energy efficiency of mobile networks - vde · pdf filecaveat the gains of 2020 scenario must...

COPYRIGHT © 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ulrich Barth, Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs

ITG Fachtagung: Zukunft der Netze, Osnabrück, September 20th, 2013

Energy Efficiency of Mobile Networks Earth / GreenTouch


EU Framework Program 7 project EARTH Objective: Save 50% Energy

15 Partners from 10

European countries

Funding Scheme: Large scale

Integrating Project (IP)

Total Cost: € 14.8 m

EC Contribution: € 9.5 m

Duration:

January 2010 - June 2012

Project Coordinator:

Dietrich Zeller, Alcatel- Lucent Technical Manager:

Magnus Olsson, Ericsson

https://www.ict-earth.eu

SOTARANLTEEARTHRANLTE PP ,_,_ %50

http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/future-networks/programme_en.html

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg

https://www.ict-earth.eu/




0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

45%

30%

39%

RAN operation

Mobile devices operation and manufacturing

Data centers & data transport

2020: 0.6% of global direct CO2

0.4% of total global CO2e

2008: 0.3% of global direct CO2

0.2% of total global CO2e

Mto

nn

es

CO

2e

Worst case: No improvements

34%

Operator activities

RAN construction

19%

Continous improvement of 8% per year

Total Carbon footprint of cellular networks Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)


Load adaptive transceiver Principle

... ... ...

Symbols carrying signals Symbols without any signal

...

Sign

al le

vel

Time [OFDM symbol resolution]

...

Data

Data No data

LTE signal pattern on short time scale

Component sleep modes • Deactivation of all suitable components

which allow for fast reactivation

• Applied during empty LTE symbols

Component adaptation • Operating point adjustment of PA

• Applied for limited signal levels

Joint operation with energy opportunistic scheduling for maximum power saving • Scheduling for discontinuous transmission (DTX)

• Scheduling for bandwidth and capacity adaptation


Adaptive Macro TRX Hardware Prototype Measurement results of power modes

• Proof-of-concept for energy saving by adaptive

• operation point (OP) adjustment and

• component deactivation (CD) on OFDM symbol level

PDC

PA SS-TRX

Inte

rfac

e b

oar

d

DSPC

PDC PDC

PRF,OUT

Component control

variable VDC VDC

Power supply unit


Load adaptive transceiver for macro- BS Characteristics

Component deactivation • 55% power reduction during

deactivation • Transition times <= symbol

duration of approx. 66.7 µs

Operating point adjustment • Up to 23% power reduction • 8 operating points implemented • Transition times >> symbol

duration

deactivation activation


Scheduling Strategy with adaptive TRX hardware

0.0

0.1

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0.8

0.9

1.0

Loa

d p

er

Sym

bo

l

OFDM Symbols along 10 ms

BW Adaptationas much as possible empty subcarriers

0.0

0.1

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0.3

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0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0Lo

ad p

er S

ymb

ol


CAP Adaptationas much as possible empty subcarriers

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

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0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Loa

d p

er

Sym

bo

l


Micro DTX

as much as possibleempty symbols

Use Operation Point

adjustment

• avoid pilot overhead

Use Operation Point

adjustment

• 3GPP compliant

• channel diversity

Use Component

Deactivation

• fastest adaptation

Bandwidth Adaptation Capacity Adaptation Micro Sleeps


Energy Aware Scheduling Results – Comparison of Scheduling Strategies

• Dense Urban Scenario

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Po

we

r Co

nsu

mp

tio

n p

er

Are

a U

nit

[k

W/k

m2]

Time [h]

SOTA BW

BW + Micro DTX CAP

CAP + Micro DTX Micro DTX

Dense Urban

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100

En

erg

y Sa

vin

gs [

%]

System Throughput per Area Unit [Mbps/km2]

BW CAP

Micro DTX BW + Micro DTX

CAP + Micro DTX

Dense Urban

22.1

24.6 24.9

30.5 30.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Dai

ly E

nerg

y Sa

ving

s [%

]

CAP

Micro DTX

BW

CAP + Micro DTX

BW + Micro DTX

Dense Urban Best approach - BW + Micro DTX (< 60 Mbps/km2) - CAP + Micro DTX (> 60 Mbps/km2) Highest daily energy savings - 30.6% for BW + Micro DTX - 30.5% for CAP + Micro DTX


Is there an ideal deployment for EE? • Macro-cells: 3 sectors per site; intersite distance 500 m

• Heterogenous Networks: small cells (micro) support macro Macro only

HetNet, 10 micros per site

SINR distributions

0 100 200 300 400 5000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Served traffic in Mbit/s/km2

Are

a p

ow

er

in k

W/k

m2

Nmicro

=0 (6-fold)

Nmicro

=0 (3-fold)

Nmicro

=3 per macro

Nmicro

=10 per macro

Nmicro

=20 per macro

Nmicro

=30 per macro

• 80 Mbps/km2 would suggest Macro only

• 480 Mbps/km2 would suggest HetNet

• So necessary to have reconfigurable networks -> network and resource management is key


www.greentouch.org


By 2015, deliver the architectures, specifications and

roadmap — and demonstrate key technologies — to

increase network energy efficiency by a factor of 1000

compared to 2010 levels and assuming service models

and traffic forecasts for the target of 2020.

2010 2015 2020

1E-4

1E-3

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Effic

ien

cy (

Mb

/s/W

)

Year

1000x Target

Total Network: BAU

2010 2015 2020

1E-4

1E-3

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Effic

ien

cy (

Mb

/s/W

)

Year

2010 2015 2020

1E-4

1E-3

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Effic

ien

cy (

Mb

/s/W

)

Year

1000x Target

Total Network: BAU

GREENTOUCH MISSION

• Global research consortium representing industry, government and academic organizations

• Launched in May 2010

• 52 member organizations

• 300 individual participants from 19 countries

• 25+ projects across wireless, wireline, routing, networking and optical transmission


Network Efficiency = Total Useful Traffic Delivered

Total Energy Consumed


The Wireless Box GT Methodology to compute the energy consumption for

nation wide mobile networks

Traffic model:

Diverse traffic types and varied spatial-temporal

traffic distribution in the network, among the layers of equipments

The Engine of

Wireless Box

Engine Performance:

Spectrum efficiency, energy efficiency,

deployment efficiency, network throughput,

service delay, etc.

Power model:

They way power dissipates in infrastructure equipment

and the way energy consumed in the network

Deployment model:

The layout of layers of diverse network equipment

and the way they function together to serve the traffic


Traffic Model – Area Traffic

Population density

[people/km2]

Percentage of the

total service area

Dense urban (D) 10000 0.1%

Urban (U) 1000 0.9%

Suburban (S) 300 3.0%

Rural (R) 30 26.0%

Unpopulated 0 70.0%

.

Playground: mobile network of mature

countries (group1: Western Europe,

NAR, Japan)

SU DU

DU

snapshots Overall system is comprising different types of area

• Dense urban

• Urban

• Suburban

• Rural

• Scarcely populated areas


Level Duration [h]

20% 2

40% 4

100% 4

120% 8

140% 6

Time of day [h]

Load level

[re

lative

to

a

ve

rag

e]

Valid for all area types !

For DU area

(Shape slightly varies over areas)

PB/month Number of inhabitants GB/month/inhabitant

2010 161 878 Million 0.183

2015 3,858 878 Million 4.40

2020 14,266 878 Million 16.3

Occurance Daily Profile

Traffic Model – Daily Profile


Deployment Model

• Deployment is specific to the area

• rural, suburban, urban, dense urban

• Base station types differ depending on service demand

• Macro, micro, pico, femto, integrated or distributed

Access NetworkAccess Network

Core Network

Gateway (PDG, GGSN)

Gateway (PDG, GGSN)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Media Server (IMS) Media Server (IMS)

Macro Base Station (Outdoor)

Network Server (SGSN, HLR)

Network Server (SGSN, HLR)

PSTInternet

Remote Radio Head (RRH)

Macro-Cell,

with advanced

antennas, MIMORemote Radio Head

(RRH)Remote Radio Head

(RRH)

Macro-Cell,

with advanced

antennas, MIMOMulti-Hop,

Ad-Hoc

Relais Node

Coverage Extension

with fixed Relais

Multi-Hop,

Ad-Hoc

Relais NodeRelais Node

Coverage Extension

with fixed Relais

Indoor

Indoor Coverage

with Femtos DSL Line

Home Femto

MP3

IndoorIndoor

Indoor Coverage

with Femtos DSL Line

Home FemtoHome Femto

MP3MP3 Heterogeneous

Access networks

Laptop

Micro Cellor WiMAX

Access Point

Access Network Heterogeneous

Access networks

LaptopLaptop

Micro Cellor WiMAX

Access Point

Micro Cellor WiMAX

Access Point

Access Network


Power Model

• Power model (per BS type):

• Power consumption is characterized by a linear consumption profile with different parameters per type of base station

Pow

er

Consum

ption

(Base S

tation)

Traffic Load

Sleep mode

Minimum

energy

consumption in

active mode

2010:

648-1394 W

3dB feeder loss

no sleep mode

2020 (draft model):

157 W or 189– 665 W

(308 W at 30% load)

for small cells

2 W or 4-11 W


Energy efficiency simulation of snapshots

• Simulation runs for all snapshots and time intervals

PHY

System Performance

Metric for single snapshot

Channel

Tx

Rx

Power model

Resource allocation

Traffic model

Deployment

PHY

Detection

L2S interface

Pout Pin


Energy efficiency calculated from snapshots

• The average of the Energy per Mbit (E/T) is computed with the relative traffic share of the areas in the playground:

where A marks the Area Types DU, U, SU, RU and Wilderness L marks the Load Levels at Night, Morning, Average, High and Busy Hour. PA,L is the average power in scenario [A,L]

DA,L is the average data rate in scenario [A,L]

LA LA

LA

LAD

PwTE

, ,

,

,/

%10024%100,

AALLLA

onAreafracti

AveDensity

yUserdensit

h

DurationLoadlevelw


The study

• Scenarios

• The reference scenario state-of-the art in 2010: LTE as single RAT

• The 2020 scenario best expected technology by 2020 including

standardization trends and research outside GreenTouch, e.g. EARTH

• Work in GT Mobile WG continuous to find best possible 2020 scenario applying further GreenTouch research results, e.g. LSAS, BCG, BiPON,…

2010 2020

EE

GreenTouch

1000x All mobile networks of

North America, Western

Europe and Japan


BS deployment

abstract full-coverage LTE deployment carrying the complete wireless traffic

• legacy networks not modeled

• QoS nationwide provided

• Uniform user distribution in 2010

• 4 parallel Operators equally share traffic

• Inhomogeneous distribution in 2020

• Infrastructure sharing (single physical infrastructure)

• Adding small cells in DU

macro base station

UE

macro base station

pico base station

UE


ISD specification

• ISD of Macro BSs is defined by typical deployed grid (2010)

• Deployment for rural areas is constrained by coverage requirements.

• Macro BSs provide sufficient capacity for 2020 U, SU, RU

• 3x2 pico cells per DU Macro BS site serve 67% of the DU traffic

• >2x overprovisioning, even with RAN sharing.

Network Layout 2010 DU

2GHz U

2GHz SU

2GHz RU

800MHz

Traffic density during Busy Hour 2010 [Mbps/km²] 2020

4 x 2 702

4 x 0.2 70

4 x 0.06 21

4 x 0.006 2.1

ISD [m] 500 1000 1732 4330

Coverage limited

Capacity exhausted in 2020


Summary of Differences 2010 vs. 2020 scenario

2010 2020

Number of macro BSs (group1)

4 x 1 Million 1 Million (network sharing) 660,000 small BSs in DU

BS hardware 3 dB feeder loss 10MHz 2x2 MIMO 648-1394 W No power saving mode Microwave or fiber

RRHs 20MHz 8x2 MIMO 189– 665 W Micro sleep mode 157 W All fiber backhaul

Small cells None 2 per sector in DU 66.7% traffic offloaded

Spectrum usage 4 x 10 MHz @ 800MHz 4 x 10 MHz @ 2GHz

1 x 20 MHz @ 800MHz 2 x 20 MHz @ 2GHz

Traffic per person 183.4 MB/month 16.25 GB/month (88.6-fold of 2010)

!


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

DU DU pico U SU RU

Use

r th

rou

ghp

ut

[Mb

ps]

2020 5% 50% 95% Average

Results: User Performance (busy hour)

• DL user data rate in busy hour is in all scenarios >9Mbps

• Rates improve for 2020 due to 20 MHz 8x2 MIMO

• even though 4x less macro BSs

• resource utilisation 44% in worst scenario

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

DU DU pico U SU RU

Use

r th

rou

ghp

ut

[Mb

ps]

2010 5% 50% 95% Average

N.A.


Results: Energy Intensities

• Energy Intensity of all scenarios {A,L}. Note the 1000x larger traffic units used for 2020

EA,L/TA,L night morning average high busy hr

[J/kbit] 2010

DU 11.8 5.9 2.4 2.0 1.7

U 32.7 16.4 6.5 5.4 4.6

SU 35.2 18.2 7.3 6.0 5.1

RU 62.7 32.1 12.6 10.4 9.0

[J/Mbit] 2020

DU 9.0 4.9 2.4 2.2 1.9

U 20.9 12.1 7.2 6.6 6.3

SU 23.9 13.5 7.7 7.5 7.0

RU 36.2 20.1 10.1 9.1 8.4

733x to 1730x-

fold improvement

over all scenarios,

the averaged

efficiency gain is

1019x


Evaluation of Results

Explanation for absolute saving inspite of 89-fold traffic:

• 4-times less macro BSs • 2.3-fold less power per BS (700W at 0.1% load vs. 300W at 25% load) • HetNet in DU (10% saving) and micro sleeps (20% saving).

Efficiency improvement 1019

Traffic increase 89

Energy saving gain 11.5

11%

24%

27%

38%

BS share

DU

U

SU

RU

28%

25%25%

22%

Traffic share

DU

U

SU

RU

10%

24%

27%

40%

Energy share 2010

DU

U

SU

RU

10%

27%

30%

33%

Energy share 2020 BAU

DU

U

SU

RU


References

www.ict-earth.eu

“Sustainable Wireless Broadband Access to the Future Internet – The EARTH Project” for the book "The Future Internet - Future Internet Assembly 2013: Validated Results and New Horizons". The online version of this chapter can be accessed at http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-642-38081-5/

www.greentouch.org

„GreenTouch Green Meter Research Study: Reducing the Net Energy Consumption in Communications Networks by up to 90% by 2020“, A GreenTouch White Paper, June 2013, www.greentouch.org

O. Blume et al., „Energy Efficiency of LTE networks under traffic loads of 2020“, ISWCS 2013, Ilmenau, Germany, August 2013

http://www.ict-earth.eu/



http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-642-38081-5/









http://www.greentouch.org/

http://www.greentouch.org/


Caveat

The gains of 2020 scenario must not be understood as a saving potential of network operators:

• The 2010 system is designed as a state-of-the-art LTE system with full coverage of the inhabitated regions of Group1

• cells are loaded by less than 0.3% in 2010

• can accomodated the 350-fold traffic of 2020 (88.6 x 4 ) only by adding a few small cells in DU.

• This is not the real system of 2010: Actually it requires per operator 1 Million macro BS sites for Group 1

• at least 3x the actually deployed number of BSs.

• EARTH calculted 3.3 million sites in the world for 2007 and 7.6 million in 2014

• ABI Research estimates 2.43m LTE macrocell BSs globally for 2018 and 986,000 LTE outdoor small cells.


Alternative Reference Scenario

• An alternative Reference scenario has been studied

• LTE rollout not using traditional ISDs

• ISD rather by coverage limitation

ISD 2010 2010 alternative

DU 500 1000

U 1000 1732

SU 1732 4330 @ 800MHz

RU 4330 @ 800MHz

6000 @ 800MHz

in total

3x times less BSs

longer transmission

distances

• Smaller gain factor

• 513x energy efficiency (vs. 1019x)

• 5.8x energy reduction (vs. 11.5x)

energy efficiency of mobile networks - vde · pdf filecaveat the gains of 2020 scenario must...

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