endocrine ii online
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
ORGANS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pineal gland
Pancreas
Gonads
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pituitary Gland
• “Hypophysis” = master gland / pituitary gland
• Pea sized gland
• In hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid
• Connect to hypothalmus via infundimulum
• Secretes several hormones
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pituitary Gland
• Two lobes:
1. Posterior pituitary (lobe):
• Composed of nervous tissue
• Connected to hypothalmus
2. Anterior pituitary (lobe) (adenohypophysis)
• Glandular tissue
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior Lobe• Posterior lobe
• A downgrowth of hypothalums
• Hypothalums = emotional center
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior Lobe - Hormones
• Produced by hypothalamus…released by posterior lobe
• Oxytocin
• Stimulates contractions in childbirth
• Causes release of breast milk
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• Causes kidneys to reabsorb water
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior Lobe• Controlled by hypothalmus
• Secretes several hormones into blood stream
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
1. Growth hormone (GH)
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
5. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
6. Prolactin (PRL)
• Know names and abbreviations
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
• All are proteins (water soluble)
• Use cAMP to cause changes in cell
• TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH are all tropic hormones
• Tropic hormones regulate other endocrine glands
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Growth Hormone (GH)
• Targets bone and skeletal muscle
• Helps increase body mass
• Promotes protein synthesis
• encourages fat use
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imbalances of Growth Hormone
• Hypersecretion
• In children results in gigantism
• In adults results in acromegaly
• Hyposecretion
• In children results in pituitary dwarfism
gigantism
acromegaly
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Stimulates the activity of the thyroid
• Negative feedback controls production
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Corticotropin) (ACTH)
• Stimulates the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids
• Such as epinephrine
• External factors alter release
• fever, hypoglycemia, and stressors
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gonadotropins
• Regulate gamete production in gonads
1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• FSH stimulates gamete (egg or sperm) production
• LH promotes production of gonadal hormones
• Present after onset of puberty
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Prolactin (PRL)
• Stimulates milk production
• Blood levels rise toward the end of pregnancy
• Suckling stimulates PRH release and promotes continued milk production
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
THYROID GLAND
Metabolism control
•Thyroid hormone
•Calcitonin
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thyroid Gland
• Located in the throat inferior to Adam’s apple
• produces thyroid hormone
• To make thyroid hormone you need iodine
• thyroglobulin + iodine = thyroid hormone
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thyroid Hormone
• Major metabolic hormone
• Increases metabolic rate and heat production
• Plays a role in:
• Maintenance of blood pressure
• Regulation of tissue growth
• Development of skeletal and nervous systems
• Reproductive capabilities
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormone
• Cells require iodine to synthesize TH
• Regulated by negative feedback
• TH inhibits TSH production
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Homeostatic Imbalances of TH
• Hyposecretion in adults — goiter formation
• Enlarged thyroid
• Caused by lack of iodine
• Iodine fortified salt
• Hypersecretion — Graves’ disease
• Antibodies mimic TSH
• Too much TH produced
• Protruding eyes.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.10
goiter
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calcitonin
• Also produced by thyroid
• Lowers blood calcium (Ca2+ )
• Inhibits osteoclasts
• Causes calcium absorption into urine
• Production triggered by high blood Ca2+
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
PARATHYROID GLANDS
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Parathyroid Glands
• tiny glands embedded in posterior thyroid
• Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• PTH — important in Ca2+ levels
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
• Functions opposite to calcitonin
• Produced when low blood Ca2+ levels
• Stimulates osteoclasts
• digest bone release Ca2+
• Kidneys resorb Ca2+
• Negative feedback regulation:
• rising Ca2+ inhibits PTH release
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
ADRENAL GLANDS
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adrenal Glands
• Location: suprarenal = above the kidneys
• Two main regions
• Adrenal cortex — glandular tissue
• secrete corticosteroids
• Adrenal medulla — nervous tissue
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Secrete epinephrine
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Corticosteriods
• Three types produced:
1. Mineralocorticoids – Aldosterone
2. Glucocorticoids – cortisol / cortisone
3. Gonadocorticoids – sex hormones
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mineralocorticoids
• Regulate electrolytes (primarily Na+ and K+)
• blood volume, blood pressure
• Aldosterone potent mineralocorticoid
• Na+ reabsorption / water retention by kidneys
Glucocorticoids
• Cortisone and cortisol
• Helps resist stressors
• Helps regulates blood sugar
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imbalances of Glucocorticoids• Hypersecretion —Cushing’s syndrome
• Depresses the immune system
• Promotes changes in cardiovascular, neural, and GI function
• Preparing for stress
• weight gain
• Hyposecretion — Addison’s disease
• Weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gonadocorticoids
• Sex hormones = androgens (male sex hormones)
• In tissues converted to testosterone or estrogens in females
• Contribute to:
• Onset of puberty
• Secondary sex characteristics
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adrenal Medulla
• Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
• hormones cause “fight or flight”
• Blood diverted to brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
• glucose levels rise
• Blood vessels constrict
• heart beats faster
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
PINEAL GLAND AND PANCREASE
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pineal Gland
• Small gland hangs from roof of third ventricle
• Secretes melatonin…derived from serotonin
• Melatonin affects
• sexual maturation
• Day/night cycles
• body temperature, sleep, appetite
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pancreas
• Has exocrine and endocrine cells
• Produce pancreatic juice for digestion (exocrine)
• Produce hormones (endocrine)
• Regulate blood sugar
• cells produce glucagon
• when “glucose is gone”
• cells produce insulin
• When blood glucose is high
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Glucagon / Insulin
• Glucagon targets liver:
• Gluconeogenesis — produces glucose from glycogen stores
• Releases glucoses into blood
• Insulin targets tissues
• Causes uptake of glucose into cells
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.18
Liver
Liver
Tissue cells
Stimulates glucose uptake by cells
StimulatesglycogenformationPancreas
Pancreas
Insulin
Bloodglucosefalls tonormalrange.
Stimulatesglycogenbreakdown
Bloodglucoserises tonormalrange.
Glucagon
Stimulus Bloodglucose level
Stimulus Bloodglucose level
GlycogenGlucose
GlycogenGlucose
Glucagon / Insulin
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Diabetes Mellitus
• Low insulin signaling
• Low levels of production or low activity of insulin
• Symptoms
• Polyuria —huge urine output
• Polydipsia —excessive thirst
• Polyphagia —excessive hunger
• Hyperinsulinism:
• Too much insulin; hypoglycemia, can cause unconsciousness
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
GONADS
Ovaries, placenta and testes
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ovaries and Placenta
• Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone:
• Maturation of female reproductive organs
• Female secondary sexual characteristics
• Breast development and mensturation
• Placenta secretes estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
• Pregnancy tests look for hCG
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Testes
• Produce testosterone
• Maturation of male reproductive organs
• Male secondary sexual characteristics
• Needed for sperm production
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Other Organs Produce Hormones
• Kidneys
• Erythropoietin red blood cell production
• Adipose tissue
• Leptin appetite control
• Thymus
• Lymph cell development
• Heart
• Blood pressure and volume
• GI cells
• Stimulate digestion