energy efficiency financing: which financial instruments can best leverage energy efficiency...
TRANSCRIPT
Energy Efficiency Financing: Which Financial Instruments Can Best Leverage
Energy Efficiency Financing
Dr. Xiaodong Wang Senior Energy Specialist
EASIN, World BankSDN Week, Energy Day
February 23, 2012
Structure of the Presentation
• Conductive policies are essential driver for catalyzing energy efficiency investments
• When to use public funds: overcome market barriers and risk perception
• How to select financing instruments: tailored to market barriers, segments, and local context
• How to most effectively implement financing instruments: lessons learned
• Conclusion
Conducive Policies: Driver for Catalyzing Private Investments in Energy Efficiency
• Pricing instruments: Suppress energy demand to increase market uptake for EE, but require strong political will– Energy pricing reform: removal of fossil fuel subsidies, time of use
tariff– Fuel and carbon taxes
• Regulations: Mandate EE to increase market demand for EE, but weak enforcement is a concern
– Targets: energy intensity reduction or energy savings– Standards and codes: appliance standards, building codes, industry
performance targets, fuel economy standards– EE Portfolio Standards, Obligations and White Certificates Trading
• Financial incentives: Overcome high upfront cost barrier, but require funding coming from taxpayers or ratepayers– Financial incentives: investment subsidies, tax credit, consumer rebate– Acquisition of EE resources: Standard Offer
When to Use Public Funds: Overcome Market Barriers and Risk Perception
• High upfront costs• Credit risks: Most banks rely on credit rating
criteria, while many EE developers and inefficient end-users are not creditworthy
• Performance risks: Lenders are not sure the expected energy savings will be realized, and measurement and verification is not an easy task
• Banks lack expertise and interest in EE financing• Small deals with high transaction costs
How to Select EE Financing Instruments: Tailored to Market Barriers, Segments, and Local Context
• Credit lines: Effective at increasing banks’ capacity and confidence in EE investments to large and medium sized clients and projects; BUT supporting SME investments is a challenge
• Partial risk guarantees: Effective at increasing banks’ confidence in the clients at margins of risk ratings such as ESCOs; BUT only reduce banks’ perceived risks not real risks
• Dedicated EE Funds: Effective at increasing access to EE financing for SMEs and public sector projects; BUT leverage, sustainability and scale-up key challenges
• Utility EE/DSM Funds: Effective at increasing electricity efficiency at end-user level; BUT they need strong regulatory incentives
• ESCO Financing: Effective at aggregating small deals; BUT not a magic bullet. Super-ESCO emerged as a viable model for government facilities
• Equity Funds: Effective at supporting SMEs, ESCOs, new EE technologies, and early-stage technology firms
• Consumer financing: Effective at helping consumers overcome high upfront cost barrier, BUT regulatory system needs to allow utility on-bill financing
Which EE Financing Instruments Maximize Financial Leverage ?
• Engaging domestic banks through credit lines and guarantees: high leverage of public funds and good prospects of sustainability
• Mezzanine and equity funds: High leverage of public funds, particularly double leverage from Fund-of-Funds
• Consumer financing: High leverage of public funds to provide low-interest rate, long-term consumer financing through utilities or financial institutions
• Technical Assistance (TA): critical with high pay-off, particularly when packaged with public financing instruments
Program Objectives Determine the Market Segments
Program Objectives:• Maximize greenhouse gas emission reductions: Most cost
effective to target at large and medium enterprises • Increase access to financing: Real value added to target at
SMEs
Financing SMEs remains the toughest market segment• SMEs have their own unique constraints regardless of sector
(i.e., lack of accounting, collateral, etc.)• Aggregating small-scale EE/RE projects is feasible: market
aggregation, ESCOs/vendors, Super-ESCO• Targeted subsidies to SMEs can play a catalytic role
How to Most Effectively ImplementEE Financing Instruments: Lessons Learned
• Technical Assistance is critical and should be provided to:– Financial institutions – EE project developers – EE policy makers and financial regulators
• Generating sufficient deal flows has been a major challenge: – Need to better match banks’ financing criteria with the targeted
market segments who most in need of financing– Need to expand beyond banks’ “comfort zones”: clients, sectors,
technologies– Need to motivate banks’ internal organization for project
origination• Governance and management of publicly funded programs is
critical to success. Some key factors:– Careful selection of managers of financing facilities– Ensuring their independence
Policy Tools Tailored to Technology Maturity and CostsFinancing Instruments Tailored to Market Segments and Barriers
EE Market Segments Traditional bank clients
(large/medium)
Borderline (mitigate perceived risks)
SMEs & Public Sector
SMEs, ESCOs, clean energy start-ups
RE Barriers
Long-term tenure
Mitigate technology risk s/extend tenure
SMEs/immature financial market
SMEs and early-stage technology firms
New Tech Risks
Concessional loan
Technology risk guarantee
Venture capital
Credit Line
Guarantee
Dedicated Fund
Equity Fund
Policy Tools •Regulations•Financial incentives•Institutional reform
•Feed-in Tariffs, Renewable Portfolio Standards, or Tendering•Tax on fossil fuel
•Support for R&D•Financing incremental cost •Transfer technologies
Abatement cost
Abatement potential
Energy Efficiency(Market Barriers)
Renewable Energy(Cost Barriers)
New Technologies(Cost & Tech Barriers)
0Energy pricing reforms
Financing Instruments