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Slide 2 Endocrine glands are glands of internal secretion: hormones Glands: pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenals, and gonads Slide 3 HORMONES & THEIR FUNCTIONS Transported by blood & lymph Body secretes when needed Negative feedback system Hypo or hyper secretions can cause harm Slide 4 Stages of adolescence Early: 10-13 Middle: 14-17 Late: 18-21 Pubertal changes Rapid changes size, shape, composition Begins 9-17yrs Females usually hit puberty before males Slide 5 Pituitary gland controls growth hormone release master gland Ovaries produce: estrogen Testes produce: androgens Growth spurt Female: 11-14 Males: 12-16 Overeating & under-exercise can lead to obesity Imperative teens get 3 health basics: fuel, activity, rest Slide 6 Changes Independence from parents Importance of body image Peer codes and lifestyles Establishment of identity DH need to understand these changes Slide 7 Highest time for nutritional requirements: male teens & pregnancy Under-nutrition Boys: over-activity, poor food selections Girls: self-induced, want to be trim Eating disorders Iron-deficiency anemia Common in teen females after menstruation Supplements, diet Slide 8 A common nutritional deficiency that accompanies the onset of menstruation is: A) vitamin A B) vitamin D C) iron D) magnesium E) folate Slide 9 A common nutritional deficiency that accompanies the onset of menstruation is: A) vitamin A B) vitamin D C) iron D) magnesium E) folate Slide 10 Learning to adapt to body changes, sexual impulses, secondary sex characteristics, & independence Anxiety: violence, substance abuse, sexual issues, peer pressures, divorce, school performance, concern about their future Increased self-interest: need attention Growing independence: we can influence their future oral habits & concern Concern over physical characteristics Acne, obesity, social problems, self-esteem Slide 11 Dental caries Higher incidence, esp in non-fluoridated communities Eating habits influence Biofilm-induced gingivitis during puberty Gingivitis associated with hormone changes Perio risk factors: diabetes, ortho, poor oral hygiene, tobacco Slide 12 Oral manifestations of STDs Tobacco use & oral health Cocaine and other illicit drugs Oral contraceptives and pregnancy Eating disorders Oral piercings Teenage pregnancy Slide 13 Slide 14 Causes & prevention of caries/perio Effects of biofilms accumulation Purposes of professional cleanings Daily oral hygiene care Fluoride benefits Diet and its influence to oral health/changes Slide 15 Menstrual cycle Cyclic changes in the uterus Preparation of the endometrium for pregnancy When conception does NOT occur fluid discharged during menstruation (mucus, blood, endometrial membrane fragments) Length: 3-6 days then cycle starts over Characteristics Occurrence from puberty-menopause Cycles completed every 28 days(22-35 days) Onset: 9-19yrs Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Symptoms: 7-10 days prior to menstruation Medical management: see Wilkins p.793 Dysmenorrhea: painful periods Primary: Abnormal anatomy of uterus Secondary: Pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis (PID) Psychological factors Slide 19 Types 1.Combination preparations Synthetic estrogen & progesterone Inhibit the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, without which the ovum cannot be released from the ovary 2.Single preparations: minipills 3.Injectable: Depo-Provera 4.Subdermal implant: 5YRS, slow release of hormone Slide 20 Side effects Vision problems Depression Cardiovascular ( BP) Weight gain Drugs that can decrease effectiveness 1)Antibiotics 2)Anticonvulsants 3)Rifampin (treats TB) Slide 21 Complete and permanent cessation of menstrual flow 47-55yrs of age End of fertility due to decreased production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries No menstrual period for 12 consecutive months Slide 22 Weight gain: esp body fat around waist Emotional (depression, mood swings) Changes in sexual response and activity Vaginal changes Dryness, irritation, thinning may occur vaginal infections assoc with estrogen Vasomotor reactions Hot flashes, drenching sweats Heart palpitations and dizziness Night sweats and sleeping problems may lead to feeling tired, stressed, or tense Slide 23 Postmenopausal effects Bone density problems Skin & mucous membranes decrease in thickness and keratinization = fragile and easily injured Predisposition to artherosclerosis, diabetes, hypothyroidism Slide 24 Gingiva: exaggerated response to biofilm, gingivitis Mucous membranes & tongue: shiny, vary in color, dry, burning sensations, burning mouth syndrome Epithelium: thin and atrophic w/decreased keratinization Alveolar bone: loss in presence of systemic osteoporosis Prosthesis may not fit as well Slide 25 Slide 26 Appointment suggestions: be aware of the emotional changes of menopause Fluoride therapies Emphasize oral hygiene care Regular and freq dental visits Saliva substitute Good diet Calcium importance Slide 27