ENERGY RESOURCES Ch. 11 Earth scientists have identified over 3000 minerals.
These minerals are, however, NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES - their supply is limited and cannot be replaced. RENEWABLE RESOURCES, such as air, water and plants can be replaced within a human lifetime. Mineral resources may be METALS(gold, silver, etc
Mineral resources may be METALS(gold, silver, etc.) or NONMETALS (sulfur, quartz, etc.) METALS: Can be identified by their shiny surfaces, ability to conduct heat and electricity, and tend to bend easily. NONMETALS: Identified by their dull surface, poor conductors of heat, and electricity. Ores form in the crust in a variety of ways.
Formation of Ores: Ores form in the crust in a variety of ways. As magma cools, dense METALLIC minerals sink to the BOTTOM. Layers accumulate and form ORE DEPOSITS within the hardened magma. Some ores form through CONTACT METAMORPHISM.
Sometimes hot MINERAL SOLUTIONS spread through small cracks in rocks and form bands called VEINS. LODE: A large number of think mineral veins. ORES & WATER: The movement of water helps form ore deposits in TWO ways: Streams carry fragments of minerals (i.e. gold) until they get DEPOSITED by weak CURRENTS. Fragments become concentrated and form PLACER DEPOSITS. 2.Water dissolves MINERALS in the earths crust, and then carry the dissolved minerals until it reaches a placer deposit where it accumulates. JEWELRY - Sapphires, Rubies, Diamonds JEWELRY - Gold, Silver, Platinum
USES OF MINERAL RESOURCES: JEWELRY - Sapphires, Rubies, Diamonds JEWELRY - Gold, Silver, Platinum BUILDING MATERIAL - Calcite, Gypsum Use other, more abundant substances materials such as PLASTICS.
CONSERVATION OF MINERALS: The only sure way to preserve mineral resources is through CONSERVATION. Use other, more abundant substances materials such as PLASTICS. Another way to conserve minerals is to RECYCLE them. 11.2:Fossil Fuels Because of their organic origin, coal, petroleum, and natural gas are known as fossil fuels.
- Fossil fuels consist primarily of compounds of carbon and hydrogen called hydrocarbons. A dark colored ORGANIC rock. Formed from dead plants and
Coal (Formation and Types): A dark colored ORGANIC rock. Formed from dead plants and other organisms CARBONIZATION: Bacteria consuming buried plant remains, releasing methane and carbon dioxide, leaving only carbon behind. FOUR STAGES OF COAL: PEAT: partial decomposition of plant remains. Brownish/black in color. LIGNITE: brown coal BITUMINOUS: soft coal ANTHRACITE: hardest form of all coals. How do we get the coal? Subsurface mining dig tunnels underground
Open pit mining dig a huge hole in the ground Strip mining remove layers of earth Mountaintop mining remove the top of the mountain and scoop out coal Petroleum and Natural Gas (Formation and Deposits):
Petroleum and natural gas are largely made up of HYDROCARBONS. Petroleum (oil) is LIQUID and natural gas is a GAS. When ancient animals were buried in prehistoric OCEANS and LAKES heat and pressure build up. CHEMICAL changes eventually convert the remains into PETROLEUM and NATURAL GAS. Uses and Supplies: CRUDE OIL: unrefined petroleum PETROCHEMICALS: chemicals derived from petroleum, essential component of over 3000 products, products include: tar, wax, and plastic 210 million gallons crude oil
What are the dangers of harvesting oil? BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (April 20, 2010 July 15, 2010) 210 million gallons crude oil Harvesting Natural Gas:
In a process known as hydraulic fracturing (aka fracking) natural gas is extracted from shale deposits deep below ground.HOW IS THIS DONE? A special blend of chemicals and water is injected deep into the ground. This fractures/breaks the shale rock which causes it to release the natural gas and forces it to the surface through a series of pipes. Whats the controversy then? Injecting unknown chemicals into the ground (not pure water) Possible groundwater contamination Not very many safeguards or long-term studies To frack Or Not to frack 11.3:Nuclear Energy NUCLEAR FISSION: The SPLITTING of the NUCLEUS of a large atom into two or more smaller nuclei. Only one kind of naturally occurring element can be used for NUCLEAR FISSION, this element is URANIUM-235. U-235 is mixed with U-238 and formed into PELLETS.
The uranium is then shaped into rods called FUEL RODS. Bundles of these FUEL RODS are bombarded by NEUTRONS. 4.When hit by a neutron, the fuel rod splits and releases neutrons and energy.
5.This starts a CHAIN REACTION and the split atoms bump into other atoms causing the fuel rods to get very HOT. 6.Water is pumped around the fuel rods to ABSORB & CARRY AWAY THE HEAT.
The resulting HOT WATER / STEAM then is used to turn TURBINES, to generate ELECTRIC energy. Nuclear reactions are contained in a controlled environment called a NUCLEAR REACTOR. DRAWBACKS: WASTE PRODUCTS, which give off dangerous radiation
the RADIATION can destroy plants and animal cells and cause harmful changes in the GENETIC MATERIAL of living cells Potential for Great Disaster MELTDOWN
2011 Fukushima, Japan Result of no cooling water due to a tsunami Radioactive water recently detected leaking into the Pacific Ocean. But that was the only time, right?
1986: Chernobyl, Russia Reactor melted down due to an unexpected power surge that resulted in an explosion. What about the risk in NC?
But surely never in the United States? 1979: Three Mile Island, PA Due to operator error, the coolant escaped which resulted in a partial meltdown. What about the risk in NC? WE ARE NUCLEAR ACCIDENT FREE!
NUCLEAR POWER IN NORTH CAROLINA WE ARE NUCLEAR ACCIDENT FREE! NUCLEAR FUSION: All of the energy that reaches the earth from the sun is produced by NUCLEAR FISSION. The NUCLEI of the smaller atom HYDROGEN are combined to create an atom of HELIUM. So What do we do? The US is less than 5% of the world population, yet we use almost 25% of the worlds energy. 11.4: ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES
Nations are looking into the use of ALTERNATE sources in order to find safe and RENEWABLE energy resources. SOLAR ENERGY: Energy from the sun DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Free Non-polluting Expensiveto purchaseequipment Notidealin alllocations Energy from the HEAT OF EARTHS INTERIOR
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Energy from the HEAT OF EARTHS INTERIOR Free Non-polluting Expensiveto purchaseequipment Notidealin alllocations Hydroelectric energy; energy from the movement of water
RUNNING WATER: DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Hydroelectric energy; energy from the movement of water Free Non-polluting Expensiveto BUILD DAMAGING TO ENVIRONMENT NOT IDEAL IN ALL LOCATIONS Energy from the movement of tides
TIDAL POWER: DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Energy from the movement of tides Free Non-polluting Expensiveto BUILD DAMAGING TO ENVIRONMENT NOT IDEAL IN ALL LOCATIONS Energy from the movement speed of the wind
WIND ENERGY: DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Energy from the movement speed of the wind Free Non-polluting Expensiveto BUILD DAMAGING TO MIGRATING BIRDS NOT IDEAL IN ALL LOCATIONS