energy model pemfc ntedd hcmv 16 dec 2008
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
1/14
1
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Fuel CellsEnergy Modelling
Bond Graph
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Fuel cells
SOFC Stack
Stack PEMFC(1)
Works at 80C
SOFC Stack
at high
temprature
> 700 C
1 cell delivers very low voltage (0.7V)
serie connexion of mise en srie de Ns cells (Ns100) STACK
membraneBipolar plate
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
2/14
2
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
AFC
PEMFC
PAFC
MCFC
SOFC
70-100C
70-100C
150-210C
600-800C
850-1100C
basses T
> 550C
OH-
CO32-
O22-
H+
alcalin
polymre
acidephosphorique
carbonate fondu
oxyde solide
< 200C
hautesT
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2O
H2O
H2OCO2
O2
O2
O2
O2
H2O
CO2
H2, H2O, CO2
Fuel : H2, (+C02 si MCFC)
O2, N2, H2O,
CO2
OXYDANT: O2, (+N2 si air) (+C02 si MCFC)
e-
FC name
Electrolyte Charges nature
Different types
of fuel cells
Temprature
+ Cogeneration
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
PEM Fuel CELL
Electricity
heatH2 + 1/2 02 H20
inverse electrolysis
water
Efficiency > 50 %
Show video
+
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
3/14
3
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Diffusion losses
Activation losses
Conduction losses
Electric
energyElectrochemical conversionChemical
energy
Electric
generator
or receptor
External environment = chemical and thermal energy stored
External
storings
Air,
oxygen
Thermal
use
Internal
storings
Flux of matter
(oxider, reductor, electrolyte)
Entropy fluxes
Thermal flux
2 internal storage
Electric double layer
flux electric charges
Electrochemical
component
Internal thermal storage
Energy modelling of electrochemical device
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Energy appr oachEnergy appr oach
Bond Graph principlesBond Graph principles
Energy exchanges within a system are described by bonds which reEnergy exchanges within a system are described by bonds which represent power exchanges.present power exchanges.
eeenergy object11
energy object
22ff
eeenergy object11
energy object
22ff
EffortEffort eeand flowand flowffhave different interpretations in the different fields of physihave different interpretations in the different fields of physics.cs.
ds/dt: Entropy flow (J.K-1.s-1)T: Temperature (K)Thermal
dq/dt: Volume flow (m3.s-1)P: Pressure (Pa)Hydraulic
dn/dt: Molar flow (mol.s-1): Chemical potential (J.mol-1)Chemical
V: Velocity (m.s-1)F: Force (N)Mechanical
i: Current (A)v: Voltage (V)Electrical
f: flow (unit)e: Effort (unit)System
The causal bar indicates the effort direction.The causal bar indicates the effort direction.
p = e . f power
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
4/14
4
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Energy appr oachEnergy appr oach
Bond Graph elementsBond Graph elements
Only a limited number of elements are necessary to describe theOnly a limited number of elements are necessary to describe the majority of systems:majority of systems:
An elementAn element RSRS (entropy production) can be used for coupling to a thermal part of the model.can be used for coupling to a thermal part of the model.
Environment
Flow source
SSff
EnvironmentEffort source
SSee
Potential storage
Capacitance
CC: c
Inertial storage
Inductance
II: i
Dissipation
Friction
Resistance
RR: r
Equation without causalityRepresentsElement
0 rfe
0dt
dfie
0dt
decf
cste
cstf
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Energy appr oachEnergy appr oach
Bond Graph junctionsBond Graph junctions
The exchanges between several elements or different fields of phThe exchanges between several elements or different fields of physicsysics
are implemented through junctions:are implemented through junctions:
GyratorGY
TransformerTF
Equality of efforts0
Equality of flows1
EquationRepresentsJunction
i
ie 0
i
if 0
1221 , rffree
1221 , rferfe
Causal rules:Causal rules:
only one element can fix the flow through a 1only one element can fix the flow through a 1 --junction ;junction ;
only one element can fix the effort through a 0only one element can fix the effort through a 0--junction.junction.
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
5/14
5
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
EE: battery open: battery open--circuit voltagecircuit voltage
Electrochemical conversion and energy storageElectrochemical conversion and energy storage
Electrochemical conversionElectrochemical conversion
--G (J .molG (J .mol--11))
J (mol.sJ (mol.s--11))
E (V)E (V)
I (A)I (A)TFTF
Chemical fieldChemical field Electrical fieldElectrical field
GG: free enthalpy variation: free enthalpy variation
II: current in the battery: current in the battery
JJ: molar flow of lithium ions: molar flow of lithium ions
nn: number of lithium ions moles exchanged for one mole of electro: number of lithium ions moles exchanged for one mole of electrons (n=1)ns (n=1)
FF: Faraday constant: Faraday constant
nF
GE
JnFI
nF
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Electricity
Fuel Cell
ElectrolyserH2
H2
H2O2
O2
O2
Heat
Fuel Cell
ElectrolyserH2
H2
H2O2
O2
O2
Heat
H2
O2
H2
O
HEAT
Principle of a H2/O2 Regenerative Fuel Cell RFC or URFC (Unitized )
Reversible eco-fuel / electricit y storage systems
System equivalent to a battery but decoupling ENERGY and POWER
H2 / O2 but also many other redox couples
(redox flow batteries, metal air fuel cells)
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
6/14
6
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Li t h iumLi t h ium--ion batt ery operat ion pr incip leion batt ery operat ion pr incip le
Elect rochemical pr ocessElect rochemical pr ocess
ionsLi ee--
LoadLoadII
zezLiH'LiH' LiHzezLiH
H'material
Insertion
Hmaterial
Insertion
material
conductor
Li
ionsLi ee--
LoadLoadIIII
zezLiH'LiH' LiHzezLiH
H'material
Insertion
Hmaterial
Insertion
material
conductor
Li
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Li t h iumLi t h ium--ion batt ery modelion bat t ery model
Electrochemical conversion and energy storageElectrochemical conversion and energy storage
Energy storageEnergy storage
GG: free enthalpy variation: free enthalpy variation
GG00: reference free enthalpy variation: reference free enthalpy variation
GGstoragestorage: available amount of chemical stored energy: available amount of chemical stored energy
--G (J .molG (J .mol--11))
J (mol.sJ (mol.s--11))
E (V)E (V)
I (A)I (A)TFTF11
--GG00 (J .mol(J .mol--11))
J (mol.sJ (mol.s--11))
J(mol.s
J(mol.s--11))
--GG
storage
storage
(J.mol
(J.mol--11))
CCstoragestorage
--GG00nF
storage
0GGG
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
7/14
7
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Li t h iumLi th ium--ion batt ery modelion batt ery model
Activation and doubleActivation and double--layer phenomenalayer phenomena
Activation phenomenonActivation phenomenon
f
actact
IR
RRactact: linear activation resistance: linear activation resistance
actact: voltage drop due to activation phenomenon: voltage drop due to activation phenomenon
IIff: faradic current: faradic current
Li
Li
Li
Li
e
e
e
e
I
fI
dlI
Electrochemicaldouble-layer
Reactive process
Double layer capacitor
ElectrolyteElectrode
DoubleDouble--layer phenomenonlayer phenomenon
CCdldl
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Proprits compares des moyens de stockage
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
8/14
8
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Proprits compares des moyens de stockage
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Electricity - hydrogen reversible transformation,
two energy carriers with complementary properties
Electricity
(Solare, )
Flux carrier
Hydrogen
energy
Stock carrier
Electrolyser
I (A)
V (volt)
210,5 1,5
I (A)
Fuel cell
HYDROGEN + OXYGEN
Electrolyser
Fuel Cell
WATER + ELECTRICITY + HEAT HYDROGEN + OXYGEN
Electrolyser
Fuel Cell
WATER + ELECTRICITY + HEAT HYDROGEN + OXYGEN
Electrolyser
Fuel Cell
WATER + ELECTRICITY + HEAT
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
9/14
9
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Thierry ALLEAU
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
10/14
10
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Thierry ALLEAU
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Thierry ALLEAU
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
11/14
11
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Centrale 250 kW PEM
Ballard Power Systems
Centrale domestique
7 kW PEM Plug Power
Stationary
Electricity
and
Heat
Cogeneration
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
12/14
12
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
THE HYDROGENE FUEL
What sources of hydrogen ?
What storage devices and tanks ?
What specifical energies ?
A stock energy carrier
stored in a tank as gazoline
Energies spcifiques des combustibles
Meilleurs accumulateurs
actuels ( Li-ion)
150 Wh/kg
Essence
10 000 Wh/kg
Hydrogne
30 000 Wh/kg
Uranium
116 106 Wh/kg
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
H2gaz300
bars
H2gaz700
bars
H2liquide
Gaznat200
bars
Gaznatliqu
Mthanol
Essence
S
0
5
1 0
1 52 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
Specific energies of hydrogen storage devices
Energby volume
Energy by mass
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
13/14
13
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Thierry ALLEAU
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
Thierry ALLEAU
-
7/29/2019 Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd Hcmv 16 Dec 2008
14/14
Stphan Astier, 11/2008
A training device for a future power chain
Solar energy, Hydrogen, Electricity
Photographie NASA Aerovironment 2002