Energy, Electrical PowerTechnology for International Development

Amy McCarty | Geoffrey Snow | Sanchit Waray

Agenda

• Energy Sourceso Fossil Fuelso Geothermalo Solaro Windo Hydroo Nuclear

• Focus on Renewable Energyo Micro enterprise caseo Wind powered water pumps caseo Costa Rica energy usage

• The Energy Game - Hamburgland

IEA ArticleList one interesting statistic from the report. What is most

surprising to you?

Which country produces the most energy? Consumes the most?

Which country emits the most C02 per Population?

Energy Supply Types

Source: International Energy Agency

Energy Supply Sources

Source: International Energy Agency

Fossil FuelsSources: Oil, Natural Gas, Coal

Fossil Fuel Production

Oil Natural Gas Coal

Fossil Fuel Consumption

Oil Natural Gas Coal

GeothermalSources: Magma

Solar

Source: Sun

Electricity Generation

• Photovoltaic (PV devices) or “solar cells”o Changes sunlight directly into electricityo Individual panels or grouped for large scale use

• Solar Thermal/Electric Power Plants o Concentrates solar energy to heat a fluid and

produce steam that is used to power a generatoro Power plants

Wind

Source: Air

Electricity Generation

• Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power

• This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity

BiomassSources: Organic material

Electricity Generation

• Burn biomass generating steam to power electric plant

• Decomposing material releases methane gas

Hydro

Sources: Water

Electricity Generation

• Run of the River Systemo Pressure from water currents

• Storage Systemo Pressure from reservoir (dam)

Production

Nuclear

Sources: Uranium

Nuclear Production and Usage

Renewable Energy as part of the total energy consumption

Energy for Development by Christopher Flavin and Molly Hull Aeck

• What are the specific development objectives outlined by the UN Millenium Development Goals? What are the steps involved in each of them?

• What are RETs? What are some of the positive impacts of investing in RETs on the poor people in a country?

Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - Bangladesh

Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - Bangladesh

Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - Nepal

• Micro Hydro power project in Nepal

• Only 1% of power generation is from hydro, thus there is huge potential

• Job creation, promotion of small businesses and health benefits

Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - India

Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - India

Case Study - Micro enterprise initiatives in South Asia

• Which micro enterprise innovation would you pick as the best? Can you suggest any further improvements in the others?

Case Study - Wind powered water pumps in Morocco

Case Study - Wind powered water pumps in Morocco

• In the village of Ain Tolba in northeastern Morocco

• Self-sufficient system

• Saves time, reduces emissions and health risk thereby promoting economic development

Case Study - Wind powered water pumps in Morocco

• What benefits were obtained from the installation of wind powered water pumps in the region? Do you foresee any difficulties?

Costa Rica

• 51,100 km2 / 0.03% of world’s landmass• 4% - 6% of world’s biodiversity

Ranked No. 1 on the Happy Planet Index

“And tonight I am proud to share with you Costa Rica’s big goal: by 2021, our two-hundredth birthday, we will be a carbon-neutral country…”

President Oscar Arias Sánchez, United Nations Headquarters, New York City,

13 June 2007.

More countries join the pledge:• Norway• Iceland• New Zealand

Carbon Neutrality Statement

Initiative driven by climate change• Long-term change in average weather

conditions, including temperature, precipitation and wind

• Occurring due to human caused emission of Green House Gases (GHG)

Goal: Net Zero Carbon Footprint• Limit amount of GHG released into the

atmosphere • Carbon Dioxide is primary GHG

Carbon Neutrality - What is it?

Costa Rica's Strategy

Zero impact on climate by 2021

Objectives in National and International Agenda

Reducing Emissions Offsetting initiatives

Initiatives to Reduce Emissions

• Transportation:• Carpooling, weekly vehicle restriction• Biofuels• Promoting hybrid vehicles (taxis)• Bus routes (reduce duplicity)

• Energy consumption:• Efficiency in boilers and air

conditioning• Fluorescent light bulbs, Solar heaters

• Encourage company and community initiatives

• Legislation and Education

Initiatives to Increase Offsetting

• Reforestation projects are in place by tourism companies

• Government has cracked down on illegal logging

• Compensation for taking eco-friendly steps

• Green resorts are being planned for coastal areas

• Regions of Costa Rica are advertising as eco-friendly

Challenges

• Continuity• Political• Economic pressures

• Communication• Tracking & countermeasures• Sharing information

• Involvement• Communities• Private investment• Government institutions

Class Activity #1 - Qualitative

You are the energy division of a developing nation, Hamburgland. Using the energy types listed, discuss in your groups to determine the percentage of each energy type Hamburgland wishes to utilize.

What are the pro's and cons of each?

What factors did you consider when allocating?

Energy Type Energy%

Coal

Natural Gas

Geothermal

Solar

Wind

Hydro

Nuclear

Class Activity #2 - QuantitativeYou are still the energy division of Hamburgland. This time, there are

numbers involved....

The people of Hamburgland need 100 units of energy.

There are 5 rounds, you must decide the number of units per each type of energy source.

If you use a source, you have to pay the capital costs for that round. Only pay variable costs for any subsequent round.

Similar to real life, costs fluctuate and there are resource limitations.

Objective: minimize cost and CO2 pollution

Round 1

Round 2

Coal prices drop and natural gas prices rise. No wind forces alternative energy sourcing

Round 3

Solar Capital Subsidized by Government. Wind still non-existent

Round 4

Drought causes hydro prices to jump, Nuclear accident shuts down all plants in Hamburgland

Round 5

Natural Gas and Nuclear variable prices drop. Coal rises.

Energy Game Conclusion

Thought?

What lessons did you learn?

Did you accomplish your team's goal?

How can policy impact the outcomes?

Energy Game Lessons

Energy sources are typically chosen by availability and cost.

Developing nations are more susceptible to production, cost fluctuations, and limitations.

Energy sources have tradeoffs.

Questions?