energy, environment, hydrogen: a case for fuel cellshydrogen in history the hindenburg explosion,...
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Energy, Environment, Hydrogen: Energy, Environment, Hydrogen: A Case For Fuel CellsA Case For Fuel Cells
Why Do We Need Energy?Why Do We Need Energy?
Heating/Cooking
Transportation
Manufacturing
What Energy Sources Have We What Energy Sources Have We Used Over Time?Used Over Time?
Why Do We Care About Finding New Why Do We Care About Finding New Sources of Energy?Sources of Energy?
Cost
Environment
Abundance
Energy Security
Energy Usage: Today and TomorrowEnergy Usage: Today and TomorrowNet World Energy Consumption, 1980-2020
0.00
100.00
200.00
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400.00
500.00
600.00
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Year
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion,
Qua
ds
Current Linear Growth in Energy Consumption is ~ 2%
At that rate, world energy needs will double in 35 years
Who is Using all this Energy?Who is Using all this Energy?World Energy Consumption, 2004
USA23%
Canada3%
Mexico1%
Central and S. America
5%
Europe and Eurasia
29%
Middle East3%
Africa3%
Asia33% The United States consumes 23% of the The United States consumes 23% of the
worldworld’’s energy productions energy production
Q:HowQ:How do we get all this energy?do we get all this energy?
Where Does Energy Come From?Where Does Energy Come From?
Energy Sources, 2004 (World)
Oil37%
Natural Gas24%
Coal27%
Nuclear6%
Hydro6%
Energy Sources, 2004 (USA)
Oil40%
Natural Gas25%
Coal24%
Nuclear8%
Hydro3%
Where Does Energy Come From?Where Does Energy Come From?
• 89% of the world’s energy consumption is produced from Fossil Fuels– Coal: Burn for electricity, heat– Natural Gas: Burn for electricity, heat– Oil: Refine into Kerosene, Gasoline, Jet Fuel
• Burned or combusted for electricity, heat or mechanical energy (automobile engine)
The VAST MAJORITY of our energy is obtained by burning fossil fuThe VAST MAJORITY of our energy is obtained by burning fossil fuels!els!
Energy from OilEnergy from Oil
Distribution of Proven Oil Reserves, 2004 (BP)
North America5% Russian Federation
6%Venezuala
7%
UAE8%
Kuwait8%
Iraq10%
Iran11%
Saudi Arabia22%
Total World Reserves of Petroleum (Oil) : 162 billion tonnes, or 6500 quads.
If 40% of world’s energy consumption comes from Oil, current proven oil reserves will be gone by 2035.
Energy from Natural GasEnergy from Natural GasTotal World Reserves of Natural Gas : 180 Trillion m3, or 6500 quads.
If 25% of world’s energy consumption comes from Natural Gas, current proven reserves will be gone by 2045.
Distribution of Proven Natural Gas Reserves, 2004 (BP)
Russian Federation
27%Iran15%
Qatar14%
Algeria, 3%Nigeria, 3%USA, 3%
UAE, 3%
Venezuela, 2%
Energy from CoalEnergy from Coal
Distribution of Proven Coal Reserves, 2004 (BP)
South Africa7% Australia
8%
China13%
India13%
Russian Federation15%
USA26%
Total World Reserves of Coal : 909,064 million tonnes, or 18,500 quads.
If 25% of world’s energy consumption comes from coal, current proven reserves will be gone by 2085.
Fossil Fuels are Running Out!Fossil Fuels are Running Out!
• Between Oil, Natural Gas and Coal, fossil fuel reserves comprise 32,000 quads.
• At our current rate of 400 quads consumed per year, that will last us 80 years.
• If our rate of consumption continues to increase by 2% each year, that will only last 45 years.
Alternative Energy TimelineAlternative Energy Timeline
• Replace Oil (40% total energy) by 2035• Replace NG (25% total energy) by 2045• Replace Coal (25% total energy) by 2085
• By the end of the century, there may be no more fossils fuels.
Hydrogen does not (necessarily) come from fossil fuels!
How do we get Energy from Fuels?How do we get Energy from Fuels?
• Combustion is a prime means today– Burning fuel with oxygen from air, to generate
hot gas– Convert energy within the hot gas into
mechanical energy, via Piston or Turbine.– Mechanical energy can be directly used, or
converted into electrical energy, by a Generator.
How do we get Energy from Fuels?How do we get Energy from Fuels?• Example 1: The four-stroke
piston engine.– Chances are, you got here
today with one of these.– Burns gasoline with air.– Emits SOX, NOX, carbon
monoxide, carbon particulates
How do we get Energy from Fuels?How do we get Energy from Fuels?• Example 2: The Coal-Fired Electrical Plant.
Burns coal with air to heat steam.
Steam turns a turbine.
Turning generator produces electricity.
Combustion produces NOX, SOX, Soot
Image courtesy of Tennessee Valley Authority
Fossil Fuels Are Fossil Fuels Are ““DirtyDirty””
• Pollution: Combustion of gasoline, kerosene, coal, natural gas produces oxides.– Why? Because combustion is reaction of
oxygen from air with fuel, i.e. oxidation.– Carbon Monoxide: POISON!– Carbon Dioxide: Greenhouse Gas!– Nitrogen & Sulfur Oxides: Cause Smog, Acid
Rain
Pollution from Fossil FuelsPollution from Fossil Fuels
Smog in Mexico City, Mexico Acid Rain Damaged Trees, Mt. Mitchell, NC
Coal Mine Drainage into Local Stream, NC Wildlife Affected by Oil Spills, Alaska
Hydrogen: A Better SolutionHydrogen: A Better Solution
• Hydrogen is one of the most abundant materials in the universe
• We can extract hydrogen from:– Fossil fuels (e.g. oil, natural gas, coal)– Bio-Fuels (e.g. ethanol, methane)
• We can convert electricity to hydrogen– Electrolysis of Water: A closed-loop!– Hydrogen from Solar Power– Hydrogen from Wind Power
Important Properties of HydrogenImportant Properties of Hydrogen
Colorless, Odorless, Buoyant
Important Properties of HydrogenImportant Properties of Hydrogen
Energetic – Releases lots of heat upon combination with oxygen to produce water (H2O)
How Can We Produce Hydrogen?How Can We Produce Hydrogen?
From Hydrocarbons From Water
Electricity splits water (H2O) into H2 and O2
Hydrogen Fuel Cell: A New HopeHydrogen Fuel Cell: A New HopeRuns off of clean hydrogen gas and airRuns off of clean hydrogen gas and air
Produces water and electricity Produces water and electricity –– NO POLLUTION!NO POLLUTION!
HH22 2H2H++ + 2e+ 2e--
½½ OO22 + 2H+ 2H++ + 2e+ 2e-- HH22OO
How Can Hydrogen Production Be How Can Hydrogen Production Be Sustainable?Sustainable?
Hydrogen: A Clean, Closed CycleHydrogen: A Clean, Closed Cycle
H2O
O2H2
H2O
Electrolysis of Water,Converts Electricity to Hydrogen
Hydrogen Storage,Piping, Delivery
Fuel Cell, CovertsHydrogen to Electricity
Electricity Used When and Where It is Needed
SolarSolarNuclearNuclearWindWind
eVeV
Fuel Cells Fuel Cells –– The Energy of the Future, TodayThe Energy of the Future, Today
AutomobilesBusesScootersBicyclesGolf-cartsFork liftsUtility vehiclesDistributed power generationBack-up powerPortable powerSpaceAirplanesLocomotivesBoatsUnderwater vehicles
PEM Fuel Cells used in Gemini program
Apollo program used alkaline fuel cells
Space Shuttle uses alkaline fuel cells
Renewed interest in PEM fuel cells
Courtesy of UTC Fuel Cells
First PEM Fuel CellGrubb and Niedrach (GE) Gemini Space Program 1960s
Fuel Cell Battery for U212including switchboard
120 kW PEM Fuel Cell Module
German Fuel Cell Submarine ProgramGerman Fuel Cell Submarine ProgramSiemens Fuel CellsSiemens Fuel Cells
PC1401 by Perry Group
First PEM Fuel Cell Powered Submarine (1989)First PEM Fuel Cell Powered Submarine (1989)
Every car manufacturer has demonstratedEvery car manufacturer has demonstrateda prototype fuel cell vehiclea prototype fuel cell vehicle
Configurations of Configurations of automotive fuel cell systemsautomotive fuel cell systems
1) Fuel cell provides all the power2) Fuel cell provides nominal power
– battery provides peak power (parallel hybrid)3) Fuel cell charges the batteries (series hybrid)4) Fuel cell as an auxiliary power unit
fuel cell el. motor fuel cell el.
motorbattery
fuel cell el.motorbattery
ICengine
fuel cell
1) 2)
3) 4)
There are already hundreds of hydrogen refueling stations!
Fraunhofer Institut
Fuel cells as battery replacement Fuel cells as battery replacement –– early developmentearly development
Fuel cells as battery replacement Fuel cells as battery replacement –– recent developmentrecent development
Choice of fuel – Oil, Gas, Hydrogen
Application – Home, office, factory
Grid connection – Surplus electricity sold back to the power company
Fuel Cells for The Home, Office and BeyondFuel Cells for The Home, Office and Beyond
hydrogen
oxygen
water
motor
electrolyzer
solar array
Reversible (Regenerative) Fuel CellReversible (Regenerative) Fuel Cell
fuel cell
electrolyzer
solar array
Reversible (Regenerative) Fuel CellReversible (Regenerative) Fuel Cell
hydrogen
oxygen
water
motor
During the day, solar panels produce electricity, for home and for generating the night’s worth of hydrogen.
hydrogen
oxygen
water
motor
fuel cell
Reversible (Regenerative) Fuel CellReversible (Regenerative) Fuel Cell
During the night, solar panels produce no electricity, so hydrogen is used by fuel cell to provide electricity.
Hydrogen in HistoryHydrogen in History
The Hindenburg Explosion, May 6th, 1937
The balloon skin was highly flammable –the balloon, not the hydrogen, is what actually caught on fire.(of course, all that hydrogen exacerbated the problem…)
The Hydrogen Bomb, Nov 1st, 1952
NOT Hydrogen combustion!
Hydrogen isotopes fuse to form helium (Nuclear Fusion)
MeV 6.17nHeHH 42
31
21 ++→+
Hydrogen in HistoryHydrogen in History
The Hindenburg Explosion, May 6th, 1937
The balloon skin was highly flammable –the balloon, not the hydrogen, is what actually caught on fire.(of course, all that hydrogen exacerbated the problem…)
The Hydrogen Bomb, Nov 1st, 1952
NOT Hydrogen combustion!
Hydrogen isotopes fuse to form helium (Nuclear Fusion)
MeV 6.17nHeHH 42
31
21 ++→+
Photo 1 - Time: 0 min, 0 sec
Vehicle with hydrogentank
Vehicle with gasolinetank
Photo 2 - Time 0 min, 3 seconds - Ignition of both fuels occur.Hydrogen flow rate 2100 SCFM. Gasoline flow rate 680 cc/min.
Vehicle with hydrogentank
Vehicle with gasolinetank
Photo 3 - Time: 1 min, 0 sec - Hydrogen flow is subsiding, view of gasoline vehicle begins to enlarge
Vehicle with hydrogentank
Vehicle with gasolinetank
Questions?Questions?