employee main doc

8/6/2019 Employee Main Doc

1/77

Visit hrmba.blogspot.com for more

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Job satisfaction describes how content an individual is with his or her job. Itis a relatively recent term since in previous centuries the jobs available to aparticular person were often predetermined by the occupation of that personsparent. There are a variety of factors that can influence a persons level of jobsatisfaction. Some of these factors include the level of pay and benefits, theperceived fairness o the promotion system within a company, the quality of theworking conditions, leadership and social relationships, the job itself (the variety oftasks involved, the interest and challenge the job generates, and the clarity ofthejob description/requirements).

The happier people are within their job, the more satisfied they are said tobe. Job satisfaction is not the same as motivation, although it is clearly linked. Jobdesign aims to enhance job satisfaction and performance methods include jobrotation, job enlargement and job enrichment. Other influences on satisfactioninclude the management style and culture, employee involvement, empowermentand autonomous workgroups. Job satisfaction is a very important attribute whichis frequently measured by organizations. The most common way of measurementis the use of rating scales where employees report their reactions to their jobs.Questions relate to relate of pay, work responsibilities, variety of tasks,promotional opportunities the work itself and co-workers. Some questioners askyes or no questions while others ask to rate satisfaction on 1 5 scale 9where 1

represents not all satisfied and 5 represents extremely satisfied).


2/77

Definitions

Job satisfaction has been defined as a pleasurable emotional stateresulting from the appraisal of ones job; an affective reaction to ones job; and anattitude towards ones job. Weiss (2007) has argued that job satisfaction is an

attitude but points out that researchers should clearly distinguish the objectsofcognitive evaluation which are affect (emotion), beliefs and behaviors. Thisdefinition suggests that we from attitudes towards our jobs by taking into accountour feelings, our beliefs, and our behaviors.

Affect Theory

Edwin A. Lockes Range of Affect Theory (1976) is arguably the mostfamous job satisfaction model. The main premises of this theory is thatsatisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and

what one has in a job. Further, the theory states that how much one values agiven facet of work (e.e. the degree of autonomy in a position) moderates howsatisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations are/are not met. When aperson values a particular facet of a job, his satisfaction is more greatly impactedboth positively (when expectations are met) and negatively (when expectationsare not met), compared to one who does not value that facet. To illustrate, ifEmployee A values autonomy in the workplace and Employee B is indifferentabout autonomy, then Employee A would be more satisfied in a position thatoffers a high degree of autonomy compared to Employee B. this theory alsostates that too much of a particular facet will produces stronger feelings ofdissatisfaction the more a worker values that facet.

Dispositional Theory

Another well known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory. It isa very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions thatcause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardlessofones job. This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in lightevidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and


3/77

jobs. Research also indicates that identical twins have similar levels of jobsatisfaction.

A significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theorywas the core Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timorthy A. Judge in 1998.Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine ones

disposition towards job satisfaction: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locusofcontrol, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-esteem (thevalue one places on his self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in ones owncompetence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control(believing one has control over her/his own life, as opposed to outside forceshaving control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticismlead to higher job satisfaction.

TwoFactor Theory (Motivation

Hygiene Theory)

Fredrick Herzbergs Two factor theory (also known as Motivator HygieneTheory) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace. Thistheory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factorsmotivation and hygiene factors, respectively. Motivating factors are those aspectsof the job that make people want o perform, and provide people with satisfaction.These motivating factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job, or the workcarried out. Motivating factors include aspects of the working environment suchas

pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions.

While Herzbergs model has stimulated much research, researchers havebeen unable to reliably empirically prove the model, with Hackman & Oldhamsuggesting that Herzbergs original formulation of the model may have been amethodological artifact. Furthermore, the theory does not consider individualdifferences, conversely predicting all employees will react in an identical mannerto changes in motivating/hygiene factors. Finally, the model has been criticisedinthat it does not specify how motivating/hygiene factors are to be measured.


4/77

Measuring Job Satisfaction

There are many methods for measuring job satisfaction. By far, the mostcommon method for collecting data regarding job satisfacting is the Likert scale(named after Rensis Likert). Other less common methods of for gauging job

satisfaction include: Yes/No questions, True/False questions, point systems,checklist, forced choice answers.

The Job Descriptive Index (JDI), created by smith, Kendall, & Hulin (1969),job satisfaction that has been widely used. It measures ones satisfaction in fivefacets: pay, promotions and opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the workitself. The scale is simple, participants answer either yes, no, or decide inresponse to whether given statements accurately describe one job.

The Job in General Index is an overall measurement of job satisfaction. Itwas an improvement to the job Descriptive Index because the JDI focused too

much on individual facets and not enough on work satisfaction in general.

1.1 Objective of the studyThe objective of the study is as follows

.To assess the satisfaction level of employees in orient glass pvt ltd.

.To identify the factors which influence the job satisfaction ofemployees.

.

To identify the factor which improves the satisfaction level ofemployees.

.To know the employee satisfaction towards the facilities.

.To offer valuable suggestions to improve the satisfaction level ofemployees.


5/77

1.2 Scope of the studyThis study emphasis in the following scope:

.To identify the employees level of satisfaction upon that job.

.This study is helpful to that organisation for conducting further research.

.It is helpful to identify the employers level of satisfaction towards welfaremeasure.

.This study is helpful to the organization for identifying the area ofdissatisfaction of job of the employees.

.

This study helps to make a managerial decision to the company.

1.3 Research MethodologyResearch methodology is the systematic way to solve the researchproblem. It gives an idea about various steps adopted by the researcher in asystematic manner with an objective to determine various manners.

1.3.1 Research DesignA research design is considered as the framework or plan for a study thatguides as well as helps the data collection and analysis of data. The researchdesign may be exploratory, descriptive and experimental for the present study.The descriptive research design is adopted for this project.

1.3.2 Research ApproachThe research worker contacted the respondents personally with well-prepared sequentially arranged questions. The questionnaire is prepared on thebasis of objectives of the study. Direct contract is used for survey, i.e., contactingemployees directly in order to collect data.


6/77

1.3.4 Sample sizeThe study sample constitutes 100 respondents constituting in theresearch area.

1.3.5 Sampling AreaThe study is conducted in employees of Orient Glass Pvt Ltd.

1.3.6 Sampling DesignThe researcher has used probability sampling in which stratified randomsampling is used.

1.3.7 Collection of DataMost of the data collected by the researcher is primary data throughpersonal interview, where the researcher and the respondent operate face to face.

1.3.8 Research InstrumentThe researcher has used a structured questionnaire as a research

instrument tool which consists of open ended questions, multiple choice anddichotomous questions in order to get data. Thus, Questionnaire is the datacollection instrument used in the study. All the questions in the questionnaireareorganized in such a way that elicit all the relevant information that is neededforthe study

1.3.9 Statistical ToolsThe statistical tools used for analyzing the data collected are percentagemethod, chi square, bar diagrams and pie diagrams.


7/77

1.3.10 Analysis of DataThe data are collected through survey and books, reports, newspapers andinternet etc., the survey conducted among the employees of Orient Glass Pvt Ltd.The data collected by the researcher are tabulated and analyzed in such a way to

make interpretations.

Various steps, which are required to fulfill the purpose, i.e., editing, coding,and tabulating. Editing refers to separate, correct and modify the collected data.Coding refers to assigning number or other symbols to each answer for placingthem in categories to prepare data for tabulation refers to bring together thesimilar data in rows and columns and totaling them in an accurate and meaningfulmanner

The collected data are analyzed and interrupted using statistical tools andtechniques.

1.4 Research periodThe research period of the study has from 1st February to May 1st 2008having 18 weeks of duration.

1.5 Limitations of the study.The survey is subjected to the bias and prejudices of the respondents.Hence 100% accuracy cant be assured.

.

The researcher was carried out in a short span of time, where in theresearcher could not widen the study.

.The study could not be generalized due to the fact that researcher adaptedpersonal interview method.


8/77

1.6 Chapter schemeThis project is summarized into five different chapters.

Chapter-1

Consists of an Introduction, statement of the problem, objectives of the

study, Rrsearch methodology and limitations of the study

Chapter-2

Contains Industry Profile, which contains of world scenario, nationalscenario, and state scenario.

Chapter -3

Consists of company profile, which states about the promoter of thecompany and a brief history about the company.

Chapter-4

Consists of analysis and interpretation of the collected data.

Chapter-5

Consists of findings of the study.

Chapter-6

It includes suggestion and recommendations.A copy of questionnaire is included as appendix at the end of this report.


9/77


10/77

In research laboratories, flasks, test tubes, and other laboratory equipment areoften made of borosilicate glass for its low coefficient of thermal expansion, givinggreater resistance to thermal shock and greater accuracy in measurements. Forhigh-temperature applications, quartz glass is used, although it is very difficu

lt towork. Most laboratory glassware is mass-produced, but large laboratories alsokeep a glassblower on staff for preparing custom made glass equipment.

Sometimes, glass is created naturally from volcanic lava, lightning strikes, ormeteorite impacts (e.g., Lechatelierite, Fulgurite, Darwin Glass, Volcanic Glass,Tektites). If the lava is felsic this glass is called obsidian, and is usually black withimpurities. Obsidian is a raw material for flintknappers, who have used it to makeextremely sharp glass knives since the stone age.

Glass sometimes occurs in nature resulting from human activity, for exampletrinitite (from nuclear testing) and beach glass.

Glass in buildings

Glass is commonly used in buildings as transparent windows, internal glazedpartitions, and as architectural features. It is also possible to use glass as astructural material, for example, in beams and columns, as well as in the form of"fins" for wind reinforcement, which are visible in many glass frontages like large

shop windows. Safe load capacity is, however, limited; although glass has a hightheoretical yield stress, it is very susceptible to brittle (sudden) failure, and has atendency to shatter upon localized impact. This particularly limits its use incolumns, as there is a risk of vehicles or other heavy objects colliding with andshattering the structural element. One well-known example of a structure madeentirely from glass is the northern entrance to Buchanan Street subway station inGlasgow.

Glass in buildings can be of a safety type, including wired, heat strengthened(tempered) and laminated glass. Glass fibre insulation is common in roofs andwalls. Foamed glass, made from waste glass, can be used as lightweight, closed-cell insulation. As insulation, glass (e.g., fiberglass) is also used. In the form of


11/77

long, fluffy-looking sheets, it is commonly found in homes. Fiberglass insulation isused particularly in attics, and is given an R-rating, denoting the insulating ability.

Technological applications

Uses of glass for scientific purposes range from applications such as DNAmicroarrays to large sized neodymium doped glass lasers and glass fibres

The Hubble Space Telescope orbiting above earth, containing optical instruments

Pure SiO2 glass (the same chemical compound as quartz, or, in its polycrystallineform, sand) does not absorb UV light and is used for applications that requiretransparency in this region. Large natural single crystals of quartz are pure silicondioxide, and upon crushing are used for high quality specialty glasses. Syntheti

camorphous silica, an almost 100 % pure form of quartz, is the raw material for themost expensive specialty glasses, such as optical fiber core. Undersea cableshave sections doped with erbium, which amplify transmitted signals by laseremission from within the glass itself. Amorphous SiO2 is also used as a dielectricmaterial in integrated circuits due to the smooth and electrically neutral interface itforms with silicon.

Optical instruments such as glasses, cameras, microscopes, telescopes, andplanetaria are based on glass lenses, mirrors, and prisms. The glasses used for

making these instruments are categorized using a six-digit glass code, oralternatively a letter-number code from the Schott Glass catalogue. For example,BK7 is a low-dispersion borosilicate crown glass, and SF10 is a high-dispersiondense flint glass. The glasses are arranged by composition, refractive index, andAbbe number.

Glass polymerization is a technique that can be used to incorporate additives thatmodify the properties of glass that would otherwise be destroyed during hightemperature preparation. Sol gel is an example of glass polymerization andenables embedding of organic and bioactive molecules, to add a new level offunctionality to glass.


12/77

Glass production

Oldest mouth-blown window-glass from 1742 from Kosta Glasbruk, Smland,Sweden. In the middle the mark from the glass blowers pipe

Glass production history

Glass melting technology has passed through several stages.

Glass was manufactured in open pits, ca. 3000 B.C. until the invention ofthe blowpipe in ca. 250 B.C.The mobile wood-fired melting pot furnace was used until around the 17thcentury by traveling glass manufacturers.Around 1688, a process for casting glass was developed, which led toglass becoming a much more commonly used material.The local pot furnace, fired by wood and coal was used between 1600 and1850.The cylinder method of creating flat glass was used in the United States ofAmerica for the first time in the 1820s. It was used to commercially producewindows.The invention of the glass pressing machine in 1827 allowed the massproduction of inexpensive glass products.The gas-heated melting pot and tank furnaces dating from 1860, followedby the electric furnace of 1910.

Hand-blown sheet glass was replaced in the 20th century by rolled plateglass.The float glass process was invented in the 1950s.


13/77

Glass ingredients

Pure silica (SiO2) has a "glass melting point" at a viscosity of 10 Pas (100 P)of over 2300 C (4200 F). While pure silica can be made into glass for specialapplications (see fused quartz), other substances are added to common glass tosimplify processing. One is sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), which lowers the melting

point to about 1500 C (2700 F) in soda-lime glass; "soda" refers to the originalsource of sodium carbonate in the soda ash obtained from certain plants.However, the soda makes the glass water soluble, which is usually undesirable,so lime (calcium oxide (CaO), generally obtained from limestone), somemagnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminium oxide are added to provide for a betterchemical durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74 percent silicabyweight and is called a soda-lime glass. Soda-lime glasses account for about 90percent of manufactured glass.

As well as soda and lime, most common glass has other ingredients added tochange its properties. Lead glass, such as lead crystal or flint glass, is more

'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more"sparkles", while boron may be added to change the thermal and electricalproperties, as in Pyrex. Adding barium also increases the refractive index.Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion, and wasformerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity hasbeen replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern glasses. Large amounts of iron areused in glass that absorbs infrared energy, such as heat absorbing filters formovie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UVwavelengths (biologically damaging ionizing radiation).

Besides the chemicals mentioned, in some furnaces recycled glass ("cullet") isadded, originating from the same factory or other sources. Cullet leads to savin

gsnot only in the raw materials, but also in the energy consumption of the glassfurnace. However, impurities in the cullet may lead to product and equipmentfailure. Fining agents such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, or antimony oxideare added to reduce the bubble content in the glass.


14/77

A further raw material used in the production of soda-lime and fiber glass iscalumite, which is a glassy granular by-product of the iron making industry,containing mainly silica, calcium oxide, alumina, magnesium oxide (and traces ofiron oxide).

For obtaining the desired glass composition, the correct raw material mixture(batch) must be determined by glass batch calculation.

Contemporary glass production

Following the glass batch preparation and mixing the raw materials aretransported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gasfired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters,pot furnaces and day tanks.

After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of bubbles) the glass isformed. Flat glass for windows and similar applications is formed by the float glassprocess, developed between 1953 and 1957 by Sir Alastair Pilkington andKenneth Bickerstaff of the UK's Pilkington Brothers, which created a continuousribbon of glass using a molten tin bath on which the molten glass flowsunhindered under the influence of gravity. Container glass for common bottles andjars is formed by blowing and pressing methods. Further glass forming techniquesare summarized in the table Glass forming techniques.

Once the desired form is obtained, glass is usually annealed for the removal of

stresses.

Various surface treatment techniques, coatings, or lamination may follow toimprove the chemical durability (glass container coatings, glass container internaltreatment), strength (toughened glass, bulletproof glass, windshields), or opticalproperties (insulated glazing, anti-reflective coating).


15/77


16/77


17/77


18/77


19/77

If glass flows at a rate that allows changes to be seen with the naked eyeafter centuries, then the effect should be noticeable in antique telescopes.Any slight deformation in the antique telescopic lenses would lead to adramatic decrease in optical performance, a phenomenon that is notobserved.

There are many examples of centuries-old glass shelving which has notbent, even though it is under much higher stress from gravitational loadsthan vertical window glass.Some glasses have a glass transition temperature close to or below roomtemperature. The behavior of a material that has a glass transition close to roomtemperature depends upon the timescale during which the material ismanipulated. If the material is hit it may break like a solid glass, however ifthematerial is left on a table for a week it may flow like a liquid. This simply means

that for the fast timescale its transition temperature is above room temperature,but for the slow one it is below. The shift in temperature with timescale is notverylarge however as indicated by the transition of polypropylene glycol of -72 C and-71 C over different timescales. To observe window glass flowing as liquid atroom temperature we would have to wait a much longer time than the universeexists. Therefore it is safe to consider a glass a solid far enough below itstransition temperature: Cathedral glass does not flow because its glass transitiontemperature is many hundreds of degrees above room temperature. Close to thistemperature there are interesting time-dependent properties. One of these is

known as aging. Many polymers that we use in daily life such as rubber,polystyrene and polypropylene are in a glassy state but they are not too far belowtheir glass transition temperature. Their mechanical properties may well changeover time and this is serious concern when applying these materials inconstruction.


20/77

Physical properties

The following table lists some physical properties of common glasses. Unlessotherwise stated, the technical glass compositions and many experimentallydetermined properties are taken from one large study. Unless stated otherwise,the properties of fused silica (quartz glass) and germania glass are derived fro

mthe SciGlass glass database by forming the arithmetic mean of all theexperimental values from different authors (in general more than 10 independentsources for quartz glass and Tg of germanium oxide glass). Those values markedin italic font have been interpolated from sililar glass compositions (seeCalculation of glass properties) due to the lack of experimental data.

Color

Common soda-lime float glass appears green in thick sections because of Fe2+impurities.

Colors in glass may be obtained by addition of coloring ions that arehomogeneously distributed and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (suchas in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to thenaked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) impurities of up to 0.1wt%produce a green tint which can be viewed in thick pieces or with the aid ofscientific instruments. Further FeO and Cr2O3 additions may be used for theproduction of green bottles. Sulfur, together with carbon and iron salts, is used toform iron polysulfides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almostblack. Manganese dioxide can be added in small amounts to remove the greentint given by iron(II) oxide.


21/77

History

Roman glass

Naturally occurring glass, especially obsidian, has been used by many Stone Agesocieties across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to

itslimited source areas, was extensively traded. According to Pliny the Elder,Phoenician traders were the first to stumble upon glass manufacturing techniquesat the site of the Belus River. Agricola, De re metallica, reported a traditionalserendipitous "discovery" tale of familiar type:

"The tradition is that a merchant ship laden with nitrum being moored at this place,the merchants were preparing their meal on the beach, and not having stones toprop up their pots, they used lumps of nitrum from the ship, which fused and

mixed with the sands of the shore, and there flowed streams of a new translucentliquid, and thus was the origin of glass."

This account is more a reflection of Roman experience of glass production,however, as white silica sand from this area was used in the production of Romanglass due to its low impurity levels. But in general archaeological evidencesuggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, MesopotamiaorOld Kingdom Egypt. Due to Egypt's favourable environment for preservation, themajority of well-studied early glass is found in Egypt, although some of this is

likely to have been imported. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid thirdmillennium BC, were beads, perhaps initially created as accidental by-products ofmetal-working slags or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreousmaterial made by a process similar to glazing.

During the Late Bronze Age in Egypt and Western Asia there was an explosion inglass-making technology. Archaeological finds from this period include colouredglass ingots, vessels (often coloured and shaped in imitation of highly prizedwares of semi-precious stones) and the ubiquitous beads. The alkali of Syrian andEgyptian glass was soda ash, sodium carbonate, which can be extracted from theashes of many plants, notably halophile seashore plants: (see saltwort). Theearliest vessels were 'core-wound', produced by winding a ductile rope of metal


22/77

round a shaped core of sand and clay over a metal rod, then fusing it withrepeated reheatings. Threads of thin glass of different colours made withadmixtures of oxides were subsequently wound around these to create patterns,which could be drawn into festoons with a metal raking tools. The vessel wouldthen be rolled flat ('marvered') on a slab in order to press the decorative threads

into its body. Handles and feet were applied separately. The rod wassubsequently allowed to cool as the glass slowly annealed and was eventuallyremoved from the centre of the vessel, after which the core material was scrapedout. Glass shapes for inlays were also often created in moulds. Much early glassproduction, however, relied on grinding techniques borrowed from stone working.This meant that the glass was ground and carved in a cold state.

By the 15th century BC extensive glass production was occurring in Western Asiaand Egypt. It is thought the techniques and recipes required for the initial fusing of

glass from raw materials was a closely guarded technological secret reserved forthe large palace industries of powerful states. Glass workers in other areastherefore relied on imports of pre-formed glass, often in the form of cast ingotssuch as those found on the Ulu Burun shipwreck off the coast of Turkey.

Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late BronzeAge civilisations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. It picked up againin its former sites, in Syria and Cyprus, in the ninth century BC, when thetechniques for making colourless glass were discovered. In Egypt glass-makingdid not revive until it was reintroduced in Ptolemaic Alexandria. Core-formed

vessels and beads were still widely produced, but other techniques came to thefore with experimentation and technological advancements. During the Hellenisticperiod many new techniques of glass production were introduced and glassbegan to be used to make larger pieces, notably table wares. Techniquesdeveloped during this period include 'slumping' viscous (but not fully molten) glassover a mould in order to form a dish and 'millefiori' (meaning 'thousand flowers')technique, where canes of multi-coloured glass were sliced and the slicesarranged together and fused in a mould to create a mosaic-like effect. It was alsoduring this period that colourless or decoloured glass began to be prized andmethods for achieving this effect were investigated more fully.


23/77

During the first century BC glass blowing was discovered on the Syro-Palestiniancoast, revolutionising the industry and laying the way for the explosion of glassproduction that occurred throughout the Roman world. Over the next 1000 yearsglass making and working continued and spread through southern Europe and

beyond.

South Asia

Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in1730 BCE. Evidence of this culture includes a red-brown glass bead along with ahoard of beads dating to 1730 BCE, making it the earliest attested glass from theIndus Valley locations. Glass discovered from later sites dating from 600-300 BCEdisplays common color.

Chalcolithic evidence of glass has been found in Hastinapur, India. Some of thetexts which mention glass in India are the Shatapatha Brahmana and VinayaPitaka. However, the first unmistakable evidence in large quantities, dating fromthe 3rd century BCE, has been uncovered from the archaeological site in Taxila,Pakistan.

By the beginning of the Common Era, glass was being used for ornaments andcasing in South Asia. Contact with the Greco-Roman world added newertechniques, and Indians artisans mastered several techniques of glass molding,decorating and coloring by the early centuries of the Common Era. Satavahanaperiod of India

Early modern glass in England

The early modern period in England (c. 1500-1800) brought on a revival in localglass production. Medieval glass had been limited to the small-scale productionofforest glass for window glass and vessels, predominantly in the Weald. Theorganisation of production evolved from the small-scale family-run glass housestypical of forest glass-making to large monopolies granted by the Crown. Theinflux of immigrants from Europe brought changes in furnace technology and rawmaterials, creating a better quality glass. Monastic decrees later banned the use


24/77

of wood fuel which was then replaced by the less expensive alternative of coal.The development of lead glass in the late 17th century propelled England to theforefront of the glass industry and paved the way for advancements in theIndustrial Revolution

Chemical composition

Glass has three major components: a network former (silica), a network modifier(flux), and a network stabilizer (predominantly lime). In the early 16th and 17thcenturies glassmaking (the manufacture of glass from raw materials) andglassworking (the creation of objects from glass) occurred within the sameglasshouse. Glass was also recycled at this time in the form of cullet.

In the early modern era, network formers were obtained from fine or coarse sandswhich were usually located near the area of production or from silica basedpebbles.

Network modifiers were used to alter the chemical composition of the the networkformer and reduce the melting temperature of the batch. These fluxes varieddepending on the type of glass. Potassium oxide (K2O) based alkalis were usedextensively in glass production.

The type of flux selected heavily influenced the quality of the glass produced.InEngland, beech wood and oak were preferred for forest glass. For soda glasses(Na2O), alkalis were often found in the form of marine plants either local kelporimported plants from the Mediterranean and the Near East (barilla, polverine,

rochetta, sevonus, natron).

Network stabilizers in early modern England continued to be lime sources. Limeoccurs as a natural contaminant in most sands, and may also be intentionallyadded to the melt.


25/77


26/77

Other metal oxide colorants were known from earlier periods in antiquity.

Early post-medieval glass

Medieval glasshouse traditions continued in the Weald, which was becomingdeforested by the early 17th century; local glassmaking spread elsewhere, where

timber was available to fire furnaces, to Hampshire, Gloucestershire, NorthStaffordshire and the Scottish Borders. At Bagot's Park, Staffordshire, one suchglasshouse has been recovered, which dates from circa 1535; it contained anearly melting furnace and a smaller annealing furnace. The melting furnace hadtwo siege benches for the placement of three crucible pots, each with a centralflue cut into the floor to create a draught that would allow the furnace to achieve1200oC in order to melt the glass. Fritting, and the preheating of crucibles mayhave occurred in the upper areas of the main furnace. Annealing (glass) and glass

blowing probably occurred using a smaller furnace. Cullet heaps of broken glassresidue were found on either side, suggesting the use of a flux to reduce meltingtemperatures. Some crushed white pebbles were recovered in the bottom of pots,and this may reflect the silica source used at this site. The glass recovered fromBagot's Park was badly weathered, yet the ends of broad glass and crown glasssuggest that window and vessel glass were produced.

Glass technology

The majority of glass at this time was blown or mould blown into a variety ofvessel shapes. This was enhanced by decorative styles, including optic

decoration and trailing the glass, sometimes with pre-fabricated glass canes, toreplicate Venetian traditions.

Influences from the Continent

In 1567, Jean Carr arrived in London from Antwerp and obtained a crown-sanctioned patent for the production of window glass. This patent was awarded toCarr on the condition that prices remained low and that glassmaking and blowingwould be taught to native Englishmen to promote the craft. He brought many


27/77

Venetian craftsmen to his London workshop and opened a second furnaceoutside the city to produce vessel and green glass.

Later in 1574, Jacob Verzelini, a Venetian who worked for Carr was granted amonopoly over Venetian-style vessel glass. This effectively banned most of theimports from Venice and promoted glass made locally in England. Verzelini's goal

was to produce clear crystallo glass as well as decorative glass faon de venise("in the Venetian mode"), which he achieved by importing barilla from Spain. Thiseffectively helped to lower the price of clear glassware and made it available to awider range of the gentry and middle class.

Utilitarian green glass production remained on a small scale and was made bynumerous glasshouses in different areas for local consumption, in the traditionofforest glass.

Technological changes

With the new influx of immigrants from the European Continent in the mid 16thcentury, technological changes affected the quality of English glass. This waspossibly the combined result of experience and the selection/importation of purerraw materials.

Winged furnaces

Additionally, glass furnaces constructed from the mid 16th century began to reflect

continental styles. This trend, identifiable in the archaeological record, supportsthe documentary evidence for immigrant glassmakers. Wing-like additions wereadded to the late 16th-early 17th century furnace remains at two glass producingsites, Hutton and Rosedale in York, as well as at Vann Copse in the Weald. TheHutton furnace had two wings added in the northeast and southeast corners of theoriginal rectangular melting furnace. A smaller nearby furnace was abandonedaround the same time as the addition of the wings, suggesting that they providedan area for either annealing or pre-heating pots.

Rosedale and Vann Copse were constructed in similar styles but with four wings,one in each corner, which were built integral to the original furnace. The wings


28/77

showed evidence of heating which again suggested these were areas for frittingor glassworking. The glass produced at Rosedale was generally cleaner and of abetter quality than that of Hutton, although the reasons for this are still unclear.Production at Rosedale appeared to have a higher output than that of Hutton, astwo additional smaller furnaces indicate that the operation had expanded. It is

thought that these furnaces are similar to those of the Lorraine style, and researchin the Netherlands suggests that contemporary continental furnaces were made inthis fashion.

Change to coal

From 1581-1584, Parliament became increasingly concerned over the woodsupply in the country. At this time, a large number of high temperature industrieswere dependent on wood for fuel, and this began to diminish the countrys forests.

The original decree in this time prohibited the use of wood fuel unless it was fromones own land. By 1609, Sir Edward Zouche was granted a patent to experimentwith coal as the main fuel for a furnace at Winchester and by 1615 Parliament hadbanned the use of wood fuel.

Adopting coal as the main source of fuel created numerous problems for glassproduction. Burning coal produced short flames which shifted the location of thehearth from the far ends of the furnace to the center. Air draughts are alsonecessary to create a regenerative heating system for glassmelting. Early coalfurnaces, such as at Bolsterstone, contain underground flues to provide an easy

way to remove ash. Additionally, the carbon from the coal fumes contaminated theglass in the uncovered pots which created a dark and often uneven colour. Lids,such as those found at Bolsterstone, needed to be implemented to prevent theseimpurities. Glass bottles from this initial transition are often dark in color.


29/77


30/77

and etching. Lead glass was widely adopted by the Glass sellers guild whenRavenscrofts patent expired.

Lead glass helped to propel England to the front of the glass industry. Bottlesforwine and phials began to be produced and exported on a large scale. The

archaeological remains of the Albion shipwreck off Margate in 1765 contained 11lead glass ingots, which are thought to be meant for trade with China. Althoughlittle is known about these materials, it does suggest that lead glass contributed toEngland's exports.

The 19th century brought new developments with synthetic materials, such as gasfuel. Additionally, continuous melting production with tank furnaces helped markthe end of the early modern period and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

English glass objects

Vessel glass

The evolution of vessel glass became more elaborate and specific to its intendeduse throughout the early modern period. Mirror glass and glass objects alsobegan to be produced on larger scales during the early modern period. Types ofobjects include:

Phials Goblets Drinking Glasses

Beakers Tankards Jugs Bottles Bowls Jars Urinals Flasks Mirror glass


31/77

Window glass

Window glass was produced throughout the period on a small scale, in the form ofcrown glass and broad glass. This was predominantly made from green glassthroughout the 16th century. While rare in the early 16th century, glass windows

soon became a symbol of increasing wealth and status. Larger sheets were indemand for domestic and public buildings.

Stained glass

Stained glass in the earliest part of the early modern period was imported intoEngland from France. With the Protestant Reformation in England, ecclesiasticbuildings increasingly used the more expensive 'white' glass.


32/77


33/77

HEAT STRENGTHENED GLASS

Heat strengthened glass is two/three times harder than normal annealed sheetglass, which is highly suitable for building facades, sky lights , arch domes andmany flexible application to architectural dreams, second to none in the world o

fglass.

GLASS FRAMELESS DOORS

A wide range of glass doors available in nearly unbreakable tempered glass clear,tinted glass doors with many different (or personalized) etched patterns, thereisalso opaque and ceramic color versions used in living rooms, hotels, commercialpremises, showers and bath tubs.

AUTOMOTIVE GLASS

Automotive glass is made by heating quality glass just below its softeningtemperature giving it the required shape & suddenly chilling it with jets cold air.

It results the outer skin coming under powerful compressive stress and the interiorwith severe tensile stress. In consequence, the impact applied to the glass willbeovercome by compression force on the surfaces to ensure safety in formed.

BEND GLASS

Orient with its mixture of bent & latest formed glass technique has come to createunique crystal clear glass for counters sophisticated as well as totallypersonalized work of art suit your taste and requirement. We offer a total packageof planning, designing, supplying, or on demand unto installation.

Glass are stylistic and a willing instrument for modern architecture we could makeabsolutely anything ranging from elegant partition to exotic glass tops to sky lightswhether at commercial building or homes with full control of transparencies to fullopacity. These glasses are produced in thickness of 2mm 12mm.


34/77

GLASS FURNITURE

We manufacture glass furniture in any thickness with edges polished to, manyprofile such as flat, pencil, bevel, ogee, etc.

Furniture glass and table tops should be tempered due to human contact for

safety. Normal glass being very delicate is tempered to give a long durability,mechanical strength and scratch resistance. It also presents edge chipping orflaking, a common problem with expensive table tops.

CERAMIC PRINTED GLASS

Ceramic glass gets its name from its print by a silk screen with a glass enamelbefore tempering, heat strengthening or bending can take place, the enamel fusesinto the surface & becomes a permanent coating which cannot be damaged orremoved and is un affected by moisture, and scratch proof. It is also known as silk

screened glass & coloured glass.

Certain areas of glass or a at times the entire glass is hidden or masked forreasons as varied as privacy to concealing the background or for improving theaesthetic look of the product. Best use in commercial building to match,accentuate or complement the vision area of the building (wall cladding).

Patterns can be developed fro virtually any arrangement of geometric shapes ortextures, custom patterns can provide unlimited design possibilities. Most famousare dots, holes, lines, squares, and triangle.

DECAL PRINTED GLASS

Comes in many stranded designs like marble, granite, image, metallic, multicolored, picture, scenes or could be custom made.

DECORATIVE FUSION GLASS, STAIN GLASS

Stain glass, fusion embossed design, slumped, acid etched, engraved;computerize sand carving, V grooved.


35/77

LAMINATED GLASS

Is manufactured by PVB, UMU, EVA, and resin. Stop shot (Bullet proof)

SOLAR REFLECTIVE

Coated glass for faade, domes, partition etc.

PHOTO VOLTIC GLASS

For solar rays, solar heaters wind screen.

INSULATED GLASS

Double glazing, flat and bend types of glasses.

OUR SERVICES

Orient is an enterprising company, who has associated in contract work,supplies & services with almost all the star hotels such as Galadari, Taj Samudra,Trans Asia, Hilton, Oberoi (Cinnamon Garden) & with high rises such as JAICHilton Tower, Royal Park Condominium, Crescat Residency, ceylinco seylanTowers, The World trade Centre etc.

Services also were rendered to presidential palace, Male, Nasundhara PalaceHotel, Maldives. The Oberoi Hotel, Mumbai.

Above are few of the endless lists of our satisfied customers in our 25 years inbusiness.

Incidentally our chairman, have been in the sheet of glass field over threedecades and have received training in UK, India, Belgium, & Denmark.

Orient design with its mixture of bent& latest formed glass technique has come tocreate unique sophisticated & totally personalized work of art to suit your tasteand requirements.

Glass as a stylistic and a willing instrument for modern architecture, thereforewecould make absolutely anything ranging from elegant partition to exotic glass tops,sky lights whether at commercial building or homes with full control oftransparencies to full opacity.


36/77


37/77


38/77

Table 4.1 To know the department in which employees are belongs to

SI.No

.Department No. of Respondents Percentage1. Mechanical 30 302. Electrical 25 253. Production 35 354. Others 10 10Total 100 100

Source: survey data

Inference:

From the above table it shows that 35% of employees are belongsto production department.


39/77

FIGURE 4.1REPRESENTS THE DEPARTMENT


40/77

Table 4.2 To know working experience of the employees

SI.No.

Work Experience No. of Respondents Percentage1. Below 2 years 13 132. 2 4 years 30 303. 4 6 years 34 344. Above 6 years 23 23Total 100 100

Source: survey data

Inference:

From the above table it shows that 34% of the employees have 4

6 years experience.


41/77

FIGURE 4.2REPRESENTS THE EXPERIENCE OF THE EMPLOYEES


42/77


43/77

FIGURE 4.3REPRESENTS THE PHYSICAL WOKING ENVIRONMENT


44/77


45/77


46/77


47/77

FIGURE 4.5

REPRESENTS THE SATISFACTION LEVEL OF RESPONDENTSTOWARDS THE WORK ASSIGNED


48/77

Table 4.6 Opinion about the career development programme in theirorganisation

SI.N

o.Career Development No. of Respondents Percentage1. Highly satisfied 12 122. Satisfied 56 563. Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied 22 224. Dissatisfied 10 105. Highly Dissatisfied 0 0Total 100 100

Source: survey data

Inference:

From the above table it shows that 56% of the employees weresatisfied with the opinion about the carrier development programme in theirorganisation.


49/77


50/77

Table 4.7 To know the cooperation of co-workers

SI.No.

Co-operation of Workers No. of Respondents Percentage1. Highly satisfied 20 202. Satisfied 66 663. Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied 11 114. Dissatisfied 3 35. Highly Dissatisfied 0 0Total 100 100

Source: survey data

Inference:

From the above table it shows that 66% of the employees weresatisfied with the cooperation of co-workers.


51/77

FIGURE 4.7REPRESENTS THE COOPERATION OF CO-WORKERS


52/77

Table 4.8 To know the satisfaction of Respondents with top management

SI.No

.Satisfaction with TopManagementNo. ofRespondentsPercentage1. Highly satisfied 26 262. Satisfied 51 513. Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied 17 173. Dissatisfied 6 64. Highly Dissatisfied 0 0Total 100 100

Source: survey data

Inference:

From the above table it shows that 51% of the employees weresatisfied with the top management.


53/77

FIGURE 4.8

REPRESENTS THE SATISFACTION OF RESPONDENTS WITH TOPMANAGEMENT


54/77

Table 4.9 To know the satisfaction of Respondents with their subordinates

SI.No

.Satisfaction with Subordinates No. of Respondents Percentage1. Highly satisfied 12 122. Satisfied 67 673. Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied 14 144. Dissatisfied 7 75. Highly Dissatisfied 0 0Total 100 100

Source: survey data

Inference:

From the above table it shows that 67% of the employees weresatisfied with their subordinates.


55/77

FIGURE 4.9

REPRESENTS THE SATISFACTION OF RESPONDENTS WITH THEIRSUBORDINATES


56/77


57/77

FIGURE 4.10

REPRESENTS THE LEVEL OF SATISFACTION REGARDING THENATURE OF JOB


58/77

Table 4.11 To know whether there is any job pressure in their work

SI.No.

Job Pressure No. of Respondents Percentage1. Yes 72 722. No 28 28Total 100 100

Source: survey data

Inference:

From the above table it shows that 72% of employees said there isjob pressure in their work.


59/77


60/77


61/77

FIRGURE 4.12

REPRESENTS THE OPPORTUNITY PROVIDED BY THE ORGANISATION INDEVELOPING SKILLS & TALENTS


62/77


63/77

FIGURE 4.13

REPRESENTS THE SATISFACTION LEVEL OF WELFARE FACILITIESPROVIDED BY THE MANGEMENT


64/77

Table 4.14 To know the employee satisfaction towards the salary

SI.No.

Payment Satisfaction No. of Respondents Percentage1. Yes 67 672. No 33 33Total 100 100

Source: survey data

Inference:

From the above table it shows that 67% of the employees weresatisfied with their salary.


65/77

FIGURE 4.14REPRESENTS THE SATISFACTION TOWARDS THE SALARY


66/77

Table 4.15 To know the employees willingness to continue

SI.No.

Willingness to Work No. of Respondents Percentage1. Yes 59 592. No 41 41Total 100 100

Source: survey data

Inference:

From the above table it shows that 59% of the employees werewilling to continue in this organisation.


67/77


68/77


69/77


70/77


71/77

FIGURE 4.17REPRESENTS THE COMPANYS PROMOTION POLICY


72/77


73/77

FIGURE 4.18REPRESENTS THE OVERALL JOB SATISFACTION


74/77


75/77

75

Table 4.19 shows the relationship between the department and the jobsatisfaction

Over AllJobSatisfactionHighlySatisfiedSatisfiedNeitherSatisfiednorDissatisfiedDissatisfiedHighly

DissatisfiedSubTotalMechanical 5 6 14 3 2 30Electrical 6 8 6 3 2 25Production 9 13 7 4 2 35Others 2 3 2 2 1 10Sub Total 22 30 29 12 7 100


76/77


77/77

employee main doc

Documents