Energy Transformations and Energy Transformations and Global InterdependenceGlobal Interdependence

Part I Part I Non-Renewable Non-Renewable Energy Sources: Energy Sources: Availability, sources, Availability, sources, mining/extraction, current mining/extraction, current uses, environmental uses, environmental impact, chemistry of impact, chemistry of hydrocarbon combustion hydrocarbon combustion and thermal dynamics, and thermal dynamics, prospects for non-prospects for non-renewable energies in the renewable energies in the futurefuture

Objectives: Objectives: Energy Transformations Energy Transformations and Global Interdependence and Global Interdependence

►Describe the availability, current uses and environmental issues related to the use of fossil and nuclear fuels to produce electricity.

►Explain how chemical and physical processes cause carbon to cycle through the major earth reservoirs.

Various sources of energy are used by humans and all have advantages

and disadvantages.

Renewable vs. Non-renewable Energy Renewable vs. Non-renewable Energy SourcesSources

Non-Renewable EnergyNon-Renewable Energy

Non-Renewable Non-Renewable ResourcesResources

Fossil Fuels:Fossil Fuels:

► Formed by the decaying remains of ancient Formed by the decaying remains of ancient plants and animals plants and animals

► Took millions of years to produceTook millions of years to produce► Obtained energy originally from the sunObtained energy originally from the sun► Combustion produces Combustion produces COCO22 and other and other

pollutantspollutants► Generates most of the energy that is used Generates most of the energy that is used

each dayeach day►Non-renewableNon-renewable: not easily replaced by : not easily replaced by

natural processesnatural processes

Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels

availability availability current uses current uses

& & environmental issuesenvironmental issues

These websites contain additional notes These websites contain additional notes and some have videos that provide and some have videos that provide

alternative lectures as well as visual alternative lectures as well as visual informationinformation

►http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/fossilfuels.htmfossilfuels.htm

►http://teachertube.com/http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=40991viewVideo.php?video_id=40991

►http://www.watchknowlearn.org/http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Category.aspx?CategoryID=2484Category.aspx?CategoryID=2484

Calorimetry LabCalorimetry LabPlease read this lab and take any necessary Please read this lab and take any necessary

notes in your lab notebook. This is the first lab in notes in your lab notebook. This is the first lab in a series of quantitative energy labs. We will focus a series of quantitative energy labs. We will focus

on careful lab techniques that will Hopefullyon careful lab techniques that will Hopefully result in reliable data. Make the data table from result in reliable data. Make the data table from

the lab in your lab notebook the lab in your lab notebook

http://www.rocklin.k12.ca.us/http://www.rocklin.k12.ca.us/staff/lbrun/chemweb/Unit_9/staff/lbrun/chemweb/Unit_9/

Calorimetry_lab_2010.pdfCalorimetry_lab_2010.pdf

The combustion The combustion reactions of reactions of

hydrocarbonshydrocarbons

Fossil Fuels : a concentrated energy source

►Burning fossil fuels : C and H atoms Burning fossil fuels : C and H atoms combine with Ocombine with O22 molecules to form molecules to form COCO22 and H and H22OO

►This process converts the This process converts the CHEMICALCHEMICAL Potential Energy stored in in the bonds Potential Energy stored in in the bonds to to heat and light energyheat and light energy

Hydrocarbon CombustionHydrocarbon Combustion

►Hydrocarbons release COHydrocarbons release CO22 and and HH22O When burned, example:O When burned, example:

►CHCH44 + O + O22 CO CO2 2 + H+ H22OO

Complete Combustion of Complete Combustion of hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons: excess Oexcess O22(g) (g)

products are COproducts are CO22(g) & H(g) & H22O(g) O(g) burns with clean flameburns with clean flame

INCOMPLETE HYDROCARBON INCOMPLETE HYDROCARBON COMBUSTIONCOMBUSTION

•insufficient O2(g), that is, excess hydrocarbon •products are either CO(g) and/or C(s) and H2O(g) •burns with smoky flame

Climate Change EPA Climate Change EPA

http://www.epa.gov/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/climatechange/

Amount of energy released by Amount of energy released by burning one gram of fuelburning one gram of fuel

► Burning 1kg of coal Burning 1kg of coal releases 2 to 3 releases 2 to 3 times the energy of times the energy of 1kg of wood1kg of wood

► Fossil fuel energy is Fossil fuel energy is more concentrated more concentrated compared to other compared to other fuelsfuels

Energy Usage in the United Energy Usage in the United StatesStates

► Almost 85% comes from burning petroleum, coal, Almost 85% comes from burning petroleum, coal, and natural gasand natural gas

Petroluem – Crude OilPetroluem – Crude Oil

►Mixture of thousands Mixture of thousands of chemical of chemical compoundscompounds

►Most are Most are hydrocarbonshydrocarbons

►~15% are used to ~15% are used to make plastics, make plastics, synthetic fabrics, synthetic fabrics, lubricants asphaltlubricants asphalt

► Separated by Separated by Fractional DistillationFractional Distillation

Fractional distillationFractional distillation► http://science.howstuffworks.com/http://science.howstuffworks.com/

environmental/energy/oil-environmental/energy/oil-refining4.htmrefining4.htm

Natural GasNatural Gas

►Mostly Methane—CHMostly Methane—CH44

►Found at the top of petroleum depositsFound at the top of petroleum deposits►Burned to provide energy for cooking, Burned to provide energy for cooking,

heating and manufacturingheating and manufacturing►Contains MORE energy per kilogram Contains MORE energy per kilogram

than petroleum or coal than petroleum or coal

Coal Coal

►Originate from ancient swamps , mostly Originate from ancient swamps , mostly plant materialsplant materials

►Greater abundance of coal worldwide( 20 Greater abundance of coal worldwide( 20 to 40 times the supply of petroleum) to 40 times the supply of petroleum)

►Solid fuel found in minesSolid fuel found in mines►About 90% of all coal used in the US is About 90% of all coal used in the US is

burned to generate electricityburned to generate electricity►Highly pollutant: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen Highly pollutant: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen

oxides, mercury are emitted when burnedoxides, mercury are emitted when burned

In Summary, fossil fuels are:In Summary, fossil fuels are:

►Naturally occurring substances found Naturally occurring substances found on earth’s surfaceon earth’s surface

►Produced from the decayed remains of Produced from the decayed remains of organic matter from millions of years organic matter from millions of years agoago

►Mainly made of carbon or hydrocarbon Mainly made of carbon or hydrocarbon compoundscompounds

►Found as coal, oil and natural gasFound as coal, oil and natural gas

Pros to non-renewablesPros to non-renewables

►High caloric value; produces a lot of High caloric value; produces a lot of energyenergy

►Combustable, but highly stableCombustable, but highly stable►High efficiency fuelsHigh efficiency fuels►Available: found easily on the surface of Available: found easily on the surface of

earthearth►Easily refined and minedEasily refined and mined►Relatively cheap source of energyRelatively cheap source of energy►Easily transportedEasily transported

Cons to non-renewable Cons to non-renewable resourcesresources

►Large amount of COLarge amount of CO22 is released when is released when burnedburned

►Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gasCarbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas►Acid rain is formed as a consequence of Acid rain is formed as a consequence of

burning fossil fuels and release of SOburning fossil fuels and release of SO22

►Mining destroys landscape for future usesMining destroys landscape for future uses►Non-renewable means less supply and Non-renewable means less supply and

more demand in futuremore demand in future

Next …Next …

How are non-renewable resources How are non-renewable resources obtained, refined, and usedobtained, refined, and used