Energy Research and Education: Energy Research and Education: An Indian PerspectiveAn Indian Perspective

Devang KhakharDevang KhakharIndian Institute of Technology BombayIndian Institute of Technology Bombay

Goals for the Indian Energy sectorGoals for the Indian Energy sector

• Provide Access to Provide Access to ““convenientconvenient”” energy services, affordable energy services, affordable• Make new technologies attractive to investorsMake new technologies attractive to investors• Develop sustainable energy systems – Climate, local Develop sustainable energy systems – Climate, local

emissions, land, wateremissions, land, water

India-Primary Energy mix 2012India-Primary Energy mix 2012

2007 24 EJ

2010 29 EJ

2012 33 EJ

Coal42%

Oil27%

NatGas6%

Biomass22%

Hydro1%

Solar/Wind1%

Nuclear1%

Share of Energy Imports - IndiaShare of Energy Imports - India

4

Crude oil + Coal

Installed power capacityInstalled power capacity

2010 : 159,650 MW

6

Cost of Electricity ($/MWh)Cost of Electricity ($/MWh)

7Bloomberg, 2014

8

Renewable Share in PowerRenewable Share in Power

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Shar

e o

f to

tal

(%)

Year

Renewable Installed Capacity

Renewable Generation

Nuclear Installed CapacityNuclear generation

Renewable installed capacity and generationRenewable installed capacity and generation

9*as on 31.07.2014 MNRE website: www.mnre.gov.in

  Installed Capacity*

Estimated Capacity factor

Estimated Generation (GWh)

(MW)

Wind 21693 14% 26604

Biomass Power 1365 70% 8371

Bagasse 2680 60% 14088

Cogeneration

Small Hydro 3826 40% 13407

Waste to Energy 133 50% 581

Solar PV 2753 19% 4582

Total 32450 25% 67634

COCO22 India Abatement Curve India Abatement Curve

Source: McKinsey

Standard Fan vs Efficient FanStandard Fan vs Efficient Fan

11

Standard Fan Efficient FanPower 70 W 35 WPrice Rs 1300 Rs 2600 BLDC motorLife: 10years Sweep 1200 mm RPM – 350-400Similar air delivery: 230 m3/min

Incandescents vs CFL vs LEDIncandescents vs CFL vs LED

12

Incandescent Compact Fluorescent Lamp LED Power 60 W 14 W 6WPrice Rs. 10 Rs. 150 Rs.1200Life : 1000 hours 8000 hours 30,000 hoursLumens/ W 12 50 120Lumen output: 700 lumens

CookstovesCookstoves

More than 50% households - solid cooking fuels (largest fraction of More than 50% households - solid cooking fuels (largest fraction of energy used)energy used)Fuel wood, Dung Cake – Low Cost, Low Efficiencies, High Emissions (PM) Fuel wood, Dung Cake – Low Cost, Low Efficiencies, High Emissions (PM) Health impact, Drudgery, collection, cooking time (cooking+ collection Health impact, Drudgery, collection, cooking time (cooking+ collection time=2000 hours/year)time=2000 hours/year)Replace stove, replace grateReplace stove, replace grate

13

Reduce fuel usage by 20%, reduce emissions, being sold by local

blacksmiths

Twisted tape swirlers in a traditional cookstoveSource: Honkalaskar (2014)

Efficient Gasifier CookstovesEfficient Gasifier Cookstoves

14

Sources : Anderson(2012)http://www.firstenergy.in

IIT Bombay HighlightsIIT Bombay Highlights

Established in 1958, foundation stone was laid by Established in 1958, foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister Jawahar Lal NehruPrime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru

The Institute has degree programmes in the The Institute has degree programmes in the fields of engineering, science, humanities and fields of engineering, science, humanities and social sciences, management and design; strong social sciences, management and design; strong research focusresearch focus

Over 46,000 students have graduated in 55 years; Over 46,000 students have graduated in 55 years; alumni have high achievements to their creditalumni have high achievements to their credit

IIT Bombay is the preferred choice for IIT Bombay is the preferred choice for engineering students – 70 of top 100 JEE rankers engineering students – 70 of top 100 JEE rankers joined IITBjoined IITB

Established in 1958, foundation stone was laid by Established in 1958, foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister Jawahar Lal NehruPrime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru

The Institute has degree programmes in the The Institute has degree programmes in the fields of engineering, science, humanities and fields of engineering, science, humanities and social sciences, management and design; strong social sciences, management and design; strong research focusresearch focus

Over 46,000 students have graduated in 55 years; Over 46,000 students have graduated in 55 years; alumni have high achievements to their creditalumni have high achievements to their credit

IIT Bombay is the preferred choice for IIT Bombay is the preferred choice for engineering students – 70 of top 100 JEE rankers engineering students – 70 of top 100 JEE rankers joined IITBjoined IITB

15

IIT Bombay StatisticsIIT Bombay Statistics

Campus Area Campus Area : 530 acres : 530 acres Faculty StrengthFaculty Strength : 578 full time, 38 : 578 full time, 38

adjunct adjunct Bachelors Degree StudentsBachelors Degree Students : 4679: 4679 Masters Degree Students Masters Degree Students : 2302 : 2302

Doctoral Degree StudentsDoctoral Degree Students : 2622: 2622 Total No. of Students Total No. of Students : 9608 (5800 : 9608 (5800 in 2009) in 2009)

Campus Area Campus Area : 530 acres : 530 acres Faculty StrengthFaculty Strength : 578 full time, 38 : 578 full time, 38

adjunct adjunct Bachelors Degree StudentsBachelors Degree Students : 4679: 4679 Masters Degree Students Masters Degree Students : 2302 : 2302

Doctoral Degree StudentsDoctoral Degree Students : 2622: 2622 Total No. of Students Total No. of Students : 9608 (5800 : 9608 (5800 in 2009) in 2009)

16

ProgrammesProgrammes

17

IIT Bombay ResearchIIT Bombay Research

• Academic entities:Academic entities:– Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDepartment of Energy Science and Engineering– Centre for Environmental Science and EngineeringCentre for Environmental Science and Engineering– Centre for Climate StudiesCentre for Climate Studies– National Centre for Photovoltaic Research and EducationNational Centre for Photovoltaic Research and Education– Centre for Technology Applications for Rural AreasCentre for Technology Applications for Rural Areas

• Collaborations: Washington University/MAGEEPCollaborations: Washington University/MAGEEP– SERIIUS: Indo-US Clean Energy Centre for Clean EnergySERIIUS: Indo-US Clean Energy Centre for Clean Energy– Indo-US Clean Energy Centre for BiofuelsIndo-US Clean Energy Centre for Biofuels– Clean coal researchClean coal research– AerosolsAerosols– Clean water/clean airClean water/clean air

MEMEEEEEChEChEAeroAeroCHCHPHPHBIOBIO

OthersOthers

GovtGovt.

IndustryIndustry

SocietySociety

Academic ProgrammesPh.DM.TechM.Sc-Ph.DB.Tech-M.Tech

Research

DESE DESE

-Advisory Role

-Capacity Building

-FundingOutreach Awareness Demonstration

Associated Faculty

- Technology transfer

- Manpower

Sponsored projects Sponsored StudentsSponsored Labs CEP

IIT Bombay Department of Energy StudiesIIT Bombay Department of Energy Studies

National Solar Thermal Power FacilityNational Solar Thermal Power Facility

20

Thermal Storage

Solar Field

Expansion Vessel

Heat Exchanger

Generator

Condenser

Turbine

PumpPump

Cooling Water Circuit

Water/ Steam Loop

Thermic Oil Loop

CLFR Direct Steam

Schematic of 1 MW Solar Power PlantSimulator snapshot

Parabolic Trough Solar Field Linear Fresnel Reflector Solar Field at Gwalpahari site

Consortium Members

KIE Solatherm

21

22

User Interface: Main Window

23

National Centre for Photovoltaic Research and EducationNational Centre for Photovoltaic Research and Education

• Energy, Semiconductors, Materials and Power Electronics converge

• Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

• Start October 2010, funding from the Government of $ 10 mn for 5 years

• Interdisciplinary 51 faculty from 13 Departments

• Solar cells, new materials, power electronics, grid connection, rural deployment and policy issues

• Reach out to other educational institutions via distance education (web- and satellite-based)

Facilities for NCPREFacilities for NCPRE

• Excellent facilities already exist at IIT Bombay for silicon fabrication, power Excellent facilities already exist at IIT Bombay for silicon fabrication, power electronics and solar cells:electronics and solar cells:

• State-of-the-art new facilities will be set up through the funding of NCPREState-of-the-art new facilities will be set up through the funding of NCPRE

Furnaces Implantater Mask Aligner RTP Anneal Solar Cell Tester

Gate Stack Tool Solar Modules Power Electronics

Role of the Porous Oxide Layer: Transport and Defect density

Control over the porosity and reducing defects

oxide

Adsorber

ms

VB

CB

Barrier

Barrier

ca. 10-11 S

Interface modifications:Faster charge separation,

Lowering back recombinationpassivation

From Adsorption to Conformal DepositionReduced back recombination and surface passivation

Photovoltaics ResearchPhotovoltaics Research

Underground Coal GasificationUnderground Coal Gasification

– Characterisation of Indian coals and Characterisation of Indian coals and correlating them to their suitability to correlating them to their suitability to UCGUCG

– Mathematical modelling of UCG to Mathematical modelling of UCG to predictpredict• Composition of gasesComposition of gases• Rate of coal utilisation,Rate of coal utilisation,• Amount of coal utilisableAmount of coal utilisable• Support in designing of the wellSupport in designing of the well

Fixed Bed Reactor for Study of Underground Coal Gasification

SVO fuelled engine Village electrification - Orissa CII most innovative award 2010

BiofuelsBiofuels

Heat Pumps for Energy EfficiencyHeat Pumps for Energy Efficiency

Heat Pump Laboratory, IITB 29 of 50

Installations at McDonalds, Mahindra & Mahindra , Worli Dairy, Hotel Faryaz, Club Mahindra, ENT Clinic, Homes, Hostel, etc

BiomassBiomassResearch Outputs

Gasifier cum CSNL recovery unit for cashew nut shells

Batch type charcoal making unit from bamboo and other solid biomass – Technology Transfer

Catalytic cracker for updraft gasifier

Supercritical fluid extraction techniques for extraction of phenols from biomass

Testing Facilities for Gasifiers (GARP)

Updraft Gasifier for Steel Re-rolling – Technology Transfer

Development of clean-up systems for tar & particulate in producer gas for gasifiers

Updraft gasifier with catalytic cracker (A Ganesh, ESE)

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

10000.0

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Gasifier: Downdraft (Wood)Impactor : MOUDI

Particle sizes in producer gas (V Sethi,CESE)

Updraft Gasifier Steel re-rolling Raipur (PP Parikh, ME)

Biochar unit at Timarpur (A. Ganesh, DESE)

Fuel Cells and HydrogenFuel Cells and HydrogenResearch Outputs

Leak testing of fuel cells ,Current density distribution measurement,

Designing of bipolar plate and flow field, Sealing geometry by contact pressure distributions, CFD modeling of fuel cells, MEA fabrication

Complex metal hydrides for solid hydrogen storage

Direct methane fuel cell wherein low temp oxidation of methane is carried out

Analysis of biological hydrogen production

Fuel cell test station

INLET

OUTLET

AIR

AIR

H2

H2

Current density distributions

P C Isotherm: For H2 storage behavior of material

32Source: A. Sarkar, ETV 2035

Proposal for New Energy Storage Centre IIT Bombay

Process Integration for Resource ConservationProcess Integration for Resource Conservation

• Development of methodologies for conservation of various Development of methodologies for conservation of various resourses: Energy, water, hydrogen, man-power, money, etc.resourses: Energy, water, hydrogen, man-power, money, etc.

• Integration of various processes, equipments, etc: Integration of various processes, equipments, etc: Distillation column, heat exchanger networks, mass Distillation column, heat exchanger networks, mass exchanger networks, resources allocation networks, etc.exchanger networks, resources allocation networks, etc.

• Design and optimization of isolated energy systemsDesign and optimization of isolated energy systems

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 10 100 1000 10000Rated Power(Pr), kW

Rot

or D

iam

eter

, m

B=0 kWh B=0.5 kWh B=5.5 kWh B=12.5 kWh B=20 kWh

Min

imu

m R

ate

d P

ow

e r

lim

it =

2 k

W

Maximum diameter limit = 40m

Minimum diameter limit

optimum configuration(2.2 kW, 7.36m)

Physical design space

(1680 kW, 80.7 kWh)

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230

Collector area,m2

sto

rag

e v

olu

me,m

3

a

b

m o

operating region

Load temperature constraint

volume limits for given area Area limits for given

volume

Maximum temp.constraint (100°C)

Minimum Area

Minimum Volume

DST Centre for Excellence and Interdisciplinary Programme in

Climate StudiesInterdisciplinary Programme in

Climate Studies

To build long-term scientific capacity and systems for study of regional climate change and climate futures.

To provide critical assessments to support governmental policy and decision response to climate change effects on air and water resources, climate mitigation and adaptation measures.

Mitigationpolicies

Adaptationpolicies

Climate change processes, dynamics and impacts

•Aerosol transport, radiative processes, cloud processes.•Climate extremes and factors affecting the Indian monsoon.•Impacts on key systems i.e. urban/ coastal hydrology, drought.•Costal flooding & sea level rise.

Energy-use emissions, technology assessment and

mitigation •Carbon mitigation potential of bioenergy alternatives and national biofuel policy.•Multi-criteria assessment and evaluation of energy technology choice.•Sectoral assessments and strategies.

Vulnerability assessment and adaptation policy

•Climate change and its impact on cities.•Water Allocation Planning and Decentralized Governance•Low carbon and development.•Natural disaster and human impacts.•Climate sensitive sectors and poverty.

National responsesto climate change

Modelling climate change processes/impacts

Emission scenarios

Priorit

izing

polic

y int

erve

ntion

and

actio

n

Under

stan

ding

adap

tatio

n ne

eds

and

polic

ies

Improved

understanding

of hazard

Identification of

sectors and

regions

a b c

d e f

Climate Extremes: Pre- and post-1950 trend analysis and change point analysis for extreme rainfall (in terms of extreme volume ) over India

LongitudeMore CCN formation

Higher stratiform CDNC

Increases stratiform cloud

lifetime

Present day aerosol

emissions

Large indirect forcing

Reduced convective instability

Surface cooling

Reduced convective and total rainfall

BC atmospheric warming

Climate change processes: Aerosol indirect forcing reduces convection and convective rainfall

Stability

• Jaisalmer and Jodhpur are the most Jaisalmer and Jodhpur are the most vulnerablevulnerable

• Pune is the least vulnerable followed Pune is the least vulnerable followed byby– MumbaiMumbai– DelhiDelhi– BangaloreBangalore

• Metropolitan cities (except Chennai) Metropolitan cities (except Chennai) seem to be on the lower end of seem to be on the lower end of vulnerabilityvulnerability

• Technological and financial indices Technological and financial indices vary significantly among the selected vary significantly among the selected citiescities

• But cities are comparable in terms of But cities are comparable in terms of their social and infrastructure indices.their social and infrastructure indices.

Climate vulnerability: Index for major cities of India, spider diagram Climate vulnerability: Index for major cities of India, spider diagram indicating the important component indicesindicating the important component indices

Green Campus InitiativeGreen Campus Initiative

• Solar thermal hot water systems in student hostels: 5 systems of Solar thermal hot water systems in student hostels: 5 systems of 2500 Litres/day2500 Litres/day

• Solar PV lightingSolar PV lighting• Heat PumpsHeat Pumps• Water RecyclingWater Recycling• Green BuildingsGreen Buildings• Vermiculture facilityVermiculture facility• Electronic waste disposal schemeElectronic waste disposal scheme

DSM – Effect on load profilesDSM – Effect on load profiles

Main Building – IIT load profiles

1 MW Solar Plant – IIT Bombay1 MW Solar Plant – IIT Bombay

41http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20140128287038.htm

Electric Vehicle - EvoElectric Vehicle - Evo

42

EVo 3.0 at Silverstone, UK 2014

Evo 1 Evo 2

200 kg, Top speed 100 kmph60kW peak, LiPo battery0-60 in 2.5s

TEAM SHUNYASOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014

43

House in Versailles – 26th June, 2014House in Versailles – 26th June, 2014

Team Shunya

70 students 13 disciplines 12 faculty

Summing UpSumming Up India – significant growth in energy services needed Predominantly coal based - Renewable share expected to grow Technology development and R & D for cost effective renewables,

clean coal, energy efficiency Need for capacity building – energy engineers / scientists IIT Bombay – New programmes – Energy, Environment (Climate

change research) Campus as a energy technology demonstration and deployment hub Leadership - shaping state and national policies, implementation Global education and research linkages:

Solar Energy Clean coal Biomass – cook stoves