energy efficiency of buildings - eesc.europa.eu
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Energy efficiency of buildings
from Europe to Slovakia
Prof. Dušan Petráš, PhD.
Slovak University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Building Services
mail.: [email protected]
Final energy consumption by sector
Source: www.ec.europa.eu
Individual energy consumption
Source:www.geojis-as-energyissues.wikispaces.com
To promote the improvement of the energy performance of
buildings through cost effective measures (new and existing
buildings)
The Directive require the following to be introduced:
Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings (EN ISO
13790);
Application of performance standards for new and existing buildings;
Certification schemes for buildings;
Regular inspection and assessment of boilers, heating systems and
air conditioning systems
Objective:
To prepare “Certificate” and identify “Cost effective
measures” Energy Auditing (Directive 2006/32 EC, EN 15217)
EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings
Energy Performance and Energy Requirements
Energy Performance: overall indicator EP = weighted sum of net delivered energy per
energy carrier (per m2 conditioned area). EP may represent:
Primary energy;
CO2 emissions;
Net delivered energy weighted by any other nationally defined parameters
EP may be completed by other indications, defined by national bodies.
Energy Requirements: minimum level of EP to be achieved.
To ways of expressing the energy requirements EPr:
1. Overall EP requirement
2. Specific requirements:
Energy use for heating, ventilation, DHW, cooling and lighting
Energy need for heating, ventilation, DHW, cooling
Characteristics of the building itself or its technical building systems
considered as a whole
Characteristics of the building itself or its technical building systems
components
New buildings and major renovations: one overall EP requirement shall be included
Standard
Standard
Building geometry
Actual/standard
Climate Actual
Use Actual
Actual Tech. systems
EE Measures Investment Net savings PB
[euro] [euro/yr] [year]
1. Energy efficient showers 400 450 0,9
2. Automatic control system 20 000 12 270 1,6
3. O&M / EM 15 000 2 140 7,0
4. Heat recovery, ventilation 25 000 4 510 5,5
5. Thermostatic radiator valv 22 500 3 050 7,4
6. Insulation of pipes, valves. 9 500 1 640 5,8
7. Insulation of roof 12 500 1 970 6,4
Profitable measures 104 900 26 030 4,0
Energy Auditing of Buildings
Climate
Use
Tech. systems
Software for Auditing/Certification
Energy use
for heating & cooling
Energy need
External climate data (ISO 15927-4)
Delivered energy per energy carrier
Energy use
for hot water, ventilation, lighting, ...
Internal heat sources.
Ventilation and
transmission heat
transfer
Monthly method
Specified indoor
conditions
13790: 2008
Recoverable thermal losses
Non-recoverable
thermal losses +
auxiliary energy
Building zone
Lighting systems (EN15193-1)
Ventilation systems (EN 15241)
Room conditioning systems
(EN 15243)
Hot water systems (EN 15613-3)
Heating systems
(EN 15316-2-1, 2-3 and 3-1)
Indoor criteria, automation and
controls (EN 15251, EN 15232)
Building data (EN 15603)
Solar properties
Air flow/infiltration (EN 15242)
Transmission properties (ISO 13789)
Energy need for
heating and cooling
Software results – existing situation
Budget item Existing
situation
Global indicator
[kWh/m² a] [kWh/m² a]
Heating 94,3 95,4
Ventilation 11,4 11,8
Domestic hot water 14,5 14,6
Fans (ventilation) 9,4 9,4
Pumps, heating 1,1 Incl. in heating
Pumps, ventilation 0,4 Incl. in ventilation
Pumps, DHW 0,1 Incl. in DHW
Pumps, cooling 0 -
Lighting 30,1 30,1
Various 8,8 -
Cooling 0 -
Total 170,1 161,3
Global indicator -
heating
Primary energy and CO2 emissions
Results – after EE measures
Budget item After
measures
Global indicator
[kWh/m² a] [kWh/m² a]
Heating 33,5 34,6
Ventilation 8,8 9,2
Domestic hot water 12,9 13,0
Fans (ventilation) 9,4 9,4
Pumps, heating 1,1 Incl. in heating
Pumps, ventilation 0,4 Incl. in ventilation
Pumps, DHW 0,1 Incl. in DHW
Pumps, cooling 0 -
Lighting 15,0 15,0
Various 8,8 -
Cooling 0 -
Total 90,0 81,2
Global indicator -
heating
ENergy CONservation (ENCON) :
is saving energy with
an economic and environmental profit !
Energy conservation?
1.
2.
3.
Energy Conservation Project
Objectives :
Evaluation of the ENCON potential
Implementation in order to achieve profitable energy savings
Achievement of calculated energy saving potential and keeping it permanently on the right level
Detailed Auditing with guarantee
Simplified Auditing
Operation
Implementation
Scanning
Project Identification
ENCON Potential USD, kWh/year
Profit
Training
Maintenance
Project Management
Energy Monitoring
Business Planning
The ENCON Process
What is influencing the Energy Conservation Potential?
Electrical systems
Operation / user pattern
HVAC systems
Building envelope
EAS v1.0
• Quick and easy handling application based on European standard
• The database contains:
• 42 apartment buildings (most built)
• 8 typical single family houses
• Countable in two climatic zones (-12°C and -18°C)
• Structure of EAS v1.0:
1. Photo documentation
2. Drawing documentation
3. Building description
4. Energy – economy calculation
5. Grafical presentation
6. What is an energy audit...
1. Photo documentation
• View on the selected type of building
• Identification of the building
2. Drawing documentation
• Technical recods (ground-plan, typical
floor,...)
• Necessary dimensions (calculation of
heated areas,...)
• Description of BE, HS, HW
EAS v1.0 - structure
3. Energy – economy calculation
• Calculations of:
– Energy savings
– Investments
– Profitability
• Calculate measures individually (depends
on the customer)
• Three basic domains of energy measures:
Heating
System
Building
Envelope
EAS v1.0 - structure
Hot Water
Prof. Application of measurement Energy saving measures
Insulation of external walls
Insulation of f loor or insulation of unheated basement
Insulation of roof
New windows
Building Env elopeBE
Table 1 Energy saving measurements of Building Envelope
Prof. Application of measurement Energy saving measures
Automatic control sy stem and temperature set back f or HS
Insulation of pipes, v alv es,... on the HS
Reconstruction of boiler room (new boiler, accessories,...)
Balancing of the HS and installation of thermostatic v alv es
Heating Sy stemHS
Table 2 Energy saving measurements of Heating System
Prof. Application of measurement Energy saving measures
Water sav ing shower heads
Thermostatic mixer, showers
New automatic control sy stem on the HW
Insulation of pipes, v alv es,... on the HW
HW Hot Water
Table 3 Energy saving measurements of Hot Water
Three basic domains of energy measures
Profession Measurements Percentage of energy saving possibilities
BE Building Env elope 20 - 30 %
HS Heating Sy stem 10 - 25 %
HW Hot Water 5 - 10 %
Table 4 Energy potential for individual energy saving measures*
Input values:
Cost of GJ heat or m3 of natural gas
Calculation of the whole building vs. just
one flat
Investments for the profitability
calculations are running behind and they
contains from costs of:
Investment
Cost of supply
Design work
Installation
Test (running, pressure,…)
Taxes (VAT)
Energy potencial
Energy savings:
Building Envelope (blue)
Heating System (green)
Hot Water (red)
Energy consumption before /
after
Contribution percentage of each
profession
4. Graphical presentation
• Energy Efficient
• Environmentally friendly HOUSING
From old to new building
Process
Refurbishment
Panel buildings are dominant type of residential buildings
Energy performance of buildings - HEATING
110 ~ 140 kWh / m2 ( E –F )
40 ~ 80 kWh / m2 (B –C )
• Do not comply with current requirements on thermal protection and energy efficiency • High energy consumption, poor insulation, leaky constructions (envelope, roof) • thermal discomfort
CASE STUDY in SLOVAKIA
• To clarify the relationship between energy consumption, energy efficiency measures and the indoor environment • To study occupant´s behavior and habits • To show results at three time points: A) Before renovation B) After renovation with no-balanced heating system C) After complex renovation
Objective of the case study
Description- general
• Prefabricate building built in 1987
• 9.NP : 1.NP – common premises, storage space 2.-9. NP – residential
• 32 apartments
The Facade Windows, doors
Heating system and DHW
Heat sources- Heat exchange station
Distribution - Instalation space - Instalation shafts
Description- building services
Insulation of the roof
Energy efficient measures
Insulation of the facade
New windows, doors
Hydraulic balance of the heating system
Installation of saving shower heads
Energy consumption of heating system
Year
Energy consumption* real measured values
[kWh]
Energy consumption* values from simulation program
[kWh]
2007 248 472 239 192
2008 190 733 194 472
2009 93 095 107 344
23 %
YEAR 2009 Hydraulic balance of the
heating system
Table: Comparison of energy consumption in each year
51 %
YEAR 2008
Insulation of the facade New window, doors Insulation of the roof
YEAR 2007
Original conditions
After renovation with no-balanced heating system :
After complex renovation: Before renovation :
D
106 kWh/m2 72 kWh/m2
C
35 kWh/m2
B
Energy certification
Heating system BEFORE: 106 AFTER: 35
Domestic Hot Water system BEFORE : 41 AFTER: 30
GLOBAL INDICATOR BEFORE : 147 AFTER: 65
E B
D C
D B
EPBD recast – Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB)
In the directive „nearly zero-energy building‟ means a building that has a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby. nZEB= very high energy performance + on-site renewables • Definition of “a very high energy performance“ and “significant extent of renewables” let for Member States
Source:Kurnitsky et al., 2011
Zero energy buildings
Towards nZEB:
•Roadmap of some countries
towards nearly zero energy
buildings to improve energy
performance of new buildings
•Many countries have prepared
long term roadmaps with
detailed targets
•Helps industry to
prepare/commit to the targets
Source:Kurnitsky et al., 2011
How to integrate nZEB into energy certificate scale?
nZEB as technically reasonable achievable
cost optimal for new buildings, category B or C
req. for new buildings (typically not cost optimal yet)
Revision of certificates scales needed:
•Cost optimal requirements for new buildings cannot be any
more in D category, as calculated for 30 years period with 3%
interest rate
•Existing A may be split(A+, A++) or changed
Source:Kurnitsky et al., 2011
Cost optimal performance levels vs. nZEB
Source: The Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE): http://dl.dropbox.com/u/4399528/BPIE/BPIE_costoptimality_publication2010.pdf
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!
Contact: [email protected]