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TRANSCRIPT
Asst.Prof.Rardchawadee Silapunt
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� Transformer
� Full wave rectifier
� Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
� Digital logic gate
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1. Select components from Get New Part.
2. Use wiring tool for drawing the line between components.
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� Transformer is an electrical device that transfer
energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic
induction. Transformer can convert both current and voltage.
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1. Draw a transformer circuit and modify the values of components.
2. Add K_Linear element in order to create mutually coupled inductors.
� In this schematic, transformer has a ratio of 1:1.
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� Set up parameters in transient analysis.
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� Put the voltage markers on input and output of the transformer to compare input and output waveforms.
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� You can vary output waveform by using 1 1
2 2
N L
N L=
From the schematic, there is . So, the output
waveform has amplitude 50% less than input waveform
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N
N= =
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� Voltage at the primary inductor is 10V and at secondary inductor is 5 V.
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� Full wave Rectifier : Center Tap Transformer
� Full wave Rectifier : Bridge Rectifier
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_6.html
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http://www.docstoc.com/docs/15562456/Full-Wave-Bridge-Rectifier
� A shape of the waveform before and after entering full wave rectifier.
12http://www.sptc.ac.th/prapruet/devicesweb/books/book_4.htm
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http://www.sptc.ac.th/prapruet/devicesweb/books/book_3.htm
� How does the center tap transformer create full wave?
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� During a positive cycle, half of the voltage occurs between the center tab and the top of the secondary transformer. D1 is the conducted current and current flows through load.
� During a negative cycle, half of the voltage occurs between the center tab and the bottom of the secondary transformer. D2 is the conducted current and current flows through load.
� Currents in both cycles flow in the same direction. Thus, the output waveform is a full wave.
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1. Select Analysis ->setup -> Transient
2. Set up Transient Analysis
3. Measure waveform by voltage marker
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� Output waveform is the full wave.
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� Add capacitor C1 to lower the voltage ripple.
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� Set up values in Transient and Fourier Analysis.
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� Compare voltages between input and output.
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� Plot -> Add plot to window
� Trace -> Add trace -> I(Rinput)
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� Change to the FFT function to observe harmonics.
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� Delete step ceiling in order to see harmonic’s response clearly.
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� Plot -> Add plot to window
� Trace -> Add trace -> I(Rinput)
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Full wave Rectifier : Center Tap Transformer
� Select the FFT function and use cursor to measure peaks of waveform.
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� FFT function displays each harmonic in different
amplitude. We use this FFT to measure a distortion of
waveforms. Typically, Total Harmonic Distortion(THD) can be
determined from
� In practice, we can calculate from 2nd to only 25th harmonic but the ideal standard is from 2nd to 50th harmonic.
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2
2100
1
( )
( )n
nTHD
I
I
=
= ×
∑
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� During the positive circle, D1
and D2 conduct current. Current
flows in full cycle. The potential
occurs at load.
� Similar to positive, during the
negative circle, D3 and D4 conduct
current. Current flows through
load. Potential occurs.
� The result of this operation is the full wave.
http://www.sptc.ac.th/prapruet/devicesweb/books/book_4.htm
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Operation Amplifier
� Operational Amplifier or Op-Amp is an electronic device
containing a transistor inside to increase the signal amplitude.
http://www.markallen.com/teaching/ucsd/147a/lectures/lecture5/2.php
Symbol of Op-Amp
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� Op-Amps are widely used in electronic circuits such as
• Amplifier
• Integrator
• Differentiator
• Voltage follower
• Oscillator
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� Symbol of Op-Amp : The Triangle is the symbol for amplifier and displays the direction of a current flow.
� Package of Op-Amp – Usually found either in TO-5 or DIP.
Symbol of Op-Amp Package :TO-5 and DIP
http://silp.elec-cm.com/opamp/book/lesson1.pdf
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� Code number– The first two letters indicate manufacturer. Three numbers are type of Op-Amp. The follower letter
informs the temperature range. The last letter explains the package.
http://silp.elec-cm.com/opamp/book/lesson1.pdf
Manufacturer code
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� Code number– The first two letters indicate manufacturer.
Three numbers are type of Op-Amp. The follower letter inform
the temperature range. The last letter explain the package.
Latter Meaning
C commercial 0 to70 degree
Celcius
I Industrial -25 to 85 degree Celsius
M Military -55 to 125 degree Celsius
Latter Meaning
D Plastic dual in line for surface
mounting on PC board
J Ceramic dual in line
N,P Plastic dual in line for insertion into sockets
Temperature code Package code
http://www.scribd.com/doc/19017130/Characteristics-of-Opamp
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� The usual way to classify amplifier is the phase relationship
of input and output signals which can be divided in to Inverting Amplifier and Non-Inverting Amplifier.
http://www.elexp.com/t_gain.htm
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� Inverting Amplifier
1. Draw a schematic and change values of components.
2. Use the voltage marker to measure input and output voltage.
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� The feedback is negative. So, the output waveform inverts 180 degree compared to the input waveform and
the amplifying gain of this circuit can be calculated
from�
��
��
.
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� Non-Inverting Amplifier
1. Draw a schematic and change values of components.
2. Use the voltage marker to measure input and output voltage.
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� The output waveform is in-phase with the input waveform. Gain can be calculated from . 3
6
1R
R+
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� Half-bit adder
� Half bit adder has a circuit and truth table as shown.
http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/eng/staff/elh/es153/00/pspice/students_model_solution_pspiceassignment_report.pdf
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� Draw a circuit and select components as the following.
http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/eng/staff/elh/es153/00/pspice/students_model_solution_pspiceassignment_report.pdf
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� Double click at DigCLK
� DigCLK1 and DigCLK2 have different ON-TIME
and OFF-TIME’s values. The result shows the difference of digits over time.
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� Select Analysis -> Setup ->Transient
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� Select Digital Setup and set up parameters.
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� Result of the simulated waveforms.
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� To produce digital signal you can also use STIM1
� STM1 can be found in Get New Part.
� COMMAND in STIM1 can be used to
set up CLK
� STMI1, STMI4, STMI16 are programmed
for 1,4,and 16 parallel and independent
digital signals.
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� Use DSTM instead of DigCLK at point B
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� Another method to set up CLK by users is to use a
command� Doubleclick DigCLK for setting parameter.
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� Set the values at lines ‘COMMAND’ in DSTM.
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� Run the simulation
� After a user inputs values by COMMAND, the rest of the input bit is set default at ‘0’.
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� Full wave Rectifier
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�Harmonic’s result
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