“energy efficiency and profitability analysis of reduced loss transformers: experiences in...
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“ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF REDUCED LOSS
TRANSFORMERS: Experiences in Spain"
14th May 2003J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Loss saving potential in MV/LV transformers
3. Regulation: Incentives or Dis-Incentives?
-Spanish market-
4. A-TOC methodology ENDESA: Profitability analysis
5. EFFITRAFO: Endesa’s analysis tool
6. CONCLUSIONS
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
1.- INTRODUCTION (I)
2% of PGEN Losses in Distribution Transformers
Dispersed massive effect + 60 Mtransformers/world
+ 18 nuclear PS/world
Spainlosses > 2500 GWh/year in MV/LV transformers
> 95 M€/year
• > 50 TWh EU
• > 60 TWh USA
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
ENDESA DISTRIBUCIÓN - 2001
1.- INTRODUCTION (II)
Rated power (kVA)
CATALONIA SOUTH ARAGÓNCANARY ISLANDS
BALEARIC ISLANDS
TOTAL units
50 5.327 6.844 1.641 347 2.454 16.613100 3.570 4.505 613 728 1.506 10.922160 2.949 3.110 897 1.030 621 8.607250 4.815 4.689 973 1.143 1.959 13.579400 6.930 6.750 1.426 1.529 2.192 18.827630 7.046 7.036 1.290 1.847 602 17.821
1.000 3.993 584 30 186 0 4.793TOTAL 34.630 33.518 6.870 6.810 9.334 91.162
MV/LV TRANSFORMER INVENTORY
With VIESGO 972 GWh
Without VIESGO 911 GWh
TOTAL MV/LV transformer losses
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
Voltage GWh GWh %
H.V. 14,684 2,076 2.20 H.V.Network
1,510 1.60 M.V.Network
972 1.03 Trans. centers
1,463 1.55 L.V.Network
1,048 1.11 Non-technical Losses
TOTAL 87,307 7,077 7.49
Power Supplied
ENERGY BALANCE - ENDESA ESPAÑA 2001
27,072
45,551
Losses
M.V.
L.V.
1.- INTRODUCTION (III)
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
LOSSES IN MV/LV Transformers
Distribution Area
Power Supplied (GWh)
Total Losses TT.CC. (GWh)
No-load losses (GWh)
Load Losses (GWh)
SOUTH 15.614 301 238 63
ARAGON 2.597 62 46 16
BALEARIC ISLANDS
3.072 78 54 24
CATALONIA 18.366 402 292 110
CANARY ISLANDS
3.800 68 57 11
ENDESA SPAIN* 43.913 911 687 224
100% 75% 25%
LOSSES IN MV/LV Transformers
ENDESA SPAIN 2001*
*Discounting Viesgo
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
2.- LOSS SAVING POTENTIAL in MV/LV TRANSFORMERS
Loss saving potential for “inventory”
P 0 (GWh) Pvar (GWh) C' (GWh) C (GWh) Actual (GWh) C-C' (GWh)
SOUTH 238 63 167 81 301 248 53 ERZ 46 16 31 18 62 49 13
BALEARICS 54 24 27 12 78 39 39 CATALONIA 292 110 136 46 402 182 220 CANARY ISLANDS 57 11 33 8 68 41 27
ENDESA ESPAÑA (*) 687 224 394 165 911 559 352
39%
LOSS SAVING POTENTIAL for inventory (January, 2002) Total Losses Saving
potential (GWh)
Territory Efficient transformers Current transformers
(*)VIESGO, sold to ENEL in January, 2001, was excluded.
Standard levels of losses HD 428
STANDARD LOSSES IN DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS (Europe 428 –Oil-filled up to 24 kV)
Load Pvar (W) No-load Po (W)
A (W)
B (W)
C (W)
A’ (W)
B’ (W)
C’ (W)
50100160250400630
100016002500
110017502350325046006500
105001700026500
1350215031004200600084002000
2000032000
875147520002750385054009500
1400022000
190320460650930
1300170026003800
145260375530750
1030140022003200
125210300425610860
110017002500
Rated
power
kVA
* D-D’ transformer = hypothetical unit reduced
by 15% respect to C-C’.
Reference of efficiency: C-C’
Loss saving for 1 year (new incorporations)
C' C A' A
50 263 736 690 690.040 1.095 471 1.664 592
100 192 614 1.112 896.358 1.840 794 2.803 942
160 121 73 1.590 307.806 2.628 1.076 4.030 1.264
250 143 143 2.240 640.643 3.723 1.480 5.694 1.749
400 219 635 3.207 2.738.855 5.344 2.071 8.147 2.475
630 265 133 4.446 1.767.373 7.534 2.905 11.388 3.497
1000 30 0 5.794 173.821 9.636 5.111 14.892 5.649
TOTAL 1.233 2.334 7.214.897
3.567
45.707 64.786
Saving (KWh) Direct Purchase Units
New Customers
Contribution Units
Potential Saving For New Incorporations Endesa España (1 year)
Rating (kVA)
Unit Saving (kWh)
Efficient transformers Actual transformers
1 year potential saving ~
7 GWhHypothesis 2001:
Load factor = 42%
hequi. losses = 3050
ENDESA
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
3.- REGULATION:Incentives or Dis-Incentives ?
Challenge
- CLIMATE CHANGE
EU Governments committed to reducing CO2 emissions (Kyoto)
22% of the demand for electrical energy (EU) RENEWABLES
Target for reducing CO2 in Transport ?
Target for reducing CO2 in T & D ?
Deregulation trends
Lower investment cost approach (short-term thinking)
Life expansion of existing assets
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
SPANISH MARKET CASE (I)
“Pool” system OMEL (marginal schedule price)
Contribution of different MARKETS:
Average
final price = Dayly
+ Intra-day
+ Operation
+Power
guarantee
+Other
= 3,859 c€/kWh (2001)
3,158
-0,008 0,2500,459
-0,001
~ 81% ~
13%~ 6%
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
SPANISH MARKET CASE (II)
Price sensitivity analysis 1999-2003
Dayly Market Price evolution (cent €/kWh)(> 80% of final price)
HIGH anual deviations !
Monthly average price
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
January February March April May June July August September October November December
cEu
ro/K
Wh
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
YearWeighted Average
price
Increase (%)
1998 2,580 ---
1999 2,671 3,5%
2000 3,149 17,9%
2001 3,134 -0,5%
2002 3,869 23,5%
2003 (*) 2,432 ?
(*) Until March.
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
CONCLUSIONS FROM THE SPANISH MARKET
High sensitivity of the TRUE COST of losses = f (market)
No correlation between cost of losses and incentives
Benefits of loss reduction are transferred to the
customers:•UK : 10 years
•ENDESA Spain : 8 years
NPV = -Investment + Σ 8
n=1
Saving(1+i)
n
years
10
0
50
0
% revenuefrom loss reduction
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
4.- Adapted TOC methodology ENDESA (I)
IEEETOC = Ci + A.Po + B.PC
A: Cost per rated W of no-load losses
B: Cost per rated W of load losses
Ci: Initial capital cost (purchase) of the transformer
ENDESA TOCadapt = Ci + R .A.Po. KTD + R .B.PC. KTD
R = =
KTD: Parameter for losses upstream (T & D networks)
NENDESA + NCOSTUMERSNENDES
A
NTOTAL
NENDES
A
R.D. 1955/2000
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
Ratio R - example
NEW INCORPORATIONS – year 2002
50 263 736 3.8
100 192 614 4.2
160 121 73 1.6
250 143 143 2
400 219 635 3.9
630 265 133 1.5
1000 30 0 1
TOTAL 1.233 2.334
3.567
Direct Purchase Units
New Customers
Contribution Units
Ratio R Rating (kVA)
NENDES
A
NTOTALR = = f (market, distribution area)
R Indirect INCENTIVE for Utilities
Distribution
area “X”
MV/LV TRANSFORMERS - ENDESA
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
CALCULATION of A and B parameters (I)
A Unit owning cost for NO-LOAD losses
8.760 hours connected
Average energy price over 1 year (3,859 cent€/kWh in 2001)
B Unit owning cost for LOAD losses
Price = f (moment in which the loss was produced)
Average weighted price = Load curve2 x schedule price (4,256 cent€/kWh in 2001)
CONCLUSIONEfficient transformers are more profitable if the peak load of
the transformer is produced when there is a high energy price
in the NATIONAL market.
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
CALCULATION of A and B parameters (II)
Results 2001
A = 114.883 cent €/W
B = 5.402 cent €/W
Sensitivity analysis
Energy price
Number of years for loss flow (regulation)
Degree of saturation of transformer
Upgrading rate
Growth in demand
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
RESULTS
Maximum acceptable extracost for efficient C-C’ transformers with respect to the best A-A’ offer
TransformerAcceptable extra cost
C-C' versus A-A'
50 kVA X %
100 kVA Y %
160 kVA Z %
250 kVA V %
400 kVA W %
630 kVA R %
1000 kVA S %
PURCHASE OF NEW MV/LVTRANSFORMERS -Advisable supplies
- CONFIDENTIAL -
For everydistribution zone
of ENDESA and kind of
market - RURAL - URBAN - INDUSTRIAL - TURISTIC
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
ENERGY SAVINGS
EMISSION SAVINGS
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
EFFITRAFO
Barcelona 12-15 May 2003
J.Frau Spain Session 5 – Block 1.2
6.- CONCLUSIONS
Efficient transformers NOT justified with actual spanish
regulation (in general)
Wrong signal to invest in efficiency when removing or sharing
benefits in less than 15 years
Small incentive in Spain thanks to R parameter (R.D. 1955/2000)
Uncertainty of profitability analysis due to high sensitivity of
involved parameters (years, price curve,...) = (regulation,
market,...)
Asymmetrical treatment “RENEWABLES versus EFFICIENCY”
(only domestic appliances) under-estimation of losses reduction
Need of special incentives to promote efficient transformers