldin for
serving as my supervisor and for providing guidance while conducting the research
and the writing of this ‘Projek Sarjana Muda’(PSM).
I would like to thanks and convey special appreciation to the laboratory
management especially Engine Performance Testing Laboratory, the lab technicians
for their cooperation and support especially to Mr.Ridzuan Bin Ahmad who had been
involves in providing technical data on the chassis dynamometer. I also want to
thank my beloved family for their continous support and encouragement in
everything I do. All these years of education have been made possible by their
support and love.
Last but not least, I thank to everyone who involved directly and indirectly in
this project. The sacrifice and commitment given towards me earning my bachelor’s
degree are desirable and without them, this PSM thesis would have been impossible.
v
ABSTRACT
The goal of this project is to analyse the performance of engine and emission
level produced by vehicle by using different type of RON fuel grades and brands.
This analysis involves chassis dynamometer for engine performance and using
automobile exhaust gas analyzer for emission testing. For performance engine
analysis, the engine first is tested by using chassis dynamometer with different type
of RON fuel grades and brands. The result by running of chassis dynamometer will
show the graph performance of engine include the power, torque and brake specific
fuel consumption (bsfc). Next, the emission test is also performed to analysis and
compares the data of emission level produced by vehicle. This emission test will be
conducted with vehicle on idle and rapid acceleration by using chassis dynamometer
with different type of RON fuel grades and brands. This project also targeted on
developing the standard of procedure of fuel and emission testing using chassis
dynamometer. At the end of the project, the result shows which type of RON fuel
grades and brands produced greater engine performance and less emission level.
Further experimental testing can be done for better output result such as using engine
dynamometer which can obtain more accurate result for the fuel consumption.
vi
ABSTRAK
Matlamat projek ini ialah untuk menganalisis, ujian eksprementasi prestasi
enjin dan kadar gas pencemaran dari kenderaan yang menggunakan jenis-jenis gred
minyak RON dan jenama minyak yang berbeza. Analisis ini melibatkan penggunaan
casis dynamometer untuk ujikaji minyak dan menggunakan penganalisis exhaust gas
kenderaan untuk ujikaji tahap gas pencemaran. Untuk ujikaji prestasi engine
kenderaan, kenderaan diuji menggunakan casis dinamometer untuk mendapatkan
data prestasi enjin. Hasil data tersebut dapat dilihat melalui graf prestasi iaitu
termasuk kuasa, tork dan penggunaan minyak yang specific. Seterusnya, bagi ujikaji
kadar gas pencemaran pula data yang diambil setelah ujikaji akan dianalisis dan
dinilai. Ujikaji kadar pencemaran akan dijalankan pada situasi kenderaan pada tahap
setara dan juga ketika kenderaan menjalani ujian pada casis dinamometer disamping
menggunakan jenis gred minyak RON dan jenama minyak yang berbeza. Projek ini
juga untuk membangunkan langkah-langkah ujikaji yang standard untuk ujikaji
prestasi enjin dan kadar gas pencemaran menggunakan casis dinamometer. Setelah
sempurna projek ini, hasil kajian akan dapat dilihat apakah jenis gred RON minyak
dan jenama minyak yang menghasilkan kuasa atau prestasi enjin yang tinggi juga
menghasilkan kadar gas pencemaran yang paling rendah. Eksperimentasi ujikaji
lanjutan boleh dijalankan untuk mendapatkan data dan hasil kajian yang lebih baik
dan tepat seperti menggunakan enjin dynamometer.
vii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE
DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vi
CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background 1
1.2 Objective 2
1.3 Project Scope & Limitation 2
1.4 Problem Statement 3
viii
CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Research Octane Number (RON) 4
2.2 Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) 6
2.2.1 Working Principle 6
2.2.2 Engine Parameter 8
2.2.3 Graph of Performance 11
2.3 Dynamometer 13
2.3.1 Working Principle 14
2.4 Emission 15
2.4.1 Hydrocarbons 16
2.4.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 17
2.4.4 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) 18
ix
CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction 20
3.1 Whole Project Flow Chart (PSM I) 21
3.2 Whole Project Flow Chart (PSM II) 22
3.3 Experimental Project Flow Chart 23
3.4 Experimental Method 24
3.4.1Engine Performance Testing 24
3.4.1.1 Chassis Dynamometer 25
3.4.2 Emission Testing 30
3.4.3 Test Matrix 34
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction 35
4.1 Engine Performance Result 36
4.1.1 Fuel ESSO RON 95 & RON 97 37
4.1.2 Fuel PETRONAS RON 95 & RON 97 39
4.1.3 Fuel BHP RON 95 & RON 97 41
4.2 Analysis of Engine Performance 44
x
CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE
4.2.1 Calculation of Bsfc 48
4.3 Emission Test Result 51
4.3.1 ESSO Fuel-Emission Result 52
4.3.2 PETRONAS Fuel- Emission Result 53
4.3.3 BHP Fuel- Emission Result 54
4.4 Analysis of Emission Test Result 55
4.4.1 Method I- Running Chassis Dynamometer 55
4.4.2 Method II- Idle Condition 57
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Conclusion 59
5.1 Recommendation 60
REFFERENCES 62
BIBLIOGRAPHY 64
APPENDIX 65
xi
LIST OF TABLES
NO. TITLE PAGE
3.1 Tested Vehicle Specification 27
3.2 Automobile Exhaust Gas Analyzer Specification 32
3.3 Test Matrix of Engine Performance and Emission Testing 34
3.4 Comparison Matrix of Fuel RON and Fuel Brands 34
4.1 Tested Fuel Power and Torque Result 43
4.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) Results 49
5.1 Result of the Best Fuel for Engine Performance and Emission 5
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Four Stroke ICE Cycle ( Pulkrabek , 2004) 7
2.2 Graphs of Typical Torque, Power, Brake Fuel Consumption (Bsfc) 11
2.3 Graph of Torque and Power-Sample Result 12
2.4 Graph of Bsfc vs Engine Speed, depand on compression ratio 12
2.5 Mechanism of Dynamometer 14
3.1 Whole Project Flow PSM I 21
3.2 Whole Project Flow PSM II 22
3.3 Experimental Project Flow Chart 23
3.5 Custom Fuel Tank Installation to Test Vehicle 27
3.6 Tested Vehicle on the Chassis Dynamometer Drum 29
3.7 Custom Fuel Tank Connected to Engine Fuel Intake 29
3.8 Sample Graph of Performance/ Result from WinPeP7 software 30
3.9 Automobile Gas Analyzer 31
3.10 Sampling probe enter into exhaust pipe 33
3.11 Cooling Fan during Emission Test 33
4.1 Graph of Power and Torque vs Speed for ESSO RON 95 37
4.2 Graph of Air/Fuel Ratio vs Speed for ESSO RON 95 37
4.3 Graph of Power and Torque vs Speed for ESSO RON 97 38
NO. TITLE PAGE
xiii
4.4 Graph of Air/Fuel Ratio vs Speed for ESSO RON 97 38
4.5 Graph of Power and Torque vs Speed for PETRONAS RON 95 39
4.6 Graph of Air/Fuel Ratio vs Speed for PETRONAS RON 95 39
4.7 Graph of Power and Torque vs Speed for PETRONAS RON 97 40
4.8 Graph of Air/Fuel Ratio vs Speed for PETRONAS RON 97 40
4.9 Graph of Power and Torque vs Speed for BHP RON 95 41
4.10 Graph of Air/Fuel Ratio vs Speed for BHP RON 95 41
4.11 Graph of Power and Torque vs Speed for BHP RON 97 42
4.12 Graph of Air/Fuel Ratio vs Speed for BHP RON 97 42
4.13 Comparison Data of Fuel RON 95 Power 44
4.14 Comparison Data of Fuel RON 97 Power 44
4.15 Comparison Data Fuel RON 95 & RON 97 (Power) 45
4.16 Comparison Data of Fuel RON 95 Torque 46
4.17 Comparison Data of Fuel RON 97 Power 46
4.18 Comparison Data Fuel RON 95 & RON 97 (Torque) 47
4.19 Graph of BSFC Vs Fuels 50
4.20 Data Emission Test Fuel ESSO -Method I 52
4.21 Data Emission Test fuel ESSO- Method II 52
4.22 Data Emission Test Fuel PETRONAS -Method I 53
4.23 Data Emission Test Fuel PETRONAS -Method II 53
4.24 Data Emission Test Fuel BHP -Method I 54
4.25 Data Emission Test Fuel BHP -Method II 54
4.26 Comparison of value CO (%)-Method I 55
4.27 Comparison of value HC (ppm)-Method I 55
4.28 Comparison of value NOx (ppm)-Method I 56
4.29 Comparison of value CO (%)-Method II 57
4.30 Comparison of value HC (ppm)-Method II 57
xiv
LIST OF SIMBOLS
�̇� = Engine power
�̇�𝑏 = Brake power
Vd = Displacement volume
n = Number of revolution per cycle
N = Number of revolution per minute(RPM)
Nc = Number of cylinder
B = Bore size
S = Stroke size
�̇�𝑓 = Mass flow rate of fuel
�̇�𝑎 = Mass flow rate of air
𝜌𝑎 = Air density evaluated at atmospheric conditions outside the engine
QHV = Heating value of fuel
𝜂Rf = Fuel conversion efficiency
𝜂Rc = Combustion efficiency
Ap = Piston area
mep = Mean effective pressure
bmep = Brake mean effective pressure
𝑈�𝑝 = Piston speed
T = Torque (Nm)
P = Power (kW)
xv
LIST OF APPENDIX
NO. TITLE PAGE
A Gantt Chart PSM I 66
B Gantt Chart PSM II 67
C Chassis Dynamometer Data 68
D ICEI2012 Paper 74
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
Nowadays, in our market, there are two types of fuel RON available in
Malaysia namely RON 95 and RON 97. A couple of years ago, government had
introduced RON 95 fuel in our country because of the global fuel price increase
sharply within short period of time. RON 97 fuel still remains in our market with a
higher price than RON 95. People prefer the RON 95 fuels to be filled in their
vehicles but questions arise about the performance of engine and fuel consumptions.
This final year project will discuss about the performance and emission study
with different type of RON grades and fuel brands using a chassis dynamometer. The
engine performance of vehicles will be analysed the graph of performance after fuel
test using a chassis dynamometer. Emission test will conduct using portable
combustion analyzer, and the data will be analysed to decide which type of fuel
RON and brands gives higher performance and less emission level.
2
1.2 Objective
Below are the objectives for this project:
I. To compare the performance of engine with different types of RON fuel
grades and brands.
II. To compare the emission level from vehicle by using different types of
RON fuel grades and brands
III. To develop the standard of procedure of fuel testing by using chassis
dynamometer, at FKM, UTeM.
1.3 Project Scope and Limitations
The scopes of this project are:
I. To analyze the performance of engine by using graph of performance
(power, torque and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)).
II. To analyze the amount of emission gasses produced by different type of
RON fuel grades and brands.
III. Using chassis dynamometer and portable combustion analyzer to make
comparison of engine performance and emission level.
IV. Using two types of RON which RON 95 & RON 97 from three types of fuel
producer (ESSO, PETRONAS, BHP).
3
1.4 Problem Statement
The general public nowadays still does not fully understand about to choice
of fuel in their car between RON 95 and RON 97, which one will better deliver
engine performance and also fuel consumption. There have been claims that RON 97
fuels performs than RON 95 fuels, and also helps clean engine components better.
Some also said that the emission gasses output from a vehicle also affected by using
different types of RON fuel grades. Therefore, the problem statements for this
project are:
I. The effect of different of RON fuel grades and different brands to the vehicle
remain unknown to the public.
II. Emission level produced from different RON grade and fuel brands also
varies.
III. The vehicle performance (power, torque and brake specific fuel
consumption) resulting from this RON grades and fuel brands also not fully
understood.
4
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Fuel-related sources of engine performance problems include excessively
high or low volatility, water absorption, improper storage and handling, enleanment,
reduced motor octane, and materials compatibility. Performance problems can occur
for a variety of reasons, and tracing performance problems to a specific cause
is difficult, and often impossible. Potential engine performance problems resulting
from fuel-related sources include rough engine operation, overheating, damaged
pistons, vapour lock, starting difficulty, plugged fuel filters, fouled spark plugs, fuel
leaks, hesitation during acceleration, flooding, stalling, and engine fires.
(D.J.Kortom, L.Haslett, L.Beard, K.Liechty, M.Coryell, C.Bruner-Fuel Economy
and Engine Performance Issues)
5
2.1 RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER (RON)
The Research Octane Number (RON) is a number that is awarded to
different grades of fuel with present to its capability to resist auto-ignition or known
as knocking. RON is determined by running the fuel in a test engine with a variable
compression ratio under controlled condition, and the result is compared with
mixtures of iso-octane and n-heptane. The other words, is a rating used to measure a
fuels knocking resistance in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. The lower
of RON the easier it becomes for fuels to ignite in the engine. Therefore, the fuels
with a higher octane number will eliminate knocking, which have high compression
ratio and gain more power in the engine. Below are the basic about available fuel:
a) Unleaded Petrol (ULP)
Unleaded Petrol or ULP has a Research Octane Number (RON) of between 91 and
93. Vehicles that use ULP operates with a catalytic converter because of the emitted
gasses from exhaust are too high.
b) Premium Unleaded Petrol (PULP)
This premium petrol is a special blend of petrol with a higher octane rating which
can produce higher engine power. So it gives more performance to the vehicle as
well as knock-free performance and assisting the vehicle to run at its optimum.
PULP has a Research Octane Number (RON) of 95 or 96.
6
c) Ultra Premium Unleaded Petrol (UPLUP)
Ultra means ultimate or it is a fuel have high octane unleaded fuel that maximises
engine power and performance. The fuel burns cleanly as well as producing less
pollution. UPULP which has a RON of 98 commonly recommended for imported
high performance vehicles.
In practice, it is believed that the higher octane rating makes engines better in
performance. This attracts people to use higher-octane gasoline in their engines.
Although, it has been explained that using correct gasoline is the best for the engines,
people still prefer to use higher-octane gasoline.(Toyotasa, 2000). Another study
clearly reported that octane number plays an important role on exhaust emission. The
results demonstrated that as the octane number was increased from 91 to 93, CO
emission boosted nearly 5 %.(C.Sayin,& I.Kilicaslan, 2006).
7
2.2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (ICE)
This section will cover the working principle and engine parameter of the 4
stroke ICE.
2.2.1 Working Principle
Internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine that converts chemical
energy in a fuel into mechanical energy, commonly made available on rotating
output shaft. Chemical energy of fuel is first converted to thermal energy by means
of combustion or oxidation with air inside the engine. This thermal energy raises the
temperature and pressure of the gasses within the engine, and the high pressure gas
then expands against the mechanical mechanism of the engine. This expansion is
converted by the mechanical linkages of the engine to the rotating crankshaft, which
is the output of the engine. The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to a transmission or
power train to transmit the rotating mechanical energy to the desire final use. Most
of the ICE is reciprocating engines having pistons that reciprocate back and forth in
cylinders internally within the engine.
Figure 2.1: Four Stroke ICE Cycle ( Pulkrabek , 2004)
8
Below are the four-stroke SI engine cycle detail descriptions of internal combustion
engine as shown in Figure 2.1:
a) First Stroke: Intake Stroke or Induction
The piston moves downward that draws a combustible mixture of fuel and
air past the throttle and intake valve into the cylinder. At this stroke, the intake valve
open and the exhaust valve closed.
b) Second Stroke: Compression Stroke
During the Compression stroke, the piston moves upward, compressing the
fuel/air mixture. The entire valve closed, and it will raise the temperature of the
mixture. A spark ignites the mixture toward the end of the compression stroke.
c) Third Stroke: Expansion or Power Stroke
At power stoke, the spark plug fires, ignites the compressed fuel. As the fuel
burns it expands, driving the piston downward. The expansion or power stroke
resulting from combustion of the fuel-air-mixture. At this stroke, both intake and
exhaust valve closed.
d) Fourth Stroke: Exhaust Stroke
At the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve is opened by the
cam/lifter mechanism. The upward stroke of the piston drives the exhausted fuel out
of the cylinder. At this stroke, the intake valve closed and the exhaust valve open.
9
2.2.2 Engine Parameter
Engine parameters are used to determine a performance evaluation of the
engine after run the engine testing.
Torque
The engine torque 𝜏 is a measure of the work done per unit rotations (radians) of the
crank. It also a good indicator of an engine’s ability to do work. Unit of torque are
Nm or lbf-ft.
τ = bmep. Vd/2πn .............(1)
Power
Power is defined as the rate of work of the engine. Unit for the power is kW.
(1 kW = 1.341 hp)
�̇� = 𝑊𝑁𝑛
.............(2)
�̇� = 2𝜋𝑁𝜏 .............(3)
�̇� = � 12𝑛� (𝑚𝑒𝑝)�𝐴𝑝��𝑈�𝑝� ..............(4)
Air Fuel Ratio and Fuel Air Ratio
Define as the mass ratio of fuel present during combustion
AF = f
a
mm
= .
.
f
a
m
m
……… (5)
FA = a
f
mm
= .
.
a
f
m
m =
AF1
……… (6)