endocrine system pa 544: clinical anatomy tony serino, ph.d. biology department misericordia univ
TRANSCRIPT
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Endocrine System
PA 544: Clinical Anatomy
Tony Serino, Ph.D.
Biology Department
Misericordia Univ.
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Endocrine System
• Controls and modifies the internal environment by releasing chemicals (hormones) into the blood
• Slower response time but longer duration of action compared to nervous system
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Chemical Messengers (hormones)
• Hormone –secreted by cell into blood and acts on another cell some distance away
• Neurohormone –secreted by neuron into blood to affect a target cell some distance away
• Local hormones –secreted by cell into interstitial fluid to affects cells nearby– Paracrines –affect neighboring cells– Autocrines –affect the secreting cell
• Pheromones –secreted by cell onto body surface to affect cells of another individual
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Hormones• Chemical Classification
– Amines –single or few amino acids, most water soluble• Epinephrine, Thyroxine (but water insoluble), Melatonin
– Proteins –short to long chains of amino acids; water soluble
• GH, FSH, LH, Insulin, Glucagon, ADH, etc.
– Steroids –derivatives of cholesterol; water insoluble• Estrogen, Testosterone, Progesterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone
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Steroid Hormones
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Characteristics Common to all Hormones
• Must have target cell with appropriate receptor molecules
• Receptor-hormone complex must trigger events in target cell that changes its physiology
• Mechanisms for deactivating the hormone response must be present
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Controlling Hormone Response
• Half-life of the hormone• Physiological range• Modifying target cell response
– Up and down regulation
• Turning off secretion – Negative feedback– Control by other hormones, neurons and
metabolites
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Control of Hormone Secretion
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Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Water Soluble
WaterInsoluble
Carrier protein
2nd messengers
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2nd Messengers: cAMP
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2nd Messengers: IP3 and Ca++-Calmodulin
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Steroid Hormone Transduction
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Different Styles of Secretion• Prohormone –a hormone that is made as a
larger (inactive form) that must be changed prior to secretion (allows for storage of hormone in secreting cell)Ex.: proinsulin, pro-opiomelanocortin
• Prehormone –a hormone that is secreted in an inactive form that must be changed near or in the target cellEx.: Thyroxine, Angiotensinogen
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Proinsulin
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Types of Endocrine Disorders
• Hypersecretion– Too much secretion of the hormone
• Hyposecretion– Too little secretion of hormone
• Hyporesponsiveness– Normal secretion, but little to no response by
target cells
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Endocrine Glands
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Control of Growth
• Growth periods: prenatal and postnatal (consists of pre-puberal (especially the first 2 years –infancy) and puberty
• Several factors influence growth: genetics, diet, health, and hormonal balance
• Prenatal growth dominated by insulin secretion, post-natal dominated by GH, thyroxine, and sex hormones
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GH secretion and effectsGH secretion stimulated by exercise, fasting, sleep (diurnal rhythm), stress on bones, decreased plasma glucose, increased plasma AA (such as after a high protein meal)
Increase differentiation
Increase protein synthesis
(increase mitosis)
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GH interactions with other Hormones
• Thyroxine: essential and permissive for GH– Needed to maintain energy levels for growth– Increases sensitivity of target cells to GH effects
• Insulin: essential for GH effects– Dominant hormone for pre-natal growth
• Estrogen and Testosterone: surge at puberty stimulates GH release, synergistic with GH anabolism; also trigger epiphyseal closure
• Cortisol: anti-growth effects; decrease GH secretion, cell division, and increase catabolism
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GH pathologies
• Hypersecretion:– Gigantism –in children
with responsive epiphyseal plates
– Acromegaly –in adults, with closed epiphyseal plates
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GH pathologies• Hypofunction:
– Dwarfism –in children
• Pituitary –decreased GH secretion
• Laron –decreased responsiveness due to lack of GH receptors
Achondroplastic Dwarfism (genetic dwarf) due to failure of cartilage to form in epiphyseal plate
28 yo woman withpituitary dwarfism; 45” tall