Energetics

Do Now-QUIZ on separate sheet of paper- do not talk or use notes

Place your HW on your desk

1. Analyze why Carbon is unique2. Define polymer3. What is the monomer of proteins?4. Analyze a disaccharide?

Carbon Properties

• http://www.elementalmatter.info/carbon-properties.htm

Carbon has 4 valence electrons; therefore, Carbon can bond to 4 other elements

Carbon also readily bonds to other C, forming chains and rings=variety of organic compounds

Carbon Bonding

• Organic compounds- C attached to H

• Inorganic compounds- typically do not have C, but if C, not attached to H

Carbon’s 4 valence electrons• 8 valence electrons= stable• C has 4 valence (outer) electrons, so C readily forms 4 covalent bonds

with other elements• Straight Chains, Branched Chains, Rings

Carbon forms single, double, triple bonds

Functional Groups• Influence bonding properties and other properties of molecules.• Hydroxyl -OH• Carboxyl -COOH• Amino –NH2

• Phosphate- POOOOHH

Large Carbon Molecules• Start with: monomers• Simple molecules

• Monomer+ monomer= polymer• Repeated, linked units

• Large polymers= macromolecules

Monomers link to form polymers

Condensation Reactions

• When monomers link to form polymers, a H2O molecule is released

Hydrolysis Reactions

• When polymers are broken down into monomers, H2O is added

Condensation: building polymers

Hydrolysis: breaking down polymers

Thinking Map

• Create a thinking map

Do Now

• Differentiate between condensation rxns and hydrolysis rxns• Trace the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular

respiration

Macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids/Fats3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

Recall: Remember Dust Bowl article?

1. Carbs

• Monomer=saccharide

• Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen

• 1C:2H:1O

• Energy or structure

• Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

A. Monosaccharides• Simple sugar; monomer• Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen 1:2:1• (CH2O)n n is 3-8

• EX (CH2O)6 C6H12O6

• Most common: glucose, fructose, galactose• Glucose= energy for cells• Fructose= in fruits; sweetest• Galactose= in milk

Glucose, fructose, galactose

• C6H12O6

• Same chemical formula but different structure= isomers

Same chemical formula but different structure= isomers

B. Disaccharides

• Two monosaccharides combined through a condensation rxn• “double sugar”• Ex: fructose + glucose = sucrose• mono + mono = di

C. Polysaccharides

• Complex• 3 or more monosaccharides• Ex: animals store glucose as glycogen (chains of glucose in muscles

and liver)

Polysaccharides cont.

• Plants store glucose as STARCH• Plants also have cellulose- strength and rigidity of plant cells

2. Proteins

• Made of CHON mostly• Formed by linking amino acids• Enzymes, hair, horns, skin, etc

Amino Acids• 20• Structure:• central C, carboxyl group (-COOH), amino group (-NH2), side R-chain• Main difference is in R group: shape

Amino acid

Amino Acid

Amino acid: note R group

Amino acids

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GzR-k7-dZ4

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMcxZNM

Peptide• Amino acid covalently bound to another amino acid

Polypeptide

• Long chain of amino acids• protein

Polypeptide formation

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yUYQ

Enzymes

• RNA or protein• Biological catalysts- speed up chemical reactions by lowering

activation energy

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

1. Enzyme fits like lock and key to substrate at enzyme’s active site2. Enzyme changes shape so bonds in substrate are weakened3. Enzyme releases products4. Enzyme is unchanged and can be used over and over againhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4OPO6JQLOE

Temp and pH can change enzyme shape and enzyme won’t fit on substrate - no chemical rxn

3. Lipids• Monomer=fatty acid• Large, nonpolar, organic• Include: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments

Fatty Acids• Unbranched Carbon chains • Have a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end• COOH end is hydrophilic-attracted to water

• The Hydrocarbon end is nonpolar• Hydrophobic “hates water”

Saturated VS Unsaturated

Triglycerides (fats)

• 3 fatty acids + glycerol

Fats• Saturated• High melting points• Solid at room temp• EX: butter, fats in red meat

• Unsaturated• Soft at room temp• Inside of seeds-energy and Carbon source for plant embryo (endosperm)

Phospholipids• 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol• Head=glycerol= loves water• Tails=fatty acids = hate water• Make up cell membrane: lipid bilayer

Phospolipids

Wax

• Long fatty acid chain + long alcohol chain• Waterproof• Ex: cuticle; earwax

Steroids

• Hormones• testosterone

• Cholesterol

4. Nucleic Acids

• Store and transport information in the cell.• Monomer=nucleotides• Phosphate group, 5-C sugar, ring-shaped Nitrogenous base

• 2 types• DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic acid• RNA

• Ribonucleic acid

Phosphate group, 5-C sugar, ring-shaped Nitrogenous base

Phosphate group, 5-C sugar, ring-shaped Nitrogenous base

Nucleotide

DNA

• Determines characteristics of organisms and directs cell functions

RNA

• Stores and transfers information from DNA which is essential to making proteins

Thinking Map

• Create a thinking map of the 4 macromolecules and their subsets