Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of th

e M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class

Study Guide for Content Mastery Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 16 91

Energy and Chemical ChangeEnergy and Chemical Change

Section 16.1 EnergyIn your textbook, read about the nature of energy.

In the space at the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false,change the italicized word or phrase to make it true.

1. Energy is the ability to do work or produce heat.

2. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can becreated and destroyed.

3. Chemical potential energy is energy stored in a substance becauseof its composition.

4. Heat is a form of energy that flows from a warmer object to acooler object.

5. A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperatureof one gram of pure water by one degree Celsius.

6. A calorie is the SI unit of heat and energy.

7. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required toraise the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degreeCelsius.

8. Kinetic energy is energy of motion.

9. Chemicals participating in a chemical reaction contain only potential energy.

10. One nutritional Calorie is equal to 100 calories.

11. One calorie equals 4.184 joules.

12. When a fuel is burned, some of its chemical potential energy islost as heat.

13. To convert kilojoules to joules, divide the number of kilojoules by1000 joules/1 kilojoule.

Answer the following question. Show all your work.

14. If the temperature of a 500.0-g sample of liquid water is raised 2.00°C, how much heat isabsorbed by the water? The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/(g�°C).

STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERYCHAPTER 16

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of t

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class

Thermal Energy 19

Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms listed below.

insulators forced-air

radiation electrical conductors convection

Mee

ting

Indi

vidu

al N

eeds

Directed Reading for

Content Mastery

OverviewThermal Energy 6

Chapter

is transferred by

and

in the form of

and hindered by

and

whose transfer ishelped by

which is used in all theconventional heating systems

Thermal energy

radiation electromagneticwaves

conduction

3.

5.

1. 2.

4.

6.

Name Date Class

20 Thermal Energy

Section 1 ■ Temperature and Heat

Section 2 ■ Transferring ThermalEnergy

Directions: In each of the following statements, a term has been scrambled. Unscramble the term and write iton the line provided.

1. If particles move more llsowy the object’s temperature falls.

2. Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, and sages.

3. Thermal energy includes both kinetic and ttnepoail energy.

4. Any material that can flow is lufdi.

5. Any material that allows heat to pass through it easily is aroconcutd.

6. Materials with a high specific heat can absorb heat without a large hngcae in temperature.

7. Radiation is the transfer of energy in the form of vaews.

8. When an object increases in temperature it naigs thermalenergy.

9. Many conductors, such as silver and copper, are lemtas.

10. Energy that travels by radiation is often called darintagreeny.

11. Insulators, such as wood and air, are poor conductors ofthea.

12. The transfer of thermal energy by convection and conduction both require atterm.

Directions: On the lines provided, explain the differences between conduction, convection, and radiation. Use the information in the exercise above to help you. Write your answers in complete sentences.

13.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of t

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Directed Reading for

Content Mastery 6Chapter

Meeting Individual Needs

Name Date Class

22 Thermal Energy

Key TermsThermal Energy

Directions: In each of the following statements, a term has been scrambled. Unscramble the term and write iton the line provided.

1. The transfer of energy through matter by direct contactof particles is called docniotucn.

2. The transfer of energy by the movement of matter iscalled vecconniot.

3. The type of heat transfer that does not require matter isiadraniot.

4. Any material that does not allow heat to pass through iteasily is an roinsulta.

5. An ntieanrl busmcotoin engine burns fuels inside chambers called cylinders.

6. Energy from the sun is lraos neeygr.

7. A device on a building that absorbs radiant energy fromthe sun is lraos lleocctro.

8. The thermal energy that flows from something with ahigher temperature to something with a lower temperatureis called eath.

9. Thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy by athea gennie.

10. A thea revmo moves thermal energy from one location andtransfers it to another location at a different temperature.

11. The pertreuamet measures the average kinetic energy ofall the particles in an object.

12. The total energy of the particles in a material is ethrlamgyeren.

13. The pcciifes thea of a material is the amount of energy it takesto raise the temperature of 1 kg of the material 1 kelvin.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of t

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Directed Reading for

Content Mastery 6Chapter

Meeting Individual Needs

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of t

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class

Thermal Energy 27

Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.

1. Particles that make up matter are in constant motion.

2. The faster particles move the less kinetic energy they have.

3. Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.

4. When temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particlesdecreases.

5. The thermal energy of an object is the total energy of the particles ina material.

6. A 5-kg chunk of aluminum and a 5-kg block of silver that are at thesame temperature have the same thermal energy.

7. Heat flows from a higher temperature to a lower temperature.

8. Heat is measured in newtons.

9. Different materials need the same amounts of heat to have similarchanges in temperatures.

10. The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 kg of amaterial 1 kelvin is the specific heat of the material.

11. Water has a relatively low specific heat.

12. Materials with a high specific heat can absorb a lot of energy andshow little change in temperature.

Directions: Answer the following questions about specific and thermal energy.13. Change in thermal energy can be calculated using the equation Q = m ✕ ∆T ✕ C.

a. In this equation, what does Q represent?

b. What does m represent?

c. What does ∆T represent?

d. What does C represent?

e. What does the symbol ∆ mean?

f. Why is the symbol ∆ used with T but not Q?

14. What formula is used to calculate ∆T?

Temperature and Heat

Mee

ting

Indi

vidu

al N

eeds

Reinforcement11 6Chapter

28 Thermal Energy

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of t

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class

Transferring Thermal Energy

Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.

1. Materials that are poor conductors are poor insulators.

2. The transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of its particlesis convection.

3. The transfer of energy in the form of invisible waves is conduction.

4. Solids usually conduct heat better than liquids and gases.

5. The R-value of insulation indicates its resistance to heat flow.

6. Air is a poor heat conductor.

7. Wind and ocean currents are examples of conduction currents.

8. Energy is usually transferred in fluids by radiation.

9. As water is heated, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises.

10. Dark-colored materials absorb less radiant energy than light-coloredmaterials.

11. Only radiant energy that is reflected is changed to thermal energy.

12. The higher the R-value of insulation the less resistant it is to heat flow.

Directions: Circle the object in each pair that will take in more heat. In the blank, explain why that object willtake in more heat.

13. a silver spoon

a wooden log

14. a white shirt

a red shirt

15. foil in the sunlight

a sidewalk in the sunlight

16. single-pane window

double-pane window

17. R-5 insulation

R-35 insulation

Reinforcement22

Meeting Individual Needs

6Chapter

30 Thermal Energy

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of t

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class

Hot and Cold

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. If you put a heated rock in a bucket of water, the temperature of the water will increase and the

temperature of the rock will decrease until the temperature is equal for both substances. If youdrop a heated rock in the ocean, will the same thing happen? Explain.

2. Before the days of central heating, it was common to take a hot item to bed with you to keepyou warm. Would you rather have a 10 kg heated brick or a 10 kg jug of hot water that are atthe same temperature? Explain.

3. Glass bottles have more mass than aluminum cans. When beverages in glass bottles are cooled,ten times as much heat must be removed as when the same beverages in aluminum cans arecooled. If you were a shop owner and had to pay the electric bills, would you rather sell beverages in glass containers or aluminum?

4. During the winter, after a hot bath, is it more efficient to drain the tub immediately or let it sit?Why?

Enrichment11

Meeting Individual Needs

6Chapter

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of t

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Thermal Energy 37

Chapter Review

Name Date Class

Thermal Energy

Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: In the space at the left, write the term from the word list that best completes each statement. Useeach term once.

combustion radiator solar collector conduction

insulators radiation solar energy fluid

heat engine kinetic energy convection

1. Thermal transfer by convection takes place in materials that are ______.

2. A type of heat transfer that does not require matter is ______.

3. Energy from the Sun is ______.

4. Energy is transferred through matter by direct contact of particlesby ______.

5. The rapid burning of fuels that takes place in engines is called ______.

6. A device with a large surface area designed to heat the air near it byconduction is a(n) ______.

7. Materials such as air, wood, and rubber that do not allow heat topass through them easily are called ______.

8. The transfer of heat energy by movement of matter is called ______.

9. A device that absorbs radiant energy from the Sun is a(n) ______.

10. A device that changes thermal energy into mechanical energy iscalled a(n) ______.

11. The particles of an object with a high temperature have a high ______.

Directions: Explain the difference between the terms in each pair. Write your answers on the lines provided.12. heat mover, heat pump

Asse

ssm

ent

6Chapter

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of t

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Thermal Energy 39

Chapter Test

Name Date Class

Thermal Energy

I. Testing ConceptsDirections: In the blank at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that completes the statement oranswers the question.

1. Refrigerators and air conditioners are examples of ______.a. heat pumps b. heat engines c. heat movers d. solar collectors

2. Wind and ocean currents are formed by ______.a. radiation b. convection c. conduction d. condensation

3. A material that reduces the flow of heat by conduction, convection, and radiation is a(n) ______.a. conductor b. insulator c. solar collector d. radiator

4. All of the following are good conductors of heat EXCEPT ______.a. silver b. copper c. aluminum d. air

5. Of the following, the insulation that is most resistant to heat flow is rated ______.a. R-40 b. R-20 c. R-10 d. R-1

6. The process by which engine fuels burn is ______.a. radiation b. convection c. combustion d. insulation

7. Through which of the following will convection most likely occur?a. solids and liquids b. solids and gases c. solids d. liquids and gases

8. Gasoline and diesel engines are ______.a. internal combustion engines c. heat pumpsb. external combustion engines d. heat movers

9. The transfer of energy that does not require matter is ______.a. combustion b. conduction c. convection d. radiation

10. Solar collectors are parts of ______.a. passive solar heating systems c. internal combustion enginesb. active solar heating systems d. external combustion engines

11. Energy from the sun travels to Earth as ______.a. mechanical energy c. radiant energyb. chemical energy d. combustion

12. Of the following, the best insulator would be ______.a. silver b. copper c. air d. iron

13. A device that heats your home by transferring thermal energy from a region of lowtemperature to a region at a higher temperature is a ______.a. heat mover b. radiator c. conductor d. heat engine

14. A device that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy is a ______.a. heat mover b. radiator c. conductor d. heat engine

Asse

ssm

ent

6Chapter

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

,a d

ivis

ion

of t

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

,Inc

.

Name Date Class

Chapter Test (continued)

42 Thermal Energy

III. Applying ConceptsDirections: Use the figure below to answer questions 1–5. In the blank at the left, write the letter of the term orphrase that completes each statement or answers the question.

Assessment

1. How will the heat from the pot in room A move to its handle?a. convection b. radiation c. conduction d. both a and b

2. Thermal energy is transferred to the sunbather in room B by ______.a. convection b. radiation c. conduction d. both a and b

3. Where does most of the heat provided by the fire in room C go?a. up the chimney b. into the room c. to the people d. none of these

4. In room C, thermal energy is transferred to the people by ______.a. convection b. conduction c. radiation d. both a and c

5. In room D, the thermal energy of the iron is transferred to the clothes by ______.a. convection b. conduction c. radiation d. none of these

IV. Writing SkillsDirections: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.

1. Water has a very high specific heat. Why does this make it a very good substance for use incooling systems of automobiles?

2. A well-insulated house should have insulation with an R-value of at least R-19 in the wallsand an R-value of R-30 to R-44 in the ceilings. Why is a higher R-value needed in the ceilings?

3. Why do the pipes in a steam-heating system need to be insulated?

Thermodynamics Worksheet

Use the graphic to answer the questions below

1. _____ Solid Region

2. _____ Liquid Region

3. _____ Gas Region

4. _____ Sublimation Curve

5. _____ Melting Curve

6. _____ Boiling Curve

7. _____ Normal Melting Point

8. _____ Normal Boiling Point

9. Calculate the energy change if 10.0g of ice at -10.0ºC is heated to steam at 120.0ºC.Specific Heats Hf Hvice = 2.06 J/gºC 334 J/g 2260 J/gwater = 4.18 J/gºCsteam = 2.08 J/gºC

Name: Date:

1 Which of these increases when the sign of �S isnegative?

A Disorder

B Temperature

C Order

D Kinetic energy

2 When you eat a slice of pizza, the crust is often less hot than the toppings or sauce. This most likely occurs because the toppings and sauce have a greater —

A molar enthalpy of formation

B specific heat

C heat of fusion

D mass

Use the equation below to answer question 3.

3 The equation shows the change in enthalpy whenone mole of liquid water vaporizes into water vapor.This is called the molar heat of vaporization. Giventhis information, which of these is the proper valuefor the molar heat of condensation?

A �Hcond = –40.7 kJ

B �Hcond = 0 kJ

C �Hcond = –571.6 kJ

D �Hcond = +571.6 kJ

4 Which of these is required for a reaction to be calledexothermic?

A The enthalpy of the reactants must be less thanthat of the products.

B The sign of the change in enthalpy for thereaction must be positive.

C The enthalpy of the products must be less thanthat of the reactants.

D Heat must flow from the surroundings into thesystem.

5 Leila is given a sealed flask of sugar water at roomtemperature. She places it over a Bunsen burner for afew minutes and notes condensation on the sides.Then she places the flask in an ice bath for tenminutes, and notices that ice crystals begin to form.Leila knows that the one statement that cannot betrue is that —

A the kinetic energy of the sugar water at the endof the experiment is less than at the beginning ofthe experiment

B the total energy in the sugar water at the end ofthe experiment is less than at the beginning ofthe experiment

C the entropy of the sugar water at the beginningof the experiment is greater than at the end ofthe experiment

D the total energy in the sugar water at thebeginning of the experiment is greater than atthe end of the experiment

= 40.7 kJ+ H O(l) 2 Hvap H O(g) 2

Energy and Chemical ChangeCHAPTER 16

31

Cop

yrig

ht ©

Gle

ncoe

/McG

raw

-Hill

, a

divi

sion

of T

he M

cGra

w-H

ill C

ompa

nies

, In

c.

Reviewing Chemistry: Mastering the TEKS Chemistry: Matter and Change

This question covers TEKS 5A. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpages 517–518.

This question covers TEKS 5C. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpages 492 and 494.

This question covers TEKS 5C and 15A. Thisquestion tests the material that was covered in thetextbook on pages 492–494, 502, and 509.

This question covers TEKS 5B. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpages 502–503.

This question covers TEKS 5B. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpages 499–500.

6 Fusion, or melting, is an endothermic processbecause it —

A requires heat to be transferred from system tosurroundings and has a �H that is negative

B requires heat to be transferred fromsurroundings to system and has a �H that is positive

C involves a decrease in entropy

D involves a decrease in kinetic energy

7 Which of the following is NOT a variable in theGibbs free energy equation, which determinesreaction spontaneity?

A Entropy

B Endothermy

C Temperature

D Enthalpy

8 Professor Bothwell determined from the wrapper thenumber of calories in a candy bar. He then burnedthe entire candy bar and measured the amount ofheat released. His experiment was most likelydesigned to demonstrate —

A the law of conservation of matter

B the law of disorder

C the law of conservation of energy

D the law of constant composition

9 Which of these would always be called aspontaneous reaction?

A A reaction with a –�S and a +�H

B A reaction with a –�H and a –�S

C A reaction with a +�H and a +�S

D A reaction with a +�S and a –�H

10 Which of the following reactions is a spontaneousprocess at 25ºC?

A 2Fe2O3(s) ➝ 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) �H = 1625 kJ

B H2O(l) ➝ H2O(s) �H = –6.01 kJ

C 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ➝ 2Fe2O3(s) �H = –1625 kJ

D CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ➝ CH4(g) + 2O2(g) �H =891 kJ

11 The Gibb’s free energy equation is �Gsystem = �Hsystem – T�Ssystem. Which of thefollowing combinations of factors must be true for a reaction to be nonspontaneous?

A �Gsystem negative, �Suniverse positive

B �Gsystem positive, �Suniverse positive

C �Gsystem negative, �Suniverse negative

D �Gsystem positive, �Suniverse negative

32

CHAPTER 16 Energy and Chemical Change, continued

Reviewing Chemistry: Mastering the TEKS

Copyright ©

Glencoe/M

cGraw

-Hill, a division of T

he McG

raw-H

ill Com

panies, Inc.

Name: Date:

Chemistry: Matter and Change

This question covers TEKS 5C. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpages 502–503.

This question covers TEKS 5A. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpage 517.

This question covers TEKS 15A. This question teststhe material that was covered in the textbook onpages 490–491.

This question covers TEKS 5A and 5B. This questiontests the material that was covered in the textbookon pages 517–518.

This question covers TEKS 5A and 15B. Thisquestion tests the material that was covered in thetextbook on pages 513–514.

This question covers TEKS 5A and 15B. Thisquestion tests the material that was covered in thetextbook on pages 517–518.