energy conversion engineering lab manual full

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ENERGY CONVERSION LABORATORY

MANUAL

(06AEL58)

2011-2012

��

COMPILED BY : HAREESHA N G

Lecturer

REVIEWED BY : Wg Cdr M R vaggar (Retd)

Associate prof and Head

Aircraft Energy Conversion Laboratory Manual (06AEL57) 2011-12

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, DSCE, Bangalore -78 1

SYLLABUS

AIRCRAFT ENERGY CONVERSION LABORATORY

Subject Code : 06AEL58 IA Marks: 25

No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03

Total no. of Lecture Hrs : 42 Exam Marks: 50

PART - A

(INDIVIDUAL EXPERIMENTS)

1) Determination of Flash point and Fire point of lubricating oil using Abel Pensky and

Pensky Martins Apparatus.

2) Determination of Caloric value of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.

3) Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Redwoods, Saybolts and Torsion

Viscometers.

4) Valve, Timing/port opening diagram of an I.C. engine (4 stroke/ 2stroke).

5) Use of planimeter. 21 Hours

PART - B

(GROUP EXPERIMENTS)

6) Performance Tests on I.C. Engines, Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal efficiencies, SFC,

FP, heat balance sheet for

a) Four stroke Diesel Engine

b) Four stroke Petrol Engine

c) Multi-cylinder Diesel/Petrol Engine, (Morse test)

d) Two stroke Petrol Engine

e) Variable Compression Ratio I.C. Engine 21 Hours



LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

PART-A

1) Determination of Flash point and Fire point of diesel using Abel Pensky Apparatus

2) Determination of Flash point and Fire point of lubricating oil using Pensky Martins

Apparatus 3) Determination of Caloric value of gaseous fuel using JUNKER’S gas Calorimeter

4) Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Redwoods Viscometer

5) Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Saybolts Viscometer

6) Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Torsion Viscometer

7) Port opening diagram of an 2 stroke petrol engine

8) Valve Timing diagram of 4 stroke Diesel Engine

9) Use of Digital/Analog Plani-meter

PART-B

10) Performance Test on Four stroke, Diesel Engine. Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal

efficiencies, SFC, FP and to prepare heat balance sheet.

11) Performance Test on Four stroke Petrol Engine. Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal

efficiencies, SFC, FP and to prepare heat balance sheet

12) Performance Test on Multi-cylinder Petrol Engine, (Morse test). Calculations of IP,

BP, Thermal efficiencies, SFC, FP and to prepare heat balance sheet

13) Performance Test on Two stroke Petrol Engine. Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal

efficiencies, SFC, FP and to prepare heat balance sheet

14) Performance Test on Variable Compression Ratio, 4S Petrol Engine. Calculations of

IP, BP, Thermal efficiencies, SFC, FP and to prepare heat balance sheet



Experiment No. 1:

ABEL’S FLASH POINT APPARATUS AIM: To determine the flash point of diesel by Abel’s flash point apparatus.

APPARATUS: Abel’s flash point apparatus, Thermometers.

THEORY: Flash point: The flash point is the lowest temperature, to which a lubricant must be heated

before its vapor, when mixed with air, will ignite but not continue to burn.

Fire point: The fire point is the temperature at which lubricant combustion will be sustained.

The flash and fire points are useful in determining a lubricant’s volatility and fire resistance.

The flash point can be used to determine the transportation and storage temperature

requirements for lubricants. Lubricant producers can also use the flash point to detect

potential product contamination. A lubricant exhibiting a flash point significantly lower than

normal will be suspected of contamination with a volatile product. Products with a flash point

less than 38o C (100

oF) will usually require special precautions for safe handling. The fire

point for a lubricant is usually 8 to 10 percent above the flash point. The flash point and fire

point should not be confused with the auto-ignition temperature of a lubricant, which is the

temperature at which a lubricant will ignite spontaneously without an external ignition

source.

Outline of the methods: The sample is placed in the cup of the Abel apparatus and heated at

a prescribed rate. A small test flame is directed into the cup at regular intervals and the flash

point is taken as the lowest temperature at which application of the test flame will cause the

vapour above the sample to ignite with a distinct flash inside the cup.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:



DESCRIPTION: The Abel’s flash point apparatus is mainly used to determine the flash point of fuel oils

flashing between 22 0C to 49

0C. It consists of a sealed water bath with a provision of an air

chamber to hold the oil cup and circulate cold water for below ambient determination and an

external heater for above ambient determinations. The oil cup is provided with a lid and

sliding ports for the introduction of test flame. Within the oil cup a circular marking to

indicate the level of oil to be taken for the test. The whole arrangement is mounted on a

cylindrical enclosed stand.

PROCEDURE:

1) Clean the oil cup with any solvent and wipe it dry.

2) Fill water into the water jacket to its full level and insert into the cylindrical stand.

3) Pour water into the air chamber, which surrounds the oil cup to a depth of 38 mm.

4) Pour fuel oil to be tested into the oil cup up to the circular mark and place the oil cup into

the air chamber of the water bath.

5) Close it with the lid having sliding ports.

6) Insert the water and oil thermometers in their respective holders.

7) Keep the entire set up on a heater and heat the water at a very slow rate.

8) Maintain a low flame on the wick and apply the flame to the oil surface by sliding the

port at every 20 rise in temperature of the oil under test.

9) Record the temperature at which the first flash occurs and report as flash point.

10) To determine the flash point of fuel oils below room temperature, circulate cold water in

the water bath to at least 15 0 C below the expected flash point of the fuel oil sample and

follow steps 8 & 9.

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN

Type of oil Used:

S.N. Temperature Observation (Yes or No)

Flash Point Fire Point

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

RESULT:

The flash point of given oil is = oC

The fire point of given oil is = oC



Experiment No. 2:

PENSKY MARTEN’S FLASH POINT APPARATUS AIM: To determine the flash point of lubricating oil by Pensky Marten’s apparatus.

APPARATUS: Pensky Marten’s apparatus, thermometers.

THEORY: In the Pensky-Marten’s closed cup flash point test, a brass test cup is filled with a test

specimen and fitted with a cover. The sample is heated and stirred at specified rates

depending on what it is that's being tested. An ignition source is directed into the cup at

regular intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring until a flash that spreads

throughout the inside of the cup is seen. The corresponding temperature is its flash point.

Pensky-Martens closed cup is sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can

be introduced periodically. The vapour above the liquid is assumed to be in reasonable

equilibrium with the liquid. Closed cup testers give lower values for the flash point (typically

5-10 K) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure

reaches the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL).

Outline of Method: the sample is heated in a test cup at a slow and constant rate with

continuous stirring. A small test flame is directed into the cup at regular intervals with

simultaneous interruption of stirring. The flash point is taken as the lowest temperature at

which the application of the test flame causes the vapour above the sample to ignite

momentarily.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

Figure: Pensky Martens apparatus



DESCRIPTION: This apparatus is used to determine the flash point of fuel oils and lubricating oils. Flashing

above 49 0 C. It consists of an oil cup with a circular marking for oil level indication. A lid to

cover the oil cup with sliding shutters with ports, oil stirring mechanism and dipping wick

holder, cast iron oil cup holder (air bath), electric heater with control.

PROCEDURE: 1) Install the apparatus on a table near a 230V, 50Hz, 5amps single-phase power source.

Keep the electrical heater on the table. Position the oil cup holder (air bath) on the heater.

Insert the oil cup into the bath and position it.

2) Pour oil to be tested into the oil cup up to the mark.

3) Close the lid.

4) Connect the heater to the electrical power source and heat the oil at a slow steady rate of

20C /min with the help of the regulator. Keep stirring the oil with the stirring mechanism.

5) Maintain a small flame on the wick.

6) Introduce the flame to the oil surface by operating the circular handle, which makes the

maintained flame to dip into the oil cup by opening the shutter. This is done at every half

minute, only after the sample oil reaches 150 to 17

0 C before the expected flash point.

7) Record the temperature at which first flash occurs and report as flash point of the sample

oil.

8) To stop the experiment, switch of the heater and allow it to cool.

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN:

Lubricating oil used:

S.N. Temperature Observation (Yes or No)

Flash Point Fire Point

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

RESULT:

The flash point of given oil is = oC

The fire point of given oil is = oC



Experiment No. 3:

JUNKERS GAS CALORIMETER

AIM: To determine calorific value of gaseous fuel by Junkers gas calorimeter

APPARATUS: The apparatus mainly consists of a cylindrical shell with copper coil arranged in two pass

configuration with water inlet and outlet to circulate through the copper coil, a pressure

regulator, a wet type gas flow meter & a gas Bunsen burner, temperature sensors for

measuring inlet, outlet water temperature, and for flue gas temperature, a 2000ml measuring

jar.

Figure: Experimental setup of junker’s gas calorimeter

DESCRIPTION: Determination of calorific value (heat value) of combustible gases is essential to assess the

amount of heat given away by the gas while burning a known amount of gas to heat a known

amount of fluid (water) in a closed chamber.

PROCEDURE:

1. Install the equipment on a flat rigid platform near an uninterrupted continuous water

source of ½” size and a drain pipe.

2. Connect the gas source to the pressure regulator, gas flow meter and the burner

respectively in series

3. Insert the thermometer / temperature sensors, into their respective places to measure

water inlet and outlet temperatures and a thermometer to measure the flue gas

temperature at the flue gas outlet



4. Start the water flow through the calorimeter at a study constant flow rate and allow it

to drain through over flow.

5. Start the gas flow slowly and light the burner out side the calorimeter

6. Regulate the flow of gas at a steady rate to any designed flow (Volume)

7. Insert the burner into the calorimeter and allow the out let water temperature to attain

a steady state

8. Swing the out let to a 1000 ml jar and start. The stop watch simultaneously, record the

initial gas flow meter reading at the same time

9. Note down the time taken to fill 1000ml and at the same time the final gas flow

reading recorded by the gas flow meter

10. Tabulate all the reading and calculate the calorific valve of the gas under test

11. Repeat the experiment by varying the water flow rate or gas flow for different

conditions.

12. After the experiment is over stop the gas flow, water flow, and drain the water from

the calorimeter, keep the equipment clean & dry.

OBSERVATIONS:

Density of water wρ = 1000Kg/m3

Volume of gas burnt Vg in liters =

Density of gas g

ρ = 0.22Kg/m3

Cpw = 1 K Cal/kg K

Time taken to collect 1 liter of water : _________ sec

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.

N

Volume of

water collected

in liter (Vw)

Volume of gas

Burnt in liter

(Vg)

Water inlet

Temperature

T1 oC

Water outlet

Temperature

T2 oC

Change in

Temp of water

�T= (T2-T1)

Cv of

gas

KCal/kg

1 1

2 1

CALCULATION:

gg

www

gasV

TCPVCV

ρ

ρ

×

∆×××=

Where

wρ = Density of water

Vg = Volume of gas burnt in liters

gρ = Density of gas

Cpw = Specific heat of water

RESULT:

Calorific value of given gaseous fuel is = K Cal/Kg



Experiment No. 4:

REDWOOD VISCOMETER

AIM: To determine the viscosity of diesel using redwood viscometer at different

temperatures.

APPARATUS: Redwood Viscometer, 50ml Receiving flask, thermometers and stopwatch

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS: Redwood viscometer Consists of a cylindrical oil cup furnished with a gauge point,

agate / metallic Orifice jet at the bottom having a concave depression from inside to facilitate

a ball with stiff wire to act as a valve to start or stop oil flow. The outer side of the orifice jet

is convex, so that the oil under test does not creep over the lower face of the oil cup. The oil

cup is surrounded by a water bath with a circular electrical immersion heater and a stirring

device. Two thermometers are provided to measure water bath temp. & oil temperature under

test. A round flat-bottomed flask of 50ml marking, to measure 50 ml of oil flow against time.

The water bath with oil cup is supported on a tripod stand with leveling screws.

Figure: Experimental Setup



PROCEDURE: 1) Clean the oil cup with a solvent preferably C.T.C (Carbon Tetra chloride) and wipe it dry

thoroughly with a paper napkins or a soft cloth (do not use cotton waste) and the orifice

jet with a fine thread.

2) Keep the water bath with oil cup on the tripod stand and level it.

3) Pour water into the water bath up to 15 to 20mm below the top portion

4) Keep the ball (valve) in position and pour clean filtered oil sample (use strainer not

coarser than BS 100 mesh) to be tested into the oil cup up to the gauge point and cover it

with the lid.

5) Take a clean dry 50ml flask and place it under the orifice jet of the oil cup and center it.

6) Lift the ball (valve) and simultaneously start a stop watch and allow the oil into the

receiving flask.

7) Adjust the receiving flask (50ml) in such a way that the oil string coming out of the jet

strikes the neck of the flask to avoid foaming (formation of air bubbles) on the oil surface.

8) Wait till the oil level touches the 50 ml mark stop the watch and record the time in sec.

9) Repeat the experiment at different temperatures above ambient.

10) Plot the relevant graphs

NOTE: For conducting experiment at different temperatures above ambient on Redwood Viscometer,

connect the heater of the water bath to a 230V, 50Hz, 5amps power source through a dimmer

stat. Heat the water to any desired temperature while continuously stirring the water with the

stirring device and occasionally the oil sample with the thermometer. Once the temperature of

the oil reaches the required temperature follow steps 6, 7 and 8.

OBSERVATION: 1. Type of oil used:

2. Weight of the empty flask:

TABULATION:

S.

N

Temp. of

the oil in 0C

Time for

collecting 50 ml.

of oil in t (sec)

Wt. of the

measuring jar

(W1) in gms

Wt. of the measuring

jar + 50CC of oil

(W2) in gms

Density

of oil �

in kg/m3

Kinematic

Viscosity

(�) m2/s

Dynamic

Viscosity

(�) Pa/s



CALCULATIONS:

1) Therefore, 610)(cos −×��

��

�−×=

t

BtAityisKinematicV γ in m

2/s

Note: 1 centistokes = 1x10-6

m2/s; 1 stoke = 1cm

2/sec (Kinematic Viscosity)

1 poise = 0.1N S/m2 (Pa. S) (Absolute viscosity)

2) Density of the given oil is ( ) 312 10

50×

−=

wwρ in Kg/m

3

3) Absolute Viscosity µ = � * � in Pa.S or N S/m2

Plot the following graphs

RESULTS:

Mass density of given oil is _________________Kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity of given oil is _____________ m2/S

Absolute viscosity of given oil is _______________ N S/m2

CONCLUSION: Kinematic viscosity, absolute viscosity was determined and relevant

graphs were drawn. Viscosity varies with temperature and has negative exponential trend.

Abs

Visc

Temp Temp

Kine

Visc



Experiment No. 5:

SAYBOLT VISCOMETER

AIM: To determine viscosity of the given oil using Say Bolt Viscometer at different

temperatures expressed in terms of Saybolt seconds.

APPARATUS: Say Bolt Viscometer, 60ml receiving flask, thermometers & stopwatch.

DESCRIPTION:

The apparatus mainly consists of a standard cylindrical oil cup surrounded with a

water bath with an immersion heater and a stirring device. The apparatus is supplied with two

S.S. Orifice jets namely Universal jet & Furol jet, which can be fitted at the bottom of the oil

cup as per our requirement. A rubber cork stopper arrangement is provided also at the bottom

to facilitate start and stop the oil flow from the Viscometer. Two thermometers are provided

to measure water bath temperature and oil temperature under test. A round flat-bottomed

flask with a 60-ml marking on the neck is provided to measure 60 ml of oil flow against time.

The oil cup with the water bath is supported on a stand with levelly screws.

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the oil cup with a solvent preferably C.T.C (Carbon Tetra chloride) and wipe it

dry thoroughly with a paper napkins or a soft cloth (do not use cotton waste) and the

orifice jet with a fine thread.

2. Keep the water bath with oil cup on the tripod stand and level it.

3. Pour water into the water bath up to 15 to 20mm below the top portion.



4. Close the Orifice opening from bottom with the rubber cork provided. Pour oil to be

tested into the strainer by keeping the strainer on the oil cup until the oil fills up in the

oil cup as well as in side well. Withdraw the excess oil in the side well and position the

thermometers in water bath and oil cup.

5. Take a clean dry 60ml flask and place it under the orifice jet of the oil cup and center

it.

6. Pull the rubber cork open and simultaneously start a stopwatch and allow the oil into

the receiving flask.

7. Adjust the receiving flask (60ml) in such a way that the oil string coming out of the jet

strikes the neck of the flask to avoid foaming (formation of air bubbles) on the oil

surface.

8. Wait till the oil level touches the 60 ml mark, stop the watch and record the time in sec.

9. Repeat the experiment at different temperatures above ambient.

10. Use specific nozzle suitable for lubricant or oil.

NOTE:

For conducting experiment at different temperatures above ambient on Saybolt

Viscometer, connect the heater of the water bath to a 230V, 50Hz, 5amps power source

through a dimmer stat. Heat the water to any desired temperature while continuously stirring

the water with the stirring device and occasionally the oil sample with the thermometer. Once

the temperature of the oil reaches the required temperature follow steps 6, 7 and 8.

TABULATION:

Type of oil used:-

Weight of the empty flask:-

S.N Temp.

of the

oil in 0C

Time for

collecting 60CC

of oil in t (sec)

Wt. of the

measuring jar

(W1) in gms

Wt. of the

measuring jar +

50CC of oil

(W2) in gms

Density

of oil � in

kg/m3

Kinematic

Viscosity �

m2/s

Dynamic

Viscosity �

in Pa/s



CALCULATIONS:

4) Therefore, 610)(cos −×��

��

�−×=

t

BtAityisKinematicV γ in m

2/s

Note: 1 centistokes = 1x10-6

m2/s; 1 stoke = 1cm

2/sec (Kinematic Viscosity)

2 poise = 0.1N S/m2 (Pa. S) (Absolute viscosity)

5) Density of the given oil is ( ) 312 10

50×

−=

wwρ in Kg/m

3

6) Absolute Viscosity µ = � * � in Pa.S or N S/m2

Plot the following graphs

RESULTS:

Mass density of given oil is _________________Kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity of given oil is _____________ m2/S

Absolute viscosity of given oil is _______________ N S/m2

CONCLUSION: Kinematic viscosity, absolute viscosity was determined and relevant

graphs were drawn. Viscosity varies with temperature and has negative exponential trend.

Abs

Visc

Temp Temp

Kine

Visc



Experiment No. 6:

TORSION VISCOMETER

AIM: To determine the viscosity of given oil using torsion viscometer

APPARATUS: Torsion Viscometer, sample oil & thermometer

DESCRIPTION:

The torsion viscometer consists of a flywheel with a pointer suspended in horizontal position

by means of a torsion wire. The wire is fixed to the torsion head at the top. Adopters are used

to adjust the length of the wire. Surrounding the flywheel, there is a circular scale graduated

in degrees. A Cylinder is attached to the flywheel. The instrument is supported on a tripod

with leveling screws.

The apparatus consists of a device to hold a solid cylinder and a flywheel by means of

a Torsion wire with end connectors. A release pin is provided to hold the flywheel in

horizontal position. The flywheel is, surrounded by a graduated scale in degrees (00 to 360

0).

A pointer is attached to the flywheel to indicate the angular movement of the flywheel. Oil

cup to hold the oil under test;

Figure: Experimental setup of Torsion viscometer

PROCEDURE:

1) Install the apparatus on a plain flat table and level it with leveling screws.

2) Insert the torsion wire with end connectors into the tube vertically downwards with the

top end connector of the wire fixed to a stationary head

3) Insert the bottom end connector of the wire into the top portion of the flywheel and

secure it.



4) Fix the solid cylinder to the bottom portion of the flywheel.

5) Pour clean filtered oil to be tested into the oil cup up to about 5mm to 10mm below the

top of the oil cup and place it on the platform provided and properly position it.

6) Slightly lift the top stationery head so that the flywheel along with torsion wire is free to

rotate horizontally and position the pointer of the flywheel exactly in front of the release

pin.

7) Adjust the pointer of the flywheel to zero degree by turning the stationary head either

way with absolutely no torsion in the wire and tighten the stationary head.

8) Lift the oil cup along with the platform in such a way that, the solid cylinder under the

flywheel completely immersed in the oil under test.

9) Manually give one full rotation to the flywheel (00 to 0

0) and secure it in the release pin.

10) Now the apparatus is ready for the test

11) Slowly pull the release pin back without disturbing the set up.

12) The flywheel starts rotating and completes one full rotation (00 to 0

0) and moves

beyond zero purely by virtue of its momentum. This angler movement beyond zero

(over swing) is recorded and the viscosity of the oil under test in Redwood seconds is

obtained from the graph provided.

To conduct the experiment above ambient, the oil is heated in a separate container to above

50 C to 7

0 C beyond the desired oil temperature and follow steps 5 to l2

TABULATION:

Type of oil used:-

S.N Temp.

of the

oil in 0C

Angular

rotation on

the disk in

degrees

Corresponding

redwoods

seconds from

graph

GRAPH: Plot the graph of temperature verses redwood seconds

RESULTS:

Kinematic viscosity of given oil in terms of redwood seconds is ____________



Experiment No. 7:

PORT TIMING DIAGRM (Cut section petrol engine)

AIM: To draw port timing diagram for a given 2stroke petrol engine.

THEORY: In this type of engines, ports which take charge of air and fuel mixture and

removes exhaust from the cylinder itself, by virtue of position of piston. When piston moves

inside the cylinder it closes & opens ports. In two stroke engines one revolution of crank

shaft completes one cycle.

Figure shows the timing diagram for a two-stroke cycle engine. It consists of a circle upon

which are marked the angular positions of the various cycle events. The diagram is for a

vertical engine; for a horizontal engine the diagram would appear on its side. With the two-

stroke cycle the inlet and exhaust ports open and close at equal angles on either side of the

BDC position. This is because the piston in this type of engine is also the inlet and exhaust

valve, so port opening and closing will occur at equal angles on either side of the dead centre

position. Angles shown are representative only.

Figure: Port Timing diagram of 2 Stroke petrol Engine

INLET PORT: Through which mixture of fuel and air enters the crank casing.

EXHAUST PORT: Through which the burnet (exhaust) gas exits

TRANFER PORT: Through which air and fuel mixture enters the cylinder head

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix a reference pointer on the body of the engine near the flywheel, Identify the ports.

2. Find out the direction of rotation of the crank shaft.

3. Mark the TDC position and BDC position on the flywheel.

4. Mark the opening and closings of the inlet, Exhaust and Transfer ports.

5. Using the protractor fixed on the flywheel, find out the angular position of the piston

6. Name the events IPO , IPC, EPO, EPC , TPO, and TPC.



OBSERVATION & RESULTS:

SI.

No. Event

Position of

the crank

Angular position from the

nearest dead centre

1 IPO BTDC

2 IPC ATDC

3 TPO BBDC

4 TPC ABDC

5 EPO BBDC

6 EPC ABDC

RESULT: Draw the port timing diagram



Experiment No. 8:

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM AIM: To draw valve timing diagram for given engine and calculate different periods.

THEORY:

In a four stroke engine opening and closing of valves and fuel injection do not take place

exactly at the end of dead centre positions. The valves open slightly earlier and close after

that respective dead centre position .The fuel injection also occurs prior to the full

compression ie before the piston reaches the dead centre position. Both the valve operates at

some degree on either side in terms of crank angle from dead centre position. When an intake

valve opens before top dead center and the exhaust valve opens before bottom dead center, it

is called lead. When an intake valve closes after bottom dead center, and the exhaust valve

closes after top dead center, it is called lag. On the exhaust stroke, the intake and exhaust

valve are open at the same time for a few degrees around top dead center. This is called valve

overlap.



PROCEDURE:

1. Rotate flywheel freely by hand, fix a reference point on the body of the engine near

the flywheel

2. Now while rotating, observe piston at TDC (Top dead centre) and mark with chalk on

flywheel with reference to the point

3. Similarly by rotating, mark the position of bottom dead center (BDC). It is to be

observed that it takes to rotation of flywheel to complete one cycle of operation.

(one cycle is suction , compression, power & exhaust strokes)

4. Now identify inlet and exhaust valves.

5. Find out direction of rotation of flywheel (crank shaft)

6. Bring flywheel to TDC position (pointer).

7. Go on rotating flywheel slowly and observe position (functioning) of both the valves.

8. Now observe when inlet valves opens mark it on flywheel (inlet valve open – (IVO)

9. Slowly rotate flywheel, and observe when inlet valve closes –( IVC.)

10. Rotate further observe when exhaust valve opens (EVO )

11. Rotate further & observe when exhaust valve closes (EVC).

12. Using the protractor fixed on the flywheel, find out the angular position of the piston

13. Name the events IVO, IVC, EVO, EVC,

14. Then draw spiral diagram with data in marking on flywheel.

CALCULATIONS:

1. Angle of overlap = IVO angle + EVC angle

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No Event No Position of

Crank

Angle � In

degrees

1 IVO

2 IVO

3 EVO

4 EVC

Where:

BTDC – Before top dead centre, ABDC – After bottom dead centre

BBDC – Before bottom dead centre, ATDC – After top dead centre

RESULT: Plot the Valve Timing Diagram on graph sheet, show Angle of overlap



PLANIMETER

Amsler's Polar and Linear Planimeters

In 1854. Jakob Amslcr invented the polar planimeter a brilliant and simple device for

measuring the area of a region. Schematic drawings of polar and linear planimeters are shown

in Figures. The main part of each is a movable rod, called the tracer arm. With a tracer point

at one end (labeled T). A wheel is attached to the rod with its axis parallel to the rod. The

wheel is equipped with a scale typically calibrated in square inches or square centimeters. It

is similar to a map reader wheel in that it can roll both forwards and backwards, and we will

call it the measuring wheel. In a linear planimeter, the end of the tracer arm opposite the

tracer point is restricted to follow a linear track, along which it can slide freely. In contrast, in

a polar planimeter, the tracer rod is hinged to a second rod, the pole arm, forming an elbow.

The end of the pole arm opposite the hinge, called the pole, is fixed so that the pole arm can

pivot around it consequently the elbow follows the arc of a circle as it moves.

To operate a planimeter, the user selects a starting point on the boundary of the region

to be measured, places the tracer point there, and sets the counter on the wheel to zero. The

user then moves the tracer point once around the boundary of the region, as shown in Figure.

The tracer point is typically a stylus or a point marked on a magnifying glass to facilitate the

tracing. In a polar planimeter, as the tracer point moves, the elbow at die hinge will flex and

the angle between the pole arm and the tracer arm will change. In a linear planimeter, the end

of the tracer arm in the track will slide along the track. In both planimeters the wheel rests

gently on the paper, partially rolling and partially sliding, depending on how the tracer point

is moved. If the pointer is moved parallel to the tracer arm, the wheel slides and does not roll

at all. If the pointer is moved perpendicular to the tracer arm, the wheel rolls, and does not

slide at all. Motion of the pointer in any other direction causes the wheel to both roll and

slide. When the tracer point returns to the starting point, the user can read the area from the

scale on the wheel.

Fig: Polar plani meter Fig: Linear planimeter

DIGITAL PLANIMETER

Figure: Digital plani-meter



Experiment No. 09:

USE OF DIGITAL/ANALOG PLANIMETER

AIM: To determine the area of the regular and irregular plane surfaces and to calculate

Percentage error in the measurement.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Digital or Analog planimeter, drawing board with sheet, scale,

etc.

THEORY: For regular surface area can be obtained by calculation, but for irregular surface it is

very difficult to calculate area, which can be obtained by integrating the area. The integration

of the area is complicated, to overcome this difficulty; a mechanical device called planimeter

is used. Planimeter is a form of integrator which converts graphical area into numerical

values. planimeter consists of two arms hinged at a point. One arm is a pivot arm and the

other arm is the tracing arm. The tracing arm is moved along the boundary of the plane area

whose area is to be determined.

DESCRIPTION:

The planimeter mainly consists of:

1. Tracing arm with main scale, vernier scale, Rotating disc and rotating drum with

vernier scale

2. Pivot arm with a ball point at one end and a cylindrical weight with pin at the other

end.

3. Magnifying lance.

PROCEDURE:

1. Keep the drawing board on a plain table.

2. Fix the drawing sheet containing the regular or irregular shape of drawing (With the help

of drawing board pins.) of which the surface area is to be determined.

3. Take out the Planimeter (Tracing arm and pivot arm) from the box and place it on the

drawing board.

4. Set the main scale of the tracing arm to the specified set point with the vernier scale

“zero” coincide with the main scale setting (use magnifying lens if required)

5. Place the tracing arm horizontally with the tracing point on the periphery of the drawing

whose surface area to be determined.

6. Fix the pivot arm approximately perpendicular to the tracing arm, by inserting the ball

point into its appropriate position on the tracing arm and press the pin on the other side of

the pivot arm against the board in position.

7. Roughly move the tracing arm along the periphery of the drawing in clock wise direction

to ascertain free and easy movement of the tracing arm and bring back to the starting

point.

8. Now carefully rotate the scale drum manually by thumb so that rotating disc indicates

“zero”, and the “zero” of the drum scale coincide with “zero” of the its Vernier scale

“zero” .

9. Ascertain that the tracing point is on the periphery of the drawing



10. Now slowly move the tracing pin along the periphery of the drawing in clock wise

direction without miss lifting the tracing pin or moving away from the line of the

drawing and come back to the starting point.

11. Carefully record the reading indicated by the rotating disc as well as the drum scale with

the vernier scale and declare the area in appropriate units.

FORMULAE USED:

1. Measured area = M * (Final Reading ~ Initial Reading)

Where M is multiplier constant =

(Actual area - Measured area) 2. Percentage error = --------------------- ----------------- 100

Actual area

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:

S.N Shape of the

figure Initial

reading Final

reading Measured

area Actual

area %

Error

1

��

��

2

��

��

3

��

4

RESULT: 1. Area of the irregular surface is ____________

2. Percentage error is ___________



SECTIONISED AUTOMOBILE MPFI ENGINE MODEL

AIM: To demonstrate the working of an Automobile 4 cylinder, 4 stroke , inline, water

cooled MPFI maruti engine

DESCRIPTION:

The model of sectioned engine assembly of Maruti is been made out of original

Maruti MPFI engine assembly for demonstration. The Maruti engine assembly is: In line,

Four cylinder, 4 stroke petrol engine with 1000 cc cylinder capacity. The Engine is fitted

here with maximum parts and accessories of the engine like four cylinders, the cylinder

block, Cylinder heads, valve ports, piston, Connecting rod, inlet and Exhaust manifolds,

Water pump, oil pump, oil sump, Alternator, Ignition coil, oxygen sensor, coolant sensor,

Temperature sensor, cmp sensor etc to clearly demonstrate the internal constructional details .

The entire system will be suitably painted with different colors ( duco paint), all the

hardwares and gears will be electroplated. Different colour codes are been provided for

different parts and accessories for easy identification . The colour code is as listed below.

1. The colour for Air is Blue (suction)

2. The colour for Exhaust smoke is P.O Red

3. The colour for Oil sump is Yellow

4. The colour for water pump is light Blue

5. The colour for Cut portion is Signal Red

The engine assembly is coupled to a reduction gear unit through the flywheel of the engine

assembly, which is then coupled to a single phase AC motor, so that by running the electric

motor the entire function of the engine can be easily observed.

Figure: Cut section of a 4 stroke, 4 cylinder engine



INSTALLATION: 1. Clean the model off dust, Wipe the same with soft cloth along the old remains of the

oil.

2. Freshly oil the engine model, oiling has to be done at the friction points such as

piston, connecting rod, valves , cam, oil pump, fuel injection pump etc,

3. Connect the plug to a 15 amps 230 V AC socket

4. Switch on the engine model to demonstrate the working of the pistons, valves oil

pump, water pump, etc.

MAINTENANCE:

There are only few maintenance points to be considered

1. The engine model has to be dusted regularly and should be kept covered when not in

use

2. Oiling has to be done along the friction points such as piston, connecting rod, valves,

cam, oil pump, fuel injection pump etc. once in every five days.

3. Check and change the V belt connected to the reduction gear unit and AC motor once

in every one year

4. Greasing for the Gear pinion has to be done once in every month.

OPERATION:

1. The plug has to be connected to a 15 amps 230V AC socket

2. Once the engine model is switched ON, the movement of the pistons, opening of the

valves, rotation of the water pump, oil pump etc can be observed. So that the working

of the different parts and accessories can be demonstrated.

CAUTION:

1. Keep hands off the engine model while it is running as all the moving parts are cut

exposed and the risk of getting hurt is more

2. Use Teaching sticks to demonstrate while the model is switched ON and running.



Experiment 10:

2-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER AIR COOLED PETROL ENGINE

AIM: To conduct performance test on 2 stroke,1-cylinder petrol engine and to draw the Heat

balance sheet.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 2 stroke, single cylinder petrol engine test rig, Stop watch, etc

THEORY:

Heat engine is a device which converts heat energy into mechanical work. Engine

performance is an indication of the degree of success with which it is doing its assigned job,

i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy in to the useful work. The degree of success is

compared on the basis of 1) specific fuel consumption 2) brake mean effective pressure 3)

specific power output 4) Specific weight etc. The engine performance can be obtained by

running the engine at constant speed for variable load by adjusting the throttle.

PROCEDURE:

1. Check the petrol in the petrol tank and keep the gear lever in neutral position.

a. Start the engine by using kick start. choose the top gear and set the engine

speed to 650 rpm , make it constant by using the accelerator.

2. Apply load on the engine by operating the electrical loading switches of the alternator in

steps. Use accelerator to engine speed to 650rpm, allow some time so that speed

stabilizes.

3. Keep the speed constant and note down the

b. Time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption.

c. Voltmeter and ammeter readings

d. Monometer reading

e. Speed of the engine

f. Temperature of inlet air and exhaust gas

4. Repeat the experiment for different loads

5. Tabulate the readings and calculate the brake power, heat input, air-fuel ratio, specific

fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency.

6. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, SFC V/S BP and �b th V/S BP

SPECIFICATIONS:

Bore (D) = 57mm

Stroke (L) = 57mm

Orifice diameter (d) = 25mm

Compression ratio: 7.4 : 1

Cylinder capacity: 150CC

OBSERVATIONS:

Water density, �w : 1000 kg/m3

Calorific value of petrol, CV : 47,500 KJ/kg

Acceleration due to gravity, g : 9.81 m/sec 2

Petrol density, �p : 750 Kg/m3



TABULAR COLUMN: S.N. Speed

in RPM

Time for

10cc of fuel supply

(t) in sec

Manometer

reading (hm)

in mm

Temperature in oC Voltmeter

Reading (V)

Volts

Ammeter

Reading (I)

Ampere Inlet air

Ta Exhaust Air

(Tg) h1 h2 hm

1

2

3

4

5

FORMULAE USED:

secin n consumptio fuel of for10cc taken time t

kg/m 750 petrol of � where

kg/sin t

�10ccin consumed fuelm consumed fuel theof Mass 1.

3

p

p

6

f

=

=

××=

−

densityis

Therefore Total Fuel Consumed (TFC) = 6060 ××f

m in Kg/Hr

kg/min Pa/RTaair ofdensity

mtrsin readingmanometer h

/4)d( orifice theof areaA

0.62C

/min min 2ghAC 60 intakeair of volumeactual a V where

kg/minin Vm suppliedair of Mass 2.

3

a

a

2

o

d

3

aoda

aaa

=

=

=

=

=

×=

ρ

π

ρ

is

g = 9.81 m/s2

air

watermanometer

a

hh

ρ

ρ××=

1000 in meters of air

Where

ha = head of air in meters h manometer = manometer reading in mm

�water = 1000Kg/m3

a

a

airRT

p=ρ

Where airρ = Density of air in Kg/m3

pa = Atmospheric pressure = 1.01325 Bar = 1.01325x105 N/m

2

R = Real gas constant = 287 J/KgoK

Ta = Room temperature



To calculate airρ use the following relation

)273(287

1001325.1 5

a

airT+×

×=ρ in Kg/m

3

3. Brake Horse Power (BHP) = g

IV

η×

×

1000in KW

Where, V = Voltmeter reading

I = Ammeter reading �g = Efficiency of Generator = 0.75

m

mRatio Fuel-Air 4

f

a=

kJ/kgin fuel theof valvuecalorific theis V C

kg/sin supplied fuel of mass theis m where

kWin V C mQinput Heat 5.

f

f ×=

6. (SFC)n consumptio fuel Specific Hr -kg/kWin BP

3600m f ×

=

engine. theof bore and stroke theare D and L min /4D A e wher

/min min NA L meSwept volu V supply air lTheoratica

100 Vsupply air lTheoratica

V suppliedair of volactual efficiency Volumetric 7

22

3

th

th

act

vol

π

η

=

××==

×=

Va = Actual Volume of air supplied in m3/min

100 Qinput Heat

BP efficiency thermalBrake 8 bth ×=η

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:

Heat input KW in % Heat Output KW in %

Heat supplied by the fuel a)Heat equivalent to BP b) Heat carried by exhaust

gases = mg * Cpg (Tg-Ta) mg= ma+ mf

c)Heat unaccountable 1-(a+b)

Total input

Total output

Specific heat of air = Cpg = 1.005KJ/Kg

oC

ma = Mass of air supplied in Kg/s mf = mass of fuel supplied in Kg/s



RESULT SHEET

S.N. Mass of fuel

supplied (mf)

in Kg/s

Mass of air

supplied(ma)

in Kg/s

Air-

Fuel

Ratio

BHP

in KW

SFC in

Kg/KW Hr

Heat

input

in KW

Brake

thermal

efficiency

Volumetric

efficiency

1

2

3

4

5

CONCLUSION: Two stroke petrol engine performance was conducted and heat balance sheet worked out and relevant graphs were drawn.



Experiment 11:

4-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER, WATER COOLED, MECHANICAL

LOADING, DIESEL ENGINE

AIM: To Conduct Performance Test on the given engine four stroke, single cylinder, water

cooled, mechanical loading, diesel engine and to draw the Heat balance sheet and to obtain PV diagram at No load and Max load, and plot the performance plots

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 4 stroke, single cylinder diesel engine test rig, Stop watch,

interfacing of the engine with computer to obtain the PV diagram with pressure sensor mounted in the cylinder.

THEORY:

Heat engine is a device which converts heat energy into mechanical work. Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success with which it is doing its assigned job,

i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy in to the useful work. The degree of success is compared on the basis of 1) specific fuel consumption 2) brake mean effective pressure 3)

specific power output 4) Specific weight etc. The engine performance can be obtained by running the engine at constant speed for variable load by adjusting the throttle. In this

experiment engine is mechanically loaded and experiment is carried out. The test rig consists of 4S diesel engine connected to rope brake dynamometer with exhaust calorimeter. It has a

provision to measure transient pressure, through a cylinder mounted pressure sensor, having a water cooling system, to avoid over of heating pressure sensor. The pressure signal is fed to a

computer through an interface unit in the control panel for generating pressure volume (PV) curve to evaluate work done employing a plani meter, subsequently.

PROCEDURE:

1. Check the diesel in the diesel tank and keep the lever in neutral position.

2. Ensure the water supply to the pressure sensor, engine cooling head and exhaust calorimeter.

3. Start the engine by operating the decompression lever and cranking the crank shaft. 4. Apply the load on the brake drum by rotating the wheel of the spring balance

5. Allow the fuel to flow through the burette. 6. Note down the

a. Time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption. b. The load on the engine

c. Monometer reading d. Speed of the engine e. Temperature of inlet air and exhaust gas

f. Water meter of the exhaust calorimeter. 7. Repeat the experiment for different loads

8. Tabulate the readings and calculate the brake power, indicated power, heat input, air-fuel ratio, specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency,

mechanical efficiency.

9. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BPSFC V/S BP , �ith V/S BP, �bth V/S BP



10. To obtain the PV diagram, a) Turn on the computer, open the interfacing software.

b) Take PV diagram and P� diagrams individually. c) Take the print out after taking the soft data on a pen drive, if needed.

SPECIFICATION OF THE ENGINE:

Make: Kirloskar

Rated power output: 5HP, 1500rpm Bore: 80mm

Stroke: 110mm Compression ratio: 16.5:1

Cylinder capacity: 553 cc

OBSERVATION:

Radius of the brake drum: 190mm Diameter of the orifice: 15 mm

Calorific value of diesel: 43000KJ/Kg Density of Diesel: 850Kg/m

3

Diameter of the rope: ___________ Orifice meter constant: 0.62

Water meter reading: __________in seconds

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.

N.

Engine

Speed in

rpm

Spring Balance

reading in Kg (F)

Time taken

for 10cc of

fuel supply (t)

in seconds

Manometer

reading (hm)

Temperature readings

F1 F2 (F1˜F2) h1 h2 hm T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

1

2

3

4

5

Air inlet temperature (T1) Engine cooling head water inlet temperature (T2)

Engine cooling head water outlet temperature (T3) Calorimeter water outlet temperature (T4)

Exhaust gas inlet Temperature (T5) Exhaust gas outlet temperature (T6)



FORMULAE USED:


kg/m 850 diesel of � where

kg/sin t


3

d

d

6

f

=

=

××=

−

densityis




0.6C



3

a

a

2

o

d

3

aoda

aaa

=

=

=

=

=

×=

ρ

π

ρ

is

g = 9.81 m/s2

air

watermanometer

a

hh

ρ

ρ××=


Where ha = head of air in meters

h manometer = manometer reading in mm �water = 1000Kg/m

3

a

a

airRT

p=ρ



2




)273(287

1001325.1 5

a

airT+×

×=ρ in Kg/m

3

RPMin r dynamomete theof speed theis N

metersin drum brake theof radius a is R

kgsin reading balance spring are F2&F1

Nin 9.81 F2)-(F1 drum brake on the acting loadnet a F where

kWin 100060

)(2(BP)power Brake 3.

×=

×

××××=

is

NRFπ

BP V/S mgraph thefrom obtainedpower frictional theis FP where

FP BP (IP)Power Indicated 4

f

+=



m

mRatio Fuel-Air 5

f

a=



kWin V C mQinput Heat 6

f

f ×=

7. Specific fuel consumption based on BP, SFC= BP

3600m f ×

in Kg/KW-Hr

Specific fuel consumption based on IP, SFC = IP

3600mf × in Kg/KW-Hr



th

actvol ×=η


/min min N/2A L meSwept volu V supply air lTheoratica

22

3

th

π=

××==

100 IP

BPEfficiency Mechanical 9 ×=

100 Qinput Heat


100 Qinput Heat

IP efficiency thermalIndicated 11 ith ×=η

RESULT SHEET:

Mass of air

supply

ma in

kg/sec

Mass of fuel supply

mf in kg/sec

BP in kW

Air –Fuel

ratio

ISFC in kg/kW-

hr

BSFC in kg/kW-hr

Heat input

in kW

Vol Eff

�vol

Mech Eff

�mech

Thermal efficiency

�ith �bth



HEAT BALANCE SHEET:

. tempgasExhaust & Room T &T

K-kJ/kg 1.005 gasexhaust ofheat specific

m m kg/secin Gas of rate flow mass m where

KWin )T-(T m GasesExhaust by the carriedHeat 4

water.of inlet temp &let out T &T

K-kJ/kg 4.18 water heatof specific

kg/secin rate flow mass m where

KWin )T-(T m water cooling by the carriedHeat 3

KWn BP BP of equivalentHeat 2

KWin V C mQinput Heat 1

61

fag

16g

23

w

23w

f

=

+=

×=

=

×=

=

×=

Cpg

Cpg

Cpw

Cpw

i

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:

Heat input

KW

in %

Heat Output

KW

in %

1) By combustion of

fuel

2) Heat equivalent to BP

3) Heat carried by the cooling water

4) Heat carried by exhaust gases

5) Heat unaccountable 1-(2+3+4)

Total input Total output

CONCLUSION: 1) Performance of 4 stroke, single cylinder diesel engine was carried out.

2) Heat balance sheet for the engine worked out with unaccounted heat loss.

3) PV diagram and Pressure vs crank angle diagrams were obtained.

4) Performance plots were drawn.



Experiment 12:

4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG

FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER, AIR COOLED, ENGINE COUPLED TO

ELECTRICAL DYNAMOMETER

AIM: To Conduct Performance Test on the given engine, to obtain heat balance sheet and

draw performance curves

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Engine coupled to Electrical Dynamometer, Measurement and control panel, Load bank,

Temperature Sensors.

PROCEDURE: 1. Ensure water level in the manometer to approximately half the full scale in both the

manometer limbs 2. Ensure oil level in the engine sump up to the dip stick mark, Fill required amount of fuel

(petrol) in the fuel tank 3. Check fuel line for any leakages, tighten if necessary (open all the valves in the fuel line

up to the engine inlet, do not turn the knob to “Start’) 4. Connect the engine test rig to the 3 phase electrical source, all the three mains indicators

glow 5. Ensure the direction of rotation of the engine is as desired by momentarily pushing the

push button starter (refer arrow mark on the guard for correct direction of rotation) 6. Switch ‘on’ the console switch, all the digital indicators glow and indicate respective

readings 7. Start the engine by pushing the push button starter and release after the engine gets started

8. Wait until the engine stabilizes at its rated speed (Governed engine) of 2800 to 3000 rpm indicated on the digital rpm indicator

9. Switch ‘on’ the heat dissipating fan on the load Bank. Now the engine is ready for loading

10. Record the following readings on no load condition. Voltmeter reading, Ammeter reading Rpm indicator reading, (not essential in this case) Manometer reading, time taken for 10

cc of fuel consumption (To record fuel consumption against time close the fuel line valve on the right hand side of the burette and simultaneously start the stop watch and record

the time until 10 cc of fuel is consumed) and temperatures T1 & T2

11. Switch ‘on’ first two switches and allow the engine to stabilize, Record all the readings 12. Continue loading the engine by switching ‘on’ the load switches in pairs in steps (two

switches per step) up to full load and record all the readings at each step,, as indicated in step

13. To stop the engine remove load by switching “off” the load switches, bring the engine to no load condition

14. Push the engine “off” push button and hold it unit the engine completely stops 15. Close all the three fuel valves in the fuel line.

16. Tabulate all the readings obtained at each step and calculate Brake power (BP) weight of fuel Consumed (wf), specific fuel consumption (Sfc), Brake thermal efficiency (� Bth) and

air fuel ratio (A/F)

17. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BPSFC V/S BP , �ith V/S BP, �bth V/S BP



SPECIFICATIONS:

ENGINE

Make : VILLIERS Compression ratio : 4.67:1

Cylinder bore : 70 mm Stroke length : 66.7 mm

Displacement : 256 CC

ALTERNATOR Rating : 2 KVA

Speed : 2800-3000 rpm Voltage : 220 V AC

Efficiency : 70%

Manometer : U tube, water filled, 30 cm Air Tank : Made from MS, 300 x 300 x 300 cm

Orifice : Circular, 20 mm dia Thermocouple : Fe- K (J type)

OBSERVATIONS:

Cylinder bore, D : 70 mm

Stroke length, L : 66.7 mm Water density, �w : 1000 kg/m

3

Calorific value of petrol, CV : 47,500 Kj/kg Acceleration due to gravity, g : 9.81 m/sec

2


Specific heat of air, Cpg : 1.005KJ/KgoC

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.N. Speed

in

RPM

Time for

10cc of

fuel supply

(t) in sec

Manometer

reading (hm)

in mm

Temperature in oC Voltmeter

Reading (V)

Volts

Ammeter

Reading (I)

Ampere Inlet air

Ta Exhaust Air

(Tg) h1 h2 hm

1

2

3

4

5

6



FORMULAE USED:



kg/sin t


3

p

p

6

f

=

=

××=

−

densityis


m in Kg/Hr




0.62C



3

a

a

2

o

d

3

aoda

aaa

=

=

=

=

=

×=

ρ

π

ρ

is

g = 9.81 m/s2

air

watermanometer

a

hh

ρ

ρ××=


Where


a

a

airRT

p=ρ



2




)273(287

1001325.1 5

a

airT+×

×=ρ in Kg/m

3


IV

η×

×

1000in KW

Where,

V = Voltmeter reading I = Ammeter reading

�g = Efficiency of Generator = 0.70

m

mRatio Fuel-Air 4

f

a=






f

f ×=

6. Specific fuel consumption, SFC Hr -kg/kWin BP

3600m f ×

=



th

act

vol ×=η



22

3

th

π=

××==

Va = Actual Volume of air supplied in m3/min

100 Qinput Heat


RESULT SHEET

S.N. Mass of fuel

supplied (mf)

in Kg/s

Mass of air

supplied(ma)

in Kg/s

Air-

Fuel

Ratio

BHP

in KW

SFC in

Kg/KW Hr

Heat

input

in KW

Brake

thermal

efficiency

Volumetric

efficiency

1

2

3

4

5



HEAT BALANCE SHEET:







ga

fag

agg

f

=

+=

×=

=

×=

Cpg

Cpg

i

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:

Heat input KW in % Heat Output KW in %

Heat supplied by the fuel a)Heat equivalent to BP b) Heat carried by exhaust

gases = mg * Cpg (Tg-Ta) mg= ma+ mf

c)Heat unaccountable 1-(a+b)

Total input

Total output

CONCLUSION: 1) Performance of 4 stroke, single cylinder diesel engine was carried out.





Experiment 13:

VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO, 4 STROKE PETROL

ENGINE TEST RIG

FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER, AIR COOLED, ENGINE COUPLED TO

ELECTRICAL DYNAMOMETER

AIM: To conduct performance test on the given engine

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Engine coupled to Electrical Dynamometer, Measurement and control panel, Load bank,

Temperature Sensors, stop watch

PROCEDURE: 1. Ensure water level in the manometer to approximately half the full scale in both the

manometer limbs 2. Ensure oil level in the engine sump up to the dip stick mark, Fill required amount of fuel

(petrol) in the fuel tank 3. Check fuel line for any leakages, tighten if necessary (open all the valves in the fuel line

up to the engine inlet, do not turn the knob to “Start’) 4. Connect the engine test rig to the 3 phase electrical source, all the three mains indicators

glow 5. Ensure the direction of rotation of the engine is as desired by momentarily pushing the

push button starter (refer arrow mark on the guard for correct direction of rotation) 6. Switch ‘on’ the console switch, all the digital indicators glow and indicate respective

readings 7. Put the switch to motor position, turn on the ignition button, push the START button, and

slowly rotate the MOTOR CONTROL knob to start the engine, once the engine starts, bring the MOTOR CONTROL knob to zero position and turn off the motor by pushing the STOP

button. 8. Change the switch to GENERATOR position; use the FIELD CONTROL knob to excite the

generator voltage, set the FIELD VOLTAGE to 150 volts. 9. Wait until the engine stabilizes at its rated speed (Governed engine) of 2800 to 3000 rpm

indicated on the digital rpm indicator 10. Switch ‘on’ the electrical loading switches on the load Bank. Now the engine is ready for

loading 11. For every load note down the readings.

12. To stop the engine remove load by switching “off” the load switches, bring the engine to no load condition, Push the engine “off” push button

13. Close all the fuel valves in the fuel line. 14. Tabulate all the readings obtained at each step and calculate Brake power (BP) weight of

fuel Consumed (wf), specific fuel consumption (Sfc), Brake thermal efficiency (� Bth) and air fuel ratio (A/F).

15. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BP, SFC V/S BP , �ith V/S BP, �bth V/S BP



SPECIFICATIONS:

ENGINE Make : MK-25, Crompton Greaves

Compression ratio : Variable from 2-8:1 Cylinder bore : 70 mm

Stroke length : 66.7 mm Displacement : 256 CC

ALTERNATOR

Rating : 3 KVA Speed : 2800-3000 rpm

Voltage : 220 V AC

Manometer : U tube, water filled, 30 cm Air Tank : Made from MS, 400 x 400 x 400 cm

Orifice : Circular, 12 mm dia

OBSERVATIONS:

Cylinder bore, D : 70 mm Stroke length, L : 66.7 mm


Calorific value of petrol, CV : 47,500 Kj/kg



TABULAR COLUMN:

Com

p

Rat

io

S.

N.

Spee

d in

RP

M

Time for

10cc of

fuel

supply (t)

in sec

Field

Voltage

(V)

Volts

Field

Current

(I) Amps

Manometer

reading (hm) in

mm

Temperature in oC

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

h1 h2 hm

1

2

3

4

5

T1 = Air Inlet temperature T2 = Exhaust gas calorimeter water inlet T3 = Exhaust gas calorimeter water outlet T4 = Exhaust gas inlet

T5 = Exhaust gas outlet



MOTORING TEST TABULAR COLUMN

S.N. Engine Speed Motor Voltage Motor Current

FORMULAE USED:



kg/sin t


3

p

p

6

f

=

=

××=

−

densityis


m in Kg/Hr




0.62C



3

a

a

2

o

d

3

aoda

aaa

=

=

=

=

=

×=

ρ

π

ρ

is

g = 9.81 m/s2

air

watermanometer

a

hh

ρ

ρ××=


Where


a

a

airRT

p=ρ



2




)273(287

1001325.1 5

a

airT+×

×=ρ in Kg/m

3




IV

η×

×

1000in KW

Where, V = Voltmeter reading

I = Ammeter reading �g = Efficiency of Generator = 0.75

m

mRatio Fuel-Air 4

f

a=




f

f ×=

6. (SFC)n consumptio fuel Specific Hr -kg/kWin BP

3600m f ×

=





22

3

th

th

act

vol

π

η

=

××==

×=

Va = Actual Volume of air supplied in m

3/min

100 Qinput Heat


RESULT SHEET

S.N. Mass of fuel

supplied (mf)

in Kg/s

Mass of air

supplied(ma)

in Kg/s

Air-

Fuel

Ratio

BHP

in KW

SFC in

Kg/KW Hr

Heat

input

in KW

Brake

thermal

efficiency

Volumetric

efficiency

1

2

3

4

5



HEAT BALANCE SHEET:








KWin )T-(T m water cooling by the carriedHeat 3



51

fag

15g

23

w

23w

f

=

+=

×=

=

×=

=

×=

Cpg

Cpg

Cpw

Cpw

i

Heat input KW in

%

Heat Output KW in

%

Heat supplied by the fuel

a)Heat equivalent to BP b) Heat carried away by cooling

water c) Heat carried by exhaust gases

d) Heat unaccountable a-(b+c)

Total input

Total output

CONCLUSION: 1) Performance of 4 stroke, single cylinder VCR petrol engine was carried out.





Experiment 13:

MULTI CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG

(MORSE TEST)

FOUR STROKE, FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE COUPLED TO EDDY CURRENT

DYNAMOMETER

AIM: To Conduct Performance Test, Morse Test & to draw heat balance on given multi cylinder engine to find the overall efficiency of the engine.

INTRODUCTION:

The engine is four stroke, Four cylinder, water cooled, petrol driven automobile Engine coupled to an eddy current dynamometer mounted on a strong base, and is complete

with air, fuel, temperature, load, and speed measurement system.

DESCRIPTION: The test rig comprises of the following:

1. Four stroke, Engine coupled to Eddy current Dynamometer, with the arrangement to cutoff the cylinder

2. Measurement and control panel 3. Temperature Sensors.

PROCEDURE:

1. Install the Engine test rig near a 230V 5A 50Hz electrical power source and an un

interrupted constant head water source. 2. Check all electrical connections, water level in manometer, and oil level in engine sump.

3. Ensure water flow into the engine jacket & exhaust gas calorimeter 4. Open both the valves of 3 way Manifold, make fuel flow to engine directly

5. Start the engine with self start key, Throttle the engine to the rated speed (2000 rpm). 6. Now take readings of manometer, temperature, Fuel consumption against time.

7. Load the engine in steps of 2Kgf up to 10Kgf (full load) keeping the speed constant by operating the throttle knob (accelerator) suitably to maintain the speed at 2000 rpm.

8. Record the following readings at each step. a) Manometer difference

b) Time taken in Sec for 10cc fuel consumption by closing valve on your right hand side of the burette (line coming from fuel tank to burette) so that the fuel is drawn

from burette. c) Load at each step as indicated on the Dial spring balance

d) Speed of the engine in rpm e) Temperatures at different location ( T1 to T6)

9. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BP, SFC V/S BP , �ith V/S BP, �bth V/S BP



SPECIFICATION:

ENGINE: Type : Four stroke, vertical, in line, water cooled, Petrol Engine

Cylinders : Four Starting : Self

Ignition : Spark

DYNAMOMETER Make : Powermag

Type : Eddy current Brake Display : Spring balance (Dial type) 25 kg capacity

Manometer : U tube, water filled, 30 cm

Air Tank : Made from MS, 400 x 400 x 400 cm Orifice : Circular, 20 mm dia

Temperature Sensor : CrAl speed Sensor : Magnetic pickup, located on the coupling shaft.

OBSERVATION:


Calorific value of petrol, CV : 47,500 Kj/kg



Torque arm length (R) : 250mm Efficiency of dynamometer (�d) : 85%

Atmospheric pressure, pa : 1.01325 Bar = 1.01325x105 N/m

2

Real gas constant, R : 287 J/KgoK

Cylinder head cooling water flow rate = _____________liters/min

Exhaust gas calorimeter cooling water flow rate = __________ liters/min

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.

N.

Engine

Speed in

rpm

Load

in

Kgf

Time taken for

10cc of fuel

supply (t) in

seconds

Manometer

reading (hm)

Temperature readings

h1 h2 hm T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

1 2

2 4

3 6

4 8

5 10

T1 - Water inlet, T2 - Water jacket outlet, T3 – Calorimeter water outlet T4 - Exhaust gas inlet to calorimeter, T5 – Exhaust gas outlet from calorimeter

T6 – Air inlet temperature



CALCULATIONS:


petrol of � where

kg/sin t


d

p

6

f

=

××=

−

densityis




0.62C



3

a

a

2

o

d

3

aoda

aaa

=

=

=

=

=

×=

ρ

π

ρ

is

g = 9.81 m/s2

air

watermanometer

a

hh

ρ

ρ××=


Where ha = head of air in meters

h manometer = manometer reading in mm �water = 1000Kg/m

3

a

a

airRT

p=ρ




)273(287

1001325.1 5

a

airT+×

×=ρ in Kg/m

3

RPMin r dynamomete theof speed theis N

mmin arm torue theof radius a is R

Nin r dynamomete on the acting loadnet a F where

kWin 100060

)(2(BP)power Brake 3.

d

is

NRF

η

π

××

××××=

dη = Efficiency of the dynamometer = 85%



kWin V C mQinput Heat 6

f

f ×=

8. Specific fuel consumption based on BP, SFC= BP

3600m f ×

in Kg/KW-Hr

100 Qinput Heat




MORSE TEST

PROCEDURE:

1. Start the engine with the water flow into the engine jacket. 2. Load the engine to its full load (5 Kgf ) at rated rpm. (2000 rpm)

3. Cut off first cylinder, the engine speed drops, bring the engine speed to its rated speed by decreasing the load on the engine (Do not operate the throttle knob).

4. Record the load as indicated on the load indicator. (Dial spring balance) 5. Cut off Second cylinder, while replacing the first cylinder back into working Condition

simultaneously (as the engine is a Four cylinder engine, ensure always three cylinders are in working condition)

6. Record the load on the engine, adjust the speed if deviated from the previous cut off. by adjusting the load only

7. Cut off the third cylinder while replacing the second one in to working Condition, follow step 6.

8. Similarly cut ‘off’ the fourth cylinder while replacing the third cylinder into working condition, follow step 6.

TABULAR COLUMN FOR MORSE TEST

SL

No.

Cylinder

condition

Engine

speed N (rpm)

Load W

(kgf)

Brake power

in KW

Indicated

power in KW

1. All Cyl. running

2. 1st Cyl. cutoff

3. 2nd Cyl. cutoff

4. 3rd Cyl. cutoff

5. 4th Cyl. cutoff

CALCULATIONS:

1) Total Brake power, BPT = ( )

d

RWN

η

π

×

×

000,60

2 in KW ( With all cylinders running)

Where, N = Engine speed in rpm.

W = Net load on the engine in N (W in kgf x9.81) R = Radius of the torque arm = 250mm

dη

= Efficiency of the dynamometer

2) Brake power, BPi = ( )

d

i RWN

η

π

×

×

000,60

2 in KW ( With i

th cylinder cutoff)

Where, i= 1, 2,3,4

Wi = load on the dynamometer to bring the speed of the engine to rated speed with ith cylinder cutoff

dη = Efficiency of the dynamometer



3) Indicated power of ith

cylinder, IPi = BPT -BPi where i= 1,2,3,4

4) Total Indicated power, IPT= (IP1+ IP2+ IP3+ IP4)

5) Frictional power, FP = IPT-BPT

T

T

IP

BP=o ,y oeeficienc allOver 6. η

RESULT SHEET: Mass of air

supply

ma in kg/sec

Mass of fuel

supply

mf in kg/sec

BP

in

kW

Air –Fuel

ratio BSFC in

kg/kW-hr

Heat

input in

kW

Thermal

efficiency

�bth



HEAT BALANCE SHEET:








KWin )T-(T m water coolingjacket by the carriedHeat 3



65

fag

65g

12

w

12w

f

=

+=

×=

=

×=

=

×=

Cpg

Cpg

Cpw

Cpw

i

5. Heat carried away by calorimeter water = KWin )T-(T m 13w Cpw×

Where T3 = Calorimeter water outlet T1 = Inlet temperature of water

6. Heat lost by frictional power = FP in KW

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:

Heat input

KW

in %

Heat Output

KW

in

%

1) By combustion of

fuel 1) Heat equivalent to BP

2) Heat carried by the jacket cooling water 3) Heat carried by exhaust gases 4) Heat carried by calorimeter water

5) Heat lost by frictional power 6) Heat unaccountable (1-(2+3+4+5))

Total input Total output

CONCLUSION: 1) Performance of 4 stroke, four cylinder petrol engine was carried out and evaluated IP, FP

and overall efficiency.



4) Morse test was conducted to find overall efficiency of the engine.



VIVA QUESTIONS 1) What are lubricants?

2) Define flash and fire points. 3) What is the significance of flash point and fire point measurement?

4) List the flash point and fire points of different fuels. 5) List the flash point and fire points of lubricating oils

6) Define the flash point and fire point of a lubricating oil. 7) What should be the flash point of a good lubricant?

Ans. A flash point must be at least above the temperature at which the lubricant is to be used to avoid the risk of a fire hazard.

8) What are the factors that affect the flash and fire points? Ans. Moisture, vapor pressure, apparatus used, frequency of application of test flame, rate

of heating the test oil, and so on. 9) What is the significance of a flash point and fire point measurement?

10) What happens to the flash point of an oil if it is contaminated with moisture? Ans. If moisture is present in the lubricating oil, it increases the flash point because steam

prevents vapor from igniting. 11) What are lubricants?

12) What are the units of viscosity? 13) What is the effect of temperature on the viscosity of liquid and gas?

14) What is kinematic viscosity? 15) What is the unit of kinematic viscosity?

16) Mention the names of other viscometers. 17) What is viscosity? Discuss its significance for a lubricant.

18) What is kinematic viscosity? Ans: The coefficient of viscosity bv density is called the kinematic viscosity.

19) What is the unit of kinematic viscosity? 20) Mention the names of other viscometers.

Ans: Ostwald viscometer and Saybolt viscometer. 21) What is viscosity? Discuss its significance for a lubricant.

22) Define valve timing in four stroke petrol engine?

23) What is overlapping? 24) What is inlet valve?

25) What is exhaust valve? 26) What do you mean by ignition?

27) What are the various types of ignition systems that are commonly used?

28) Describe the working principle of 2-Stroke petrol Engine? 29) Describe the working principle of 4-Stroke petrol Engine?

30) What is Suction Stroke? 31) What is compression Stroke?

32) Describe Expansion / Power Stroke? 33) Describe Exhaust Stroke?

34) What are the construction details of a four stroke petrol Engine? 35) What is the main deference in 2-Stroke Petrol Engine and 4-Stroke Petrol Engine?

36) Describe the working principle of 2-Stroke Diesel Engine? 37) Describe the working principle of 4-Stroke Diesel Engine?

38) Explain the air-fuel ratio?



39) What is Injection Timing? 40) What are the methods of available for improving the performance of an engine?

41) Distinguish between power and specific output? 42) Define the morse test?

43) What is transmission dynamometer? 44) What is need of measurement of speed of an I.C. Engine?

45) What is a smoke and classify the measurement of a smoke? 46) What is the break power of I.C. Engines?

47) What is volumetric efficiency? 48) What is air fuel ratio in two stroke single cylinder petrol engine?

49) What is air delivery ratio in two stroke single cylinder petrol engine? 50) Explain an automatic fuel flow meter?

51) Define the friction power? 52) Define Willian’s lines methods?

53) What is break power ? 54) Define speed performance test on a four-stroke single – Cylinder diesel engine?

55) What is Air rate and A/F ratio in a four-stroke single – Cylinder diesel engine? 56) What is combustion phenomenon?

57) What is indicated power ? 58) Mention the simplified various assumptions used in fuel Air-cycle Analysis

59) What are the different Air – Fuel Mixture on which an Engine can be operated? 60) Define the carbonation ?

Ans. It is the process of mixing air and petrol mixture and vaporize and atomize that mixture.

61) What is clearance volume ? Ans. When piston moves from B.D.C. to T.D.C. the volume left above in the cylinder is

called clearance volume. 62) What is swept volume?

Ans. The volume covered by piston while moving from B.D.C. to T.D.C. is known as swept volume.

63) What is the compression ratio? 64) Explain the air-fuel ratio?

65) What is Injection Timing? 66) What are the methods of available for improving the performance of an engine?

67) Distinguish between power and specific output? 68) What is the importance of specific fuel consumption?

69) What is the torque of an engine? 70) Define the morse test?

71) What is transmission dynamometer? 72) What is need of measurement of speed of an I.C. Engine?

73) What is the break power of I.C. Engines?

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�

energy conversion engineering lab manual full

Technology

determination of flash

flash point of diesel

point of lubricating

flash point of fuel

distinct flash

stroke petrol engine

oil cup

stroke diesel engine