energy meter report2

8/3/2019 Energy Meter Report2

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REMOTE ENERGY METER MONITORING

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this project is to remote monitor the Domestic Energy

meter. This system enables the Electricity Department to read the meter

readings regularly without the person visiting each house. This can be

achieved by the use of a microcontroller unit that monitors and records

the Energy Meter readings.

The conventional meter reading system for electricity is that an assigned

person visits each house and read the meter readings manually. Then the

collected meter readings are used for bill calculation. This manual

process can become very time consuming and tiresome. It can cause

human error and can open an opportunity for corruption done by the

human meter reader. Thus the conventional meter reading system can

become inaccurate and inefficient.

This Microcontroller based system records the energy meter

readings and the live meter reading can be sent to the Electricity

department on request.

SARABHAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1


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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Transmitter Section

Receiver Section



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BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Transmitter section:

1. Phone

2. Decoder

3. Microcontroller

4. Energy meter

5. Encoder

Receiver section:

1. Phone

2. Decoder

3. Microcontroller

4. LCD

TRANSMITTER SECTION

PHONE: Either a land phone or a mobile phone can be used.If we are

using a mobile phone we can connect it to the circuit using the head set.

DECODER: It is used for DTMF to BCD conversion. It converts the

incoming DTMF signals from phone into BCD format.

We are using a HT9170 Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) decoder. It

is integrated with digital decoder and band split filter functions. The

HT9170 series decoders use digital counting techniques to detect and

decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output.Highly

accurate switched capacitor filters are employed to divide tone (DTMF)



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signals into low and high group signals.A built-in dial tone rejection

circuit is provided to eliminate the need for pre-filtering.

FEATURES:

Operating voltage: 2.5V~5.5V

Minimal external components

No external filter is required

Low standby current (on power down mode)

Excellent performance

Tristate data output for C interface

3.58MHz crystal or ceramic resonator

1633Hz can be inhibited by the INH pin

18-pin DIP package

MICROCONTROLLER: Microcontroller takes reading from energy meter

when the decoder output is a specified code.It is considered as the heart of

our project.we are using an AT89C51 microcontroller.

A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the

CPU), non-volatile memory for the program (ROM or flash), volatile

memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit.

Also called a "computer on a chip," billions of microcontroller units

(MCUs) are embedded each year in a myriad of products from toys to

appliances to automobiles. For example, a single vehicle can use 70 or

more microcontrollers.



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The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash

memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density

nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-

standard 80C52 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the

program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional

nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU

with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel

AT89C51 is a powerful microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible

and cost-effective solution to many, embedded control applications. The

AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,

256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three

16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full

duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. The hardware is

driven by a set of program instructions, or software.

The following are some of the capabilities of 8051 microcontroller.

Internal ROM and RAM

I/O ports with programmable pins

Timers and counters

Serial data communication



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The pin diagram of the 8051 shows all of the input/output pins unique to

microcontrollers:



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The 8051 architecture consists of these specific features:

16 bit PC &data pointer (DPTR).

8 bit program status word (PSW).

8 bit stack pointer (SP).

Internal ROM 4k .

Internal RAM of 128 bytes.

4 register banks, each containing 8 registers.

80 bits of general purpose data memory.

32 input/output pins arranged as four 8 bit ports: P0-P3.

Two 16 bit timer/counters: T0-T1.

Two external and three internal interrupt sources Oscillator and

clock circuits.

ENERGY METER: An energy meter is designed to measure the total

electrical energy consumed in a house, usually in kilowatt-hour

(kWh).Digital energy meter is used. It is connected to the ports of

microcontroller.

A counter can be used in place of energy meter for demonstration

purpose.In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores

(and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or

process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal.

ENCODER: Encodes the energy meter reading taken by the

microcontroller AND SENDS IT TO THE PHONE. UM91214 is used .It

is a single chip, silicon gate ,CMOS integrated circuit. It provides dialing

pulse(DP) or DTMF dialing.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal


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FEATURES

One touch redial operation

32 digit capacity for redialing

DTMF timing:

Wide operating voltage range:2v to 5.5v

Uses inexpensive ceramic resonator{3.58mhz}

Two versions for different telephone systems

Built in power up reset circuit

Four extra function keys: flash,pause,redial,and DP (Dialing pulse) or

DTMF (dual tone multiple frequency) mixed dialing

Four by four (or 2 of 8 )keyboard can be used

Low standby current

RECEIVER SECTION

MICROCONTROLLER: At the electricity board it is connected to

LCD where the reading is displayed.

DECODER: Converts the DTMF signal from phone into

BCD format.

LCD: The energy meter reading is displayed on the LC display.



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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

POWER SUPPLY

POWER SUPPLY

The components of a power supply are: rectifier, filter and voltage

regulator .A rectifier converts the a.c. supply voltage to pulsating d.c. The

filter circuit removes the a.c. component present in the rectified output so

that steady d.c. voltage is obtained. A voltage regulator is used to obtain

constant d.c. voltage irrespective of changes in a.c. mains or load.

Positive voltage regulator -7805

It provides an easy way to regulate DC voltages to 5v.



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It is encapsulated in a single chip/package (IC).It has only 3 terminals,

namely: Input voltage, Ground, Output Voltage. It is primarily designed

for a fixed-voltage output (5V).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TRANSMITTER SECTION

RECEIVER SECTION

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

TRANSMITTER SECTION

The micro controller controls the overall working of our circuit as

per the code embedded in it and hence it can be considered as the heart of

our project.

When the concerned person at KSEB side wishes to get the meter

reading of a consumer, he/she dials the consumers dedicated mobile

number. The mobile in auto answer mode connects the call and the caller

has to press a specified code say * key once. The DTMF decoderHT9170 decodes the data and feds it to the microcontroller. The

controller upon getting the DTMF verified signal compares the data and

if the data is for key * then it reads the energy meter/counter output

through port 0. After reading the data the controller switches on the

corresponding row and column of the encoder chip UM91215B through

the electronic switch CD4066.

For example suppose the read value is 48 then we have to send the

value 4 and 8 to the caller side. For this the controller makes k4 high first

and then makes K8 high. For this controller makes the pin P2.3 high first

and then the pin P2.7. When K4 is made high the corresponding

electronic switch U7B gets activated and this in-turn shorts row 2 and



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column 1 of encoder chip and hence the DTMF tone corresponding for

key 4 gets generated and like this when K8 is made high the

corresponding electronic switch U6C gets activated and this in-turn

shorts row 3 and column 2 of encoder chip and hence the DTMF tone

corresponding for key 8 gets generated. These tones are transmitted

through the mobile phone.

RECEIVER SECTION

The circuit at the receiver section i.e. the electricity board office

consists of a Phone, a Decoder, and a Microcontroller unit and a LCD

screen. The DTMF tone generated at the consumer side is transmitted

through mobile phone headset and it is received by the office telephone.

The DTMF tone received by office telephone is decoded using a

DTMF decoder. The decoder IC used here is HT9170. This is used to

convert the DTMF tone received at office telephone to corresponding

BCD. The BCD output pin is connected to the input port of

microcontroller. Here the microcontroller used is AT89C51. The

microcontroller present in the receiver side reads the incoming data. The

microcontroller output is in BCD form.

The BCD output is connected to the seven segment display driver

and output is connected to the terminals of LCD display. The output of

LCD thus displays the consumers meter reading.



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SOFTWARE

ALGORITHM

1. DTMF output pins, DTMF verifier pin (pin no:15) and the energy

meter output is connected to the ports of microcontroller.

2. Check whether the DTMF verifier pin is high. If it is high read the

DTMF output.

3. If the DTMF output is a specified code then read the content of

energy meter or else go to step 2.

4. The meter reading is then transmitted to the encoder by shorting

the required column and row.

PROGRAM

PROGRAM FOR READING ENERGY METER CONTENT

Org 100

L1: jnb p0.0, L1

Mov r0, p1

Anl r0, #0fh

Cjne r0, #01h, l1

Mov r1, p2

Cjne r1, #00h, l1

Setb p3.0



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Lcall delay

Clr p3.0

L3: cjne r1, #01h, l4

Setb p3.1

Lcall delay

Clr p3.3

L4: cjne r1, #02h, l5

Setb p3.2

Lcall delay

Clr p3.2

L5: cjne r1, #03h, l6

Setb p3.3

Lcall delay

Clr p3.3

L6: cjne r1,#04h,l7

Setb p3.4

Lcall delay

Clr p3.4

L7: cjne r1, #05h,l8

Setb p3.5

Lcall delay

Clr p3.5



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L8: cjne r1, #06h, l9

Setb p3.6

Lcall delay

Clr p3.6

L9: cjne r1, #07h, l10

Setb p3.7

Lcall delay

Clr p3.7

L10: cjne r1, #08h, l11

Setb p0.1

Lcall delay

Clr p0.1

L11: cjne r1, #09h, l12

Setb p0.2

Lcall delay

Clr p0.2

L12: sjmp, l1

Delay: mov r2, #05h

W: djnz r2, w

RET

PROGRAM FOR DISPLAYING THE ENERGY METER READING ON

THE LCD DISPLAY



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Org 100h

wait:jnb p1.7,wait

mov a,p1

anl a,#01h

lcall check

wait1:jnb p1.7,wait1

mov a,p2

L1: jnb p0.0, L1

Mov r0, p1

Anl r0, #0fh

Cjne r0, #01h, l1

Mov r1, p2

Cjne r1, #00h, l1

Setb p3.0

Lcall delay

Clr p3.0

L3: cjne r1, #01h, l

Setb p3.1

Lcall delay

Clr p3.3

L4: cjne r1, #02h, l5

Setb p3.2



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Lcall delay

Clr p3.2

L5: cjne r1, #03h, l6

Setb p3.3

Lcall delay

clr p3.3

L6: cjne r1,#04h,l7

Setb p3.4

Lcall delay

Clr p3.4

L7: cjne r1, #05h,l8

Setb p3.5

Lcall delay

Clr p3.5

L8: cjne r1, #06h, l9

Setb p3.6

Lcall delay

Clr p3.6

L9: cjne r1, #07h, l10

Setb p3.7

Lcall delay

Clr p3.7



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L10: cjne r1, #08h, l11

Setb p0.1

Lcall delay

Clr p0.1

L11: cjne r1, #09h, l12

Setb p0.2

Lcall delay

Clr p0.2

L12: sjmp, l1

Delay: mov r2, #05h

W: djnz r2, w

display:a call ready

mov p,a

set p3.2

clr p3.3

setb p3.4

clr p3.4

RET

ready:clr p3.4

mov p1,#0ffh

clr p3.2

setb p3.3



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wait:clr p3.4

setb p3.4

clr p3.4

RET END

PCB FABRICATION AND SOLDERING

PCB fabrication involves the following steps:

1. The layout of the PCB is drawn on ORCAD.This is transferred to

a Mylar sheet.This sheet is touched with black ink.

2. The solder side of the Mylar sheet is placed on the shiny side of

the five star sheets and is placed in a frame.It is then exposed to

sunlight.

3. The exposed five star data sheet is put in hydrogen peroxide

solution. It is then put in hot water and shook till unexposed

region becomes transparent.

4. This is then put in cold water and then the rough side is stuck on

to the silk screen. This is then pressed and dried well.

5. The plastic sheet of the five star sheets is removed leaving the

pattern on the screen.

6. A copper clad is cut to size and cleaned. This is placed under the

screen.



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7. Acid resistant ink is spread on the screen so that pattern of the

tracks and pad is obtained on the copper clad sheet. It is dried.

8. The dried sheet is then etched using ferric chloride solution till all

the unwanted copper is etched away.

9. The unwanted resist ink is removed using the sodium hydroxide

solution. Holes are then drilled.

SOLDERING

Soldering is the process of joining two or more similar or dissimilar

metals by using a low melting point metal or alloy with the joining

surfaces.

SOLDERING EQUIPMENTS

SOLDER: Solder is used for joining two or more metals at temperaturesbelow their melting point. The popularly used solders are the alloys of tin

(60%) and lead (40%) that melts at 190 degree Celsius and solidifies

when it cools. Most of the solder wires are flux cored type. When such

soldering wires are used, no extra soldering flux is needed.

FLUX: In order to make the surface accept the solder readily, the

component terminal should be free from oxides and other obstructing

films.The soldering flux cleans the oxides from the metal surface. The

leads should be cleaned chemically or by abrasion using blades or knives.

SOLDERING IRON: It is the tool used to melt the solder and apply at

the joints in the circuit. It operates in 230V A.C supply. The power



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ratings of the soldering iron are 10W, 25W, 35W,65W, 125W etc. The

iron bit at the tip of it gets heated up within a few minutes.

SOLDERING GUN: It is a gun shaped soldering tool used especially

when more heat is required. Its trigger is a switch that controls the A.C

voltage to the bit.

SOLDERING STATION: It is equipment that provides an iron and a

control console that controls the temperature. The tip temperature is

maintained by a feed back control loop.

SOLDERING PROCESS

1. Make the layout of the components in the circuit. Plug in the cord

of the soldering iron into the main to get it heated.

2. Straighten and clean the component lead using a blade or a knife.

Apply a little flux on the leads. Take a little solder on the

soldering iron and apply the molten solder on the leads. Care

must be taken to avoid the components getting heated up.

3. Mount the components on the PCB by bending the leads of the

components. Use nose pliers.

4. Apply flux on the joints. Soldering must be done in minimum

time to avoid dry soldering and heating up of the components.

5. Wash the residue using water and brush.



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PCB LAYOUT

MC CARD

GSM SWITCHING CARD



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APPLICATIONS

The remote meter monitoring system can be used to determine the meter

reading of industrial areas where human entry is restricted. It can also be

used to obtain the meter reading of far off places where the officials are

difficult to reach.



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ADVANTAGES

The advantages in using remote energy meter monitoring system are:

No human intervention, hence the chances of human errors and

corruption are less.

Adverse weather conditions like heavy rain, snowfall etc will not

hamper on collecting data.

Periodic trips to each physical location to read the meter is not

needed. Hence the travelling expense of utility providers is reduced.

Increased speed of meter reading.

Billing can be made based on near real time consumption. Hence

more accurate.

There are a number of advantages in using a cellular network for data

transmission. A few are sited below:

Utilizing an existing cellular network for data transportation

requires no additional equipment or software, resulting in significant

saving of both time and capital.

Cellular technology utilizes an encryption technique to prevent an

outside source from receiving the transmitted data.

The cellular network provides full two-way communication

between transmitter and receiver.



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LIST OF COMPONENTS

MICROCONTROLLER IC-AT89C51

ENCODER IC-UM91214B.

DECODER IC-HT9170.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC 7805

ELECTRONIC SWITCH- CD 4066

LC DISPLAY

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

RESISTORS

CAPACITORS



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CONCLUSION

Accurate measurement of energy meter reading is possible and also the

chances of human errors and corruption can be avoided using our project.

With the help of GSM modem SMS based energy meter reading can be

taken. Solar powered energy meter monitoring systems can be used.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Program Interfacing 8051 Microcontroller - Kennath.J.Ayala

8051 Microcontroller -M.A.Mazidi & J.G Mazidi.

www.electronicsforyou.com

www.fairchildsemi.com

www.datasheetcatalog.com

www.wikipedia.com

Embedtronics, http://www.embedtronics.com,2005

Archnet, http://www.archnet.com,2007



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