energy efficiency and risk assessment of the introduction
TRANSCRIPT
Energy Efficiency and Risk Assessment of
the Introduction of Fuel Cell Electric
Vehicles in a Mediterranean town
Smaragdakis Angelos (MSc, Environmental Engineer)
Dr. Sotiris Kamenopoulos
Prof. Theocharis Tsoutsos
www.resel.tuc.gr
Topics
Sustainable Energy Systems Policy and Planning• Regional/local energy planning• Renewables and environment• Sustainable energy development• Life Cycle Assessment•Technology Transfer
Sustainable Building• Sustainable Energy
Building Design• RES Integration• Phase Changing Materials• Energy audits in buildings
RES Technologies• Design• Testing• Environmental Impact Assessment• Sustainability Analysis
Biomass – Biofuels• Exploitation of agrofood residues• Production of liquid biofuels• Biofuel heating of buildings• Technically and economically available
potential
EU funded projects (i.e. Intelligent Energy-Europe, Interreg,
COST, FP5, FP6, FP7, LEONARDO, LIFE+) and national contracts:
Involved in more than 40 projects as coordinators and more
than 60 participating as experts, mainly concerning:
˃ sustainable energy planning at regional/local level
˃ technoeconomic analysis of sustainable energy applications
˃ minimization of environmental impact of large scale RES
projects
˃ knowledge transfer (industry, buildings, transport)
˃ commercialization of new energy technologies
˃ planning and implementation of dissemination activities on
energy and environment
˃ professional training and capacity building for trainers,
technical staff and public authorities
Experience with energy efficiency, RES &
Sustainable Mobility
Recent EU contracted projects
Coordination
Participation
Publications
Special Issues
Introduction
❖ Emissions due to transportation in 2015 were 23 % more than
1990 levels despite a decline between 2008 and 2013→Emissions
increased by almost 2% compared with 2014
❖ Reliable solution to CO2 mitigation→ Electric vehicles emitting
zero tailpipes
❖ Types of electric vehicles around the world:
• Battery electric
• Plug-in hybrid electric
• Hybrid electric
• Fuel cell electric
Introduction
Graph 1: Global EV sales forecasting by geography (International Energy Agency).
Introduction
• Sales of EVs in Greece are extremely low:
Graph 2. Sales of different technology cars between years 2012-2018 in Greece.
Introduction
Why Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles?
• Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipes (FCEV water as tailpipes).
• Use hydrogen as an alternative fuel
• Environmental friendly construction and operation in comparison with conventional
vehicles
• CO2 mitigations and reduce GHG emissions
How FCEV work?
1. Insert hydrogen and oxygen(air)
2. Combination of the above in the fuel cell
3. Production of electricity and movement
Fig 2. FCEV conceptual diagram (https://www.toyota-
global.com/innovation/environmental_technology/fuelcell_vehicle/).
Introduction
Fuel Cell Vs. Carnot Cycle Efficiency
• The efficiency limit of a Carnot heat engine is defined as: 𝐧𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐭 = 𝟏 −𝐓𝐋
𝐓𝐇
• The efficiency level of an Otto engine is defined as :𝐧𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐭 = 𝟏 +𝑸𝐋
𝑸𝑯
Fuel cells are not limited by the Carnot & Otto efficiency limit.
• Operate isothermally – no temperature cycling
• Operate with less energy lost in maintaining the temperature of the “hot
source”
• Are inherently less irreversible
• The maximum efficiency of the fuel cell could be 83%
• Hydrogen powered fuel cells can have two to three times the energy efficiency
of traditional combustion technologies
Introduction
Advantages Disadvantages
Great fuel efficiency in electricity > 60% Relatively high purchase costs
Low harmful emissions (depending of fuel type) Limited life
No noise Low availability
Variety in fuel supply using the fuel reformer. Fuel reform adds complexity and cost.
Absence of mechanical/rotating parts, increasing
the reliability Incomplete hydrogen infrastructure
Direct power generation
Table 1. Advantages & disadvantages of fuel cell technologies.
Scope & goal of the research
➢ Identify and assess the hazards that are related to the operation and
maintenance of an FCEV
➢ Assess the associated hazards
➢ Elucidate the importance of safety at FCEV during normal operation
➢ Provide a critical view of the hazards of vehicles and relate them with
the introduction of sustainable mobility into the local society
➢ Provide a Risk Management regarding FCEV operation/maintenance:
• Operational Risk Management was chosen
Methodology
• ORM(Operational Risk Management): was designed mainly for
defence operations.
• A dynamic tool with the help of which someone may continuously provide
essential risk management procedures
• An essential tool to build a qualitative commencement assessment of
related hazards
• Why ORM?
• Usage of vehicles as an indispensable part of our life
• Lack of statistical data regarding FCEV operational misfortunes
Methodology
• Five Steps of ORM:
1. identify hazards and their sources
2. assess the hazards
3. make risk decisions
4. implement controls
5. supervise and watch for a change
Define Scope
System Description
Hazard Identification
Hazards Analysis
Risk Assessment
Hazards Control
Control Verification
Risk Decisions
Implement Controls
Supervise and watch for change
Modify SystemNo
Yes
1
2
5
3
4
Fig 3. Steps of operational risk assessment.
Methodology
➢ Identify hazards and their sources & assess the hazards
Fig 2. FCEV hazard categories.
Methodology
• Several Experts and people relevant to the topic, to asses the
probability, the severity and the weight of each scenario.EVENT (1) CONDITION (2) RESULT (3)
PROBABILITY (4)
A, B, C, D
SEVERITY (5)
I, II, III, IVWEIGHT (6)
NOT FOLLOWED
BASIC
ELECTRICAL
REQUIREMENTS
(ELECTRICAL CODE-NEC )
ELECTRIC SHOCKS PRODUCED BY ELECTRIC
COMPONENTS (e.g. ELECTRIC MOTOR, FUEL
CELL)
ELECTRIC SHOCK, FIRE-
EXPLOSION
NOT FOLLOWED
BASIC
ELECTRICAL
REQUIREMENTS
(ELECTRICAL CODE-NEC )
FLYWHEELS ARE UNBALANCED OR THEIR
ENCLOSURES BROKEN BY ACCIDENTELECTRIC SHOCK
POOR SAFETY PROGRAMFUEL CELL INSTALLATION ELECTRIC SHOCK
NOT FOLLOWED
BASIC
ELECTRICAL
REQUIREMENTS
(ELECTRICAL CODE-NEC )
ELECTROSTATIC SPARKS FROM POORLY
EARTHED OR NON-CONDUCTIVE PIPEWORK
ELECTRIC SHOCK, FIRE-
EXPLOSION
POOR SAFETY PROGRAM ISOLATION FAULT ELECTRIC SHOCK
Table 1. A sample of ‘’Event-Probability matrix’’
Methodology
Table 2. Stakeholders to fill out the ‘’Event-Probability matrix’’
1 • Maintenance
2 • Producers
3 • Users
4 • Researchers
5 • Env. Organizations
6 • Refueling stations/ Chargers owners
7 • Policy makers
Stakeholders
Methodology
• Risk Decision
Step Description Level of probability, severity and weight
1 Assess the
‘’Probability’’
A. Likely to occur immediately or within a short period
B. Probably will occur in timeC. May occur in timeD. Unlikely to occur
2 Assess the ‘’Severity’’ I. Catastrophic: May cause death or loss of vehicle facilityII. Critical: May cause severe injury, occupational illness of vehicleIII. Marginal: May cause minor injury, occupational illness or vehicle
damageIV. Negligible: Probably would not affect personal safety or health but is
a violation of a safety standard
3 Provide the
‘’Weights’’
The weight should be a number from 0 to 1 with a step at 0.05
Table 3.The 3-steps process that the experts should follow in order to assess the hazards.
Methodology
Severity Probability
↓ A B C D
I 1 1 2 3
II 1 2 3 4
III 2 3 4 5
IV 3 4 5 5
1. Critical2. Serious3. Moderate4. Minor5. Negligible
Table 4. Risk assessment code
matrix.(https://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/public/pdf/idc-
017618.pdf)
Results
• Ranking each scenario by its mean score
• Mean scores between 4 & 5→ Accepted
• Mean scores between 1 & 2→Rejected
• Risks with a RAC equal to 3→Need to be re-engineered
• Standard deviation→ to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values
• Confidence level→ to quantify the level of confidence that the parameter lies in the interval
Results analysis-Conclusion
Negatives
❖ Technological hazards→ Fuel
cell and catalyst operation
❖ Vehicle operation→ No noise
during operation of engine
❖ Lack of experience→ High
standard deviation
Positives
❖ Progress of transport sector→ vehicles
to be safer and safer
❖ Use of alternative fuel→ Hydrogen
treatment as LPG
❖ Experts opinion→ FCEV are as safe as
conventional vehicles
❖ Public opinion→ Electric vehicles
market to grow in the years to come
Future research
• More stakeholders
• Economic analysis(TCO &
Payback Period)
• Establish renewed codes,
standards and guides for
hydrogen applications
• Gradually informing the
public about the benefits
of electrification
• Increase the accuracy of the
results
• Provide more information
about the introduction of FCEV
to the local community
• Worldwide increase of FCEV
sales, inform about the
changes
• Better understand about how
electric vehicle work
• More information and results:
• Status: paper review
Smaragdakis Angelos
www.resel.tuc.gr
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION!