energy auditing & building science south point hotel, las vegas, nv 2013

Energy Auditing & Building Science

Energy Auditing & Building Science

South Point Hotel, Las Vegas, NV 2013

PresentersPresenters

• Richard Benkowski, United Association

• Frank Spevak, Energy Conservatory

• Erik Rasmussen, ESCO Group

Session Time LineSession Time Line

Tuesday 13:30 to 16:45• Introductions• What is Building Science• Exercise & Handouts• Exercise Discussion• UA Delta T 13:45 to 16:20• The Building Shell• Heat Transfer• BREAK 15:00 to 15:20• NEAT Software 16:40 to

16:45

Wednesday 08:00 to 16:00• Blower Door & Infiltration Duct

Blaster & Leakage 08:00 to 11:20

• Neat Software 09:35 to 09:40• Break 09:40 to 10:00• Neat Software 11:25 to 11:30• Lunch 11:30 to 12:30• Health and Safety CO• Heating systems• Neat Software 13:20 to 13:25• Combustion• Break 14:00 to 14:20• Finalize audit and Discuss

Building Science / Energy AuditBuilding Science / Energy Audit

• Building science is the study of a building’s interactions between the structure and its components.

• A structure’s occupants, mechanical systems, and the surrounding outdoor environment all play a role in the performance of a building.

Energy Audit

• The process of identifying energy conservation opportunities.

Building Science Design & DevelopmentBuilding Science Design & Development

• Climate• Thermal dynamics• Insulation• Thermal boundary• Air leakage• Ventilation• Heating and cooling• Humidity and moisture sources• Stack effect and fans

WHAT IS ENERGY?WHAT IS ENERGY?

THE MEASURABLE QUANTITY OF

•HEAT

•WORK

•LIGHT

HEAT ENERGY – BTU/HRHEAT ENERGY – BTU/HR

WORK ENERGYWORK ENERGY

LIGHT ENERGYLIGHT ENERGY

Industry GuidelinesIndustry Guidelines

http://www.epa.gov/

http://www.energy.gov/

http://www.ashrae.org/

http://www.cee1.org/

http://www.usgbc.org/

Industry ScorecardsIndustry Scorecards

• LEED

• GBCI

• ASHRAE

• RESCheck


• NEAT / e+

• COMCheck

• Joe Biden’s Home Energy Score

• DOE


• EPA

• GreenCHILL

• Portfolio Manager

ASHRAE COMPARISON

ASHRAE 90.1 – WHAT’S NEXT?ASHRAE 90.1 – WHAT’S NEXT?

New Change Effective Date Reference Section

“2010” Min Efficiency Standards up to 63 tons

Jan 2010 Federal

Section 6

IEER part load metric replaces IPLV Jan 2010 Federal

Section 6.2.2 Addendum y, au

Exhaust air energy recovery scope mandated

Jan 2010 State

Section 6.5.6.1 Addendum e

Manual dampers not allowed Jan 2010 State

Section 6.4.3.4 Addendum b

Low leakage economizer dampers Jan 2012 State

Section 6.4.3.4

2 Speed Fan requirement for single zone systems > 10 tons

Jan 2012 State

Section 6, Addendum n

Multiple VAV control changes:Re-Heat, DDC, Dehumidification

Jan 2012 State

Section 6, Addendum b,c,h, bh, bx

HIGHER TIER STANDARDS AND GUIDESHIGHER TIER STANDARDS AND GUIDES

•–LEED (just revised and will be revised again in 2012)

–New Building Institute Core Performance Guide

–Commercial EnergyStar (being revised)

–FEMP (being revised)

–CEE - Consortium for Energy Efficiency (being revised)

–ASHRAE 189.1 and ASHRAE 189.2 (new)

–ASHRAE Building Rating System (new)

–ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides (new)

–California Green Building Standards Code (CALGREEN) (new)

–GBI - Green Building Assessment Protocol for Commercial Buildings (new)

–IECC - International Green Construction Code (IGCC) (new)

Go to Carrier.com for up to the minute updates

Climate Zones – 2009 IECCClimate Zones – 2009 IECC

FUTURE EFFICIENCY Single Phase Requirements < 5 tons

Effective dates:

May 1, 2013 for non-weatherized furnaces

Jan 1, 2015 for air conditioners & heat pumps, including weatherized furnaces (gas packs)

Effective dates of subsequent standards:

2019 for non-weatherized furnaces and 2022 for air conditioners/heat pumps and weatherized furnacesNEW

ENERGY STAR / CEE / ASHRAE 189ENERGY STAR / CEE / ASHRAE 189

• Multiple higher efficiency standards are being developed and revised

– Not mandatory at the state levels

– EnergyStar is now required on Federal buildings (Jan 2007), may be required on state buildings

– Often tied to rebates

SizeHeating

CategorySub-category

ASHRAE 90.1 2010

CEE Tier 1 E-Star 5/10 ASHRAE 189 CEE Tier 2

Split SystemSingle Package

Split SystemSingle Package

Electric All 11.2 EER 11.7 EER 11.7 EER 11.5 EER 12.2 EERGas Heat All 11.0 EER 11.5 EER 11.5 EER 11.3 EER 12.0 EERElectric All 11.0 EER 11.7 EER 11.7 EER 11.5 EER 12.2 EER

Gas Heat All 10.8 EER 11.5 EER 11.5 EER 11.3 EER 12.0 EERElectric All 10.0 EER 10.7 EER FUTURE 10.0 EER 11.0 EER

Gas Heat All 9.8 EER 10.5 EER FUTURE 9.8 EER 10.8 EERElectric All 9.7 EER 9.9 EER FUTURE 9.7 EER 10.4 EER

Gas Heat All 9.5 EER 9.7 EER FUTURE 9.5 EER 10.2 EER>=760K

Electric

Gas Heat<65k, 3 phase

>=65K &<135K

>=135K & <240K

>=240K & <760K

13 SEER 14 SEER 14 SEER 14 SEER 15 SEER

HUMAN COMFORTHUMAN COMFORT

• TEMPERATURE

• HUMIDITY

• AIR CIRCULATION

• AIR VENTILATION

• AIR FILTRATION

• SOUND

• LIGHT


• TEMPERATURE 70 - 75F

• HUMIDITY

• AIR CIRCULATION

• AIR VENTILATION

• AIR FILTRATION

• SOUND

• LIGHT



• HUMIDITY 30 – 60%RH

• AIR CIRCULATION

• AIR VENTILATION

• AIR FILTRATION

• SOUND

• LIGHT




• AIR CIRCULATION 10 -20 FPM

• AIR VENTILATION

• AIR FILTRATION

• SOUND

• LIGHT





• AIR VENTILATION 7.5CFM/PERSON

• AIR FILTRATION

• SOUND

• LIGHT






• AIR FILTRATION MERV 13

• SOUND

• LIGHT







• SOUND 25 -40 dBA

• LIGHT







• SOUND 25 -40 dBA

• LIGHT 50-300 LUX

Mechanical Science Mechanical Science

Heat TransferHeat Transfer

• Conduction

• Radiation

• Convection

WHICH WAY DOES “HEAT” FLOW?WHICH WAY DOES “HEAT” FLOW?

RESIDENTIAL HEAT LOSSRESIDENTIAL HEAT LOSS

AIR INFILTRATIONAIR INFILTRATION

• AIR LEAKING OUT OF A 70F HOME

• WILL BE REPLACED BY 20F AIR INFILTRATION

AIR MOVES BY PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALAIR MOVES BY PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL

AIR MOVES BY PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALAIR MOVES BY PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL

• FROM HIGH

• TO LOW

WHAT IS “R” VALUE?WHAT IS “R” VALUE?

Compared to the “U” Factor?

•Overall coefficient of heat transfer, given in BTUH per square foot of heat transfer surface area, per degree F temperature difference

What is the ‘U’ Factor ?What is the ‘U’ Factor ?

Heat Flow Thru a WallHeat Flow Thru a Wall

Conductivity = kConductivity = k

• Amount of heat in BTUH flowing through a one inch thickness of a material of uniform consistency when the area of the material is one square foot and when the difference in temperature between the faces of the material is one degree F.

Conductivity = kConductivity = k

One square foot, one inch thick, one deg F

BTU MOVEMENTBTU MOVEMENT

• 71F 1 SQ. FT. 70F

ONE HOUR

1 BTU

Conductance = CConductance = C

Amount of heat in BTUH flowing through an area of one square foot of a material, having a certain specified thickness, when the difference in temperature between the two faces of the material is one degree F.

Conductance = CConductance = C

Thermal Resistance = RThermal Resistance = R

Defined as the reciprocal of the heat transfer coefficient. The higher the number of the heat transfer coefficient, the more readily will the material transfer heat and the more rapid the heat flow will be. Resistance is just the opposite of the coefficient of heat transfer.


Which material will have a higher R value?

Face brick or common brick?


Which material will have a higher R value?

Asphalt shingles or 3/8” plywood?

ADDING “R” VALUESADDING “R” VALUES

• YOU HAVE A CEILING AREA OF 1,000 FT. SQ. - R-38, WITH A PULL- DOWN ATTIC STAIRS WITH A PLYWOOD BOARD ACCESS 10 FT. SQ. - R-0.5. HOW WILL THIS EFFECT MY OVERALL R VALUE?

ADDING “R” VALUESADDING “R” VALUES

1,000 FT.SQ. TOTAL990 FT.SQ. R-38 U = 0.0263 10 FT.SQ. R-0.5 U = 2.0 (990 x .0263)+(10 x 2) =

1,000(26.037)+(20) = 1,00046.037 =U-.0460371,000U-.046037 = R-21.7

•Overall coefficient of heat transfer, given in BTUH per square foot of heat transfer surface area, per degree F temperature difference

What is the ‘U’ Factor ?What is the ‘U’ Factor ?

ADD the R values:

R = Total Resistance

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4, etc.

Calculate the ‘U’ Factor ?Calculate the ‘U’ Factor ?

INVERT the Total Resistance:

U = 1 / RT


A wall has the following characteristics:

Outside surface coefficient – 0.17

Brick, 4” thick – 0.40

Air space filled with insulation – 5.30

Gypsum wallboard – 0.45

Inside surface coefficient – 0.68

U = ?


What is the heat flow for the wall (previous slide) that is 10’ high 150’ long, when the outdoor temperature is 95F and the indoor temperature is 72F?

BTUHT = Area x U x (T1 – T2)

Calculate the Heat FlowCalculate the Heat Flow

Three HVAC FluidsThree HVAC Fluids

• Air

• Water

• Refrigerant

Three HVAC DevicesThree HVAC Devices

• Fans

• Pumps

• Compressors

HEAT

THE TASK OFTRANSFERING HEAT


FOUR BASIC SYSTEMS USED

1 - ALL-AIR

2 - ALL-WATER

3 - AIR/WATER

4 - DX

H6

Change of StateChange of State

H6



Which process transfers the most heat?

1.50 gallons of water @ 32 degF changing to 416.5# of ice @32 degF

2.20 gallons or water @ 212 degF to steam at 212 degF

3.30# of steam @ 212 degF condenses to 3.6 gallons of water at 80 degF

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MiQCBIx1mM&feature=PlayList&p=637395DCD9C643E1&index=0

DISCH. LINEPRESS. DROP

SUCTION LINEPRESS. DROP

PR

ES

SU

RE

- P

SIA

ENTHALPY - BTU/LB

REFRIG. EFFECT FLASHGAS

HEAT OFCOMPRESSION

CONDENSER INLET PRESSURE

& CORRESPONDING SAT. TEMP.

EVAPORATOR OUTLET PRESSURE

& CORRESPONDING SAT. TEMP.

HF HA’ = HB’ HS’ = HC’HC

PS’

PC’

PD’

PD

A’

LiquidSubcooling

A

B’ B

C C’

S

E D’

Compressor Discharge

D

+P BETWEENCOND. & EVAP.

SATU

RA

TED

LIQ

UID

SAT

UR

AT

ED

VA

POR

A OR A’ CONDENSER OUTLETB OB B’ EVAPORATOR INLETC OR C’ EVAPORATOR OUTLET

S’ COMPRESSOR INLETD COMPRESSOR DISCHARGED’ CONDENSER INLET

Refrigerant PropertiesRefrigerant Properties

CFC HFC

R – 12 22 410 134

Boiling -22 -44 -61 -15

120 Cond 158# 260# 418# 171#

40 Evap 37# 69# 119# 35#

Sp Vol 1.5 1.2 1.25 1.9

LH VaporBTU/#

68 93 98 90

H8

Psychrometric ChartPsychrometric Chart

H7

Air and Water AnalysisAir and Water Analysis

Evaporative Cooling

Evaporative Cooling

HumidificationHumidification

Sensible CoolingSensible Cooling

Cooling and Dehumidification

Cooling and Dehumidification

Heating and Dehumidification

Heating and DehumidificationDehumidificationDehumidification

Heating Heating

Heat and HumidifyHeat and Humidify

66

Exercise: Heat TransferExercise: Heat Transfer

You have two sheets

1. Diagram of a commercial HVAC system

2. Mechanical systems recording sheet

Objective: Identify and record all heat transfers that occur using this system

during the year.

H9

Heat Transfer ExerciseHeat Transfer Exercise

energy auditing & building science south point hotel, las vegas, nv 2013

Documents

air infiltration air

f air infiltration slide

light energy slide

iecc slide

low slide

bx slide

lux slide

work energy slide