empl_021978

Employment and EarningsFebruary 1978U.S. Department of LaborBureau of Labor Statistics

Vol. 25 No. 2

In this issue:Revised seasonally adjustedlabor force series

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABORRay Marshall, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSJulius Shiskin, Commissioner

Employment and Earnings is prepared by theDivision of Industry Employment Statistics and theDivision of Employment and Unemployment Anal-ysis in collaboration with the Division of SpecialPublications. The data are collected by the Bureauof the Census (Department of Commerce), StateEmployment Security Agencies, and State Depart-ments of Labor in cooperation with the Bureau ofLabor Statistics. A brief description of the co-operative statistical programs of the BLS withthese agencies is presented in the ExplanatoryNotes. The State agencies are listed on the insideback cover.

Employment and Earnings may be orderedthrough the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.20402. Subscription price per year $18 domes-tic, and $22.50 foreign. Single copy $1.50 domes-tic, and $1.90 foreign. Prices are subject to changeby the U.S. Government Printing Office. Sendcorrespondence on circulation and subscriptionmatters (including address changes) to the Super-intendent of Documents.

Communications on editorial matters should beaddressed to: Chester L. Green, Employment andEarnings, Bureau of Labor Statistics, WashingtonD.C. 20212. Inquiries regarding the text and House-hold Data should be addressed to: Attention ofGloria P. Green or Phone: (202) 523-1944. In-quiries relating to Establishment Data and all othertables should be addressed to: Attention ofGloria P. Goings or Phone: (202) 523-1364.

The Secretary of Labor has determined thatthe publication of this periodical is necessary inthe transaction of the public business required bylaw of this Department. Use of funds for printingthis periodical has been approved by the Directorof the Office of Management and Budget throughFebruary 28, 1981. Controlled circulation postagepaid at Washington, D.C, and Baltimore, Md.

Unless identified as copyrighted, articles andtabulations in this publication are in the publicdomain and may be reproduced without permis-sion of the Federal Government. Please credit Em-ployment and Earnings, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Library of Congress Catalog Number 70-11379

CALENDAR OF SPECIAL FEATURES

Features

Household dataAnnual averages

Revised seasonally adjusted seriesQuarterly averages:Seasonally adjusted dataPersons not in labor forcePersons of Hispanic originVietnam-Era veterans and

nonveteransPoverty-nonpoverty area data

Establishment dataNational annual averages:

Industry divisions (preliminary)Industry detail (final)

Women employment (National)National data adjusted tonew benchmarks

Revised seasonally adjusted seriesState and area annual averages

Area definitions

Jan.

X

X

X

Feb.

X

X

(1)

Mar.

X

Apr.

X

M a y

X

X

X

Jul.

X

Aug.

X

Oct.

X

(1)

Nov.

X

Dec.

(2)

The issue that introduces new bench-mark varies. The October 1975 issue marksthe introduction of March 1974 bench-marks. Interim revisions of selected series

appear in the February 1977 issue.Revised data introduced December

1977.


Employment and EarningsVol. 25 No. 2 February 1978Editors: Chester L. Green, Gloria P. Green, Marcy Freedman

Editors' Note

Household survey data for periods prior to January 1978 are not strictly comparable withcurrent data because of the introduction of an expansion in the sample and revisions in theestimation procedures. As a result, the overall civilian labor force and employment totals inJanuary were raised by roughly a quarter of a million; unemployment levels and rates wereessentially unchanged. An explanation of the procedural changes and an indication of thedifferences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 1978," inthis issue of Employment and Earnings.

C O N T E N T S Page

List of statistical tables 2Employment and unemployment developments, January 1978 5Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 1978 7Revision of seasonally adjusted labor force series 11Charts 15Statistical tables:

Not seasonally adjustedHousehold data 27Establishment data:

Employment 57Hours and earnings 89Labor turnover 117

State and area unemployment data 126

Seasonally adjusted seriesHousehold data 50Establishment data:

Employment 73Hours and earnings 108Productivity 109Labor Turnover 122

Revised seasonally adjusted labor force series 132Explanatory notes 163


MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD DATAPage

Employment Status

A- 1: Employment status of the noninstitutional copulation 16 years and over, 1947 to date 27A- 2: Employment status of the noninstitutional population 16 years and over

by sex, 1967 to date 28A- 3: Employment status of the noninstitutional population by sex, age, and race 29A- 4: Labor force by sex, age, and race 31A- 5: Employment status of black workers by sex and age 33A- 6: Employment status of the noninstitutional population by sex, age, and race 34A- 7: Employment status of the noninstitutional population 16-21 years of age

by race and sex 34A- 8: Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force by sex, age, and race 35

Characteristics of the Unemployed

A- 9: Employment status of the noninstitutional population by family relationship 36A-10: Unemployed persons by marital status, sex, age, and race 36A-11: Unemployed persons by occupation of last job and sex 37A-12: Unemployed persons by industry of last job and sex 37A-13: Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race 38A-14: Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, duration, sex, and age 38A-15: Unemployed jobseekers by the jobsearch methods used, sex, age, and race 39A-16: Unemployed jobseekers by the jobsearch methods used, sex, and reason

for unemployment 39A-17: Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment 40A-18: Unemployed persons by duration, sex, age, race, and marital status 40A-19: Unemployed persons by duration, occupation, and industry of last job 41

Characteristics of the Employed

A-20: Employed persons by sex and age 41A-21: Employed persons by occupation, sex, and age 42A-22: Employed persons by occupation, sex, and race 43A-23: Employed persons by class of worker, age, and sex 44A-24: Employed persons by industry and occupation 44A-25: Employed persons with a job but not at work by reason, pay status, and sex 45A-26: Persons at work by type of industry and hours of work 45A-27: Persons at work 1-34 hours by usual status and reason for working less than 35 hours 46A-28: Nonagricultural workers-by industry and full- or part-time status 46A-29: Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by full- or part-time

status, sex, age, race, and marital status 47A-30: Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by full- or part-time status and sex 48

Characteristics of 14 and 15 year-olds

A-31: Employment status of 14-15 year-olds by sex and race 49

A-32: Employed 14-15 year-olds by sex, class of worker, and occupation 49

Seasonally Adjusted Employment and Unemployment DataA-33: Employment status of the noninstitutional population by sex and age,

seasonally adjusted 50A-34: Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, seasonally adjusted 50A-35: Employment status by race, sex, and age, seasonally adjusted 51A-36: Major unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted 52A-37: Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted 52A-38: Rates of unemployment by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 53A-39: Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted 53A-40: Employed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 54A-41: Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 54A-42: Employed persons by selected social and economic categories, seasonally adjusted 55

Characteristics of Vietnam-Era Veterans and Nonveterans

A-43: Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans20 to 39 years of age 56


MONTHLY ESTABLISHMENT DATAPage

EmploymentNational

B- 1: Employees on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry division, 1919 to date 57B- 2: Employees on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry 58B- 3: Women employees on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry 66B- 4: Indexes of employment on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry division, 1919 to date,

monthly data seasonally adjusted 73B- 5: Employees on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry, seasonally adjusted 74B- 6: Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, seasonally adjusted 75B- 7: Indexes of diffusion: Percent of industries in which employment increased, 1975 to data 76

EmploymentState and Area

B- 8: Employees on nonagricultural payrolls for States and selected areas, by industry division 78

Hours and EarningsNationalC- 1: Gross hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private

nonagricultural payrolls, 1955 to date 89C- 2: Gross hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private

nonagricultural payrolls, by industry 90C- 3: Employment, hours, and indexes of earnings in the Executive Branch of the

Federal Government . . . 104C- 4: Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers on manufacturing

payrolls, by industry 104C- 5: Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory

workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, in current and 1967 dollars 105C- 6: Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls of production or nonsupervisory workers

on private nonagricultural payrolls 106C- 7: Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private

nonagricultural payrolls, by industry division and major manufacturinggroup, seasonally adjusted 108

C- 8: Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private non-agricultural payrolls, seasonally adjusted 108

C- 9: Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on privatenonagricultural payrolls by industry division and major manufacturing group,seasonally adjusted 109

C-10: Hours of wage and salary workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division 109C-11: Indexes of output and compensation per hour, unit costs, and prices, private business

sector, seasonally adjusted 110C-12: Percent changes from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation,

unit costs, and prices, private business sector, seasonally adjusted, at annual rate 111

Hours and EarningsState and Area

C-13: Gross hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls, byState and selected areas 112

Labor TurnoverNational

D- 1: Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, 1969 to date 117D- 2: Labor turnover rates, by industry 118D- 3: Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, 1966 to data, seasonally adjusted 122

Labor TurnoverState and Area

D- 4: Labor turnover rates in manufacturing for selected States and areas . . 1 23

MONTHLY STATE AND AREA UNEMPLOYMENT DATAE- 1: Labor force and unemployment by State and selected metropolitan areas 1 26

Monthly data in February, May, August, and November issues; annual averages in March issue.


REVISED MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD DATA

Page

Revised Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Series

Labor forcetotal; sex; and age; race, sex and age; full- or part-time status and sex 132

Civilian labor force participation ratestotal; sex; sex and age; race, sex, and age 136

Employmenttotal; sex; sex and age; agricultural and nonagricultural industries by sex and age; 16-21 yearsby sex and major activity; marital status; occupation; class of worker; at work on full- or part-timeschedules 140

Employment-population ratiostotal; sex and age; race 145

Unemploymenttotal; sex; sex and age; 16-21 years by sex and major activity; race, sex, and age; maritalstatus; full- or part-time status and sex; reasons for unemployment; duration of unemployment;labor force time lost 146

Unemployment ratestotal; sex; sex and age; 16-21 years by sex and major activity; race, sex, and age;marital status; full- or part-time status and sex; occupation; industry; Vietnam-Era veterans andnonveterans by age 153


Employment and Unemployment Developments,January 1978

Both total employment and unemployment in Januarywere about unchanged from December levels followingstrong improvements in recent months. The Nation's overallunemployment rate was 6.3 percent, not much differentfrom December's 6.4-percent rate but down substantiallyfrom the rates prevailing during 1977.

Total employmentas measured by the monthly sur-vey of householdswas 92.9 million in January. Anapparent increase of 270,000 from December was stronglyaffected by technical modifications that were introduced inJanuary 1978. See "Revisions in the Current PopulationSurvey in January 1978," on page 7 .

Nonfarm payroll employmentas measured by themonthly survey of establishmentsdid show furthergrowth in January, rising by 255,000 over the month to83.7 million. Over the year, nonfarm payroll jobs haveincreased by 3.0 million.

Unemployment

There were 6.2 million persons unemployed in January(seasonally adjusted), virtually the same level as in Decem-ber after declining markedly from November. The overallrate of unemployment, 6.3 percent, remained at about thelevel reported for December but was 1.1 percentage pointslower than in January 1977 and the lowest reported sinceOctober 1974.

Although jobless rates for adult men (4.7 percent) andteenagers (16.0 percent) were essentially unchanged overthe month, there was an improvement in unemploymentamong adult women; their rate dropped 0.5 percentagepoint to 6.1 percent. Unemployment rates for both blackand white workers, at 12.7 and 5.5 percent, respectively,were unchanged over the month.

Over the year, joblessness has been reduced for all majordemographic groups except blacks, whose unemploymentrate was virtually the same as it had been in January 1977.During the same period, the rate for whites dropped 1.2 per-centage points to 5.5 percent. Since January 1977, the job-less rate for adult men has declined by 1.1 percentagepoints, and there was an even greater reduction2.4pointsfor teenagers. The rate for adult women decreasedby 0.8 percentage point over the year.

The median duration of unemployment fell from 7.1 to6.6 weeks in January and was down a full week from ayear earlier. This measure, which is being introduced for thefirst time to supplement the data on the mean duration of

unemployment, depicts the midpoint in terms of weeks ofjoblessness currently experienced by the unemployed. Inother words, half of the unemployed workers in January1978 had been jobless for less than 6.6 weeks and half fora longer duration. (See table A-37.)Total employment and the labor force

Total employment was little changed in January at 92.9million, seasonally adjusted, after allowance for revisionsin the household survey estimation procedures and sampleexpansion. Over the year, however, total employment in-creased by about 4 million. The employment-to-populationratiothe proportion of the total noninstitutional popula-tion that is employedwas 58.1 percent in January.

The civilian labor force also was essentially unchangedover the month at 99.1 million. There has been an increaseof about 3 million over the past year, with adult womenaccounting for more than half of the growth. The overallcivilian labor force participation ratethe proportion ofthe civilian noninstitutional population either working orseeking workwas 62.8 percent. Participation rates amongadults were 80.0 percent for men and 48.9 percent forwomen, while the rate for teenagers was 56.9 percent.

Industry payroll employment

Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 255,000 inJanuary to 83.7 million, seasonally adjusted. Most of themajor industry groups registered gains, as employment in-creased in 65 percent of the 172 industries that comprisethe BLS diffusion index of private nonagricultural payrollemployment. As in December, employment totals wereaffected by the strike activity in the coal mining industry,which has removed approximately 160,000 workers fromthe payrolls. It is not possible to determine at this timewhat effect, if any, this strike might have had on otherindustries.

The largest over-the-month employment gains were inmanufacturing (105,000), particularly in the durable goodsindustries, wholesale and retail trade (95,000), and serv-ices (55,000). While these three industries comprise lessthan two-thirds of total payroll employment, they ac-counted for nearly all of the over-the-month employmentgains.

Contract construction employment remained about un-changed from December but was undoubtedly affected bythe unusually high levels of precipitation over much of the


Nation during the survey period. The weather may alsohave contributed to a decline in transportation and publicutilities.

Total nonfarm payroll employment in January was3.0 million above the year-ago level, with the greatestpercentage increases in contract construction, durablegoods manufacturing, and services.

Hours

The average workweek for production or nonsuper-visory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls wasdown sharply in January, declining one-half hour to 35.7hours, seasonally adjusted. As was also the case in Januarya year earlier, the reduction in hours was largely the resultof poor weather conditions throughout much of thecountry. The average workweek in contract constructionwas particularly hard hit, declining almost 2 hours. Themanufacturing workweek declined by 0.8 hour; manu-facturing overtime, however, remained unchanged fromDecember, at 3.5 hours.

The index of aggregate weekly hours of production ornonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls de-creased by 1.1 percent in January to 116.3 (1967=100).Despite this drop, the overall index was 3.6 percent abovethe year-ago level.

Hourly and weekly earnings

Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisoryworkers on nonagricultural payrolls increased 0.9 percentin January, seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earningsdeclined by 0.5 percent, however, as a result of the sharpdecline in the workweek. Compared to their year-ago levels,average hourly and weekly earnings were up 7.9 and 7.6 per-cent, respectively.

Before adjusting for seasonality, average hourly earningswere 6 cents above their December 1977 level and 40 centsabove their year-ago level. Average weekly earnings fell by$3.29 over the month to $193.09. Over the year, averageweekly earnings rose by $13.61.

The houi ly earnings index

The Hourly Earnings Indexearnings adjusted for over-time in manufacturing, seasonality, and the effects ofchanges in the proportion of workers in high-wage and low-wage industrieswas 207.3 (1967=100) in January, 1.2percent higher than in December. The index was 7.7 per-cent above January a year ago. During the 12-month periodended in December, the Hourly Earnings Index in dollars ofconstant purchasing power rose 0.8 percent.


Revisions in the Current Population Surveyin January 1978

The household data on the labor force status andcharacteristics of the population are compiled monthlyfrom the Current Population Survey (CPS), which is con-ducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau ofthe Census. The CPS is a probability sample of householdsand other living quarters designed to produce data for thecivilian noninstitutional population.

Through December 1977, the published household datawere derived from a sample of 47,000 households designedto produce national estimates (national sample). However,beginning in January 1978, these statistics are based on alarger sample designed to produce reliable annual aver-age estimates of unemployment for each State. This"expanded" sample was created by adding supplementalhousing units to the national sample.

Supplementation occurred only in States not having asample size sufficient for meeting the specified reliabilityrequirements. Thus, 9,000 additional occupied housingunits were selected in 24 States and the District ofColumbia. Household data have been collected from thissupplemental sample since September 1975 and have beenused to produce annual average estimates for individualStates in 1976 and 1977. Since the additional units wereselected on a State-by-State basis (see sampling methodsbelow), further work was required to incorporate thesupplemental sample into the national sample to producenational estimates. This article discusses the samplingmethods used to select the supplemental sample, thechanges in estimation procedures required to incorporate it,and the effect of its use on the reliability of the estimates.

Sampling methods

The expanded sample was designed to maximize the useof the national sample to produce State estimates. As a resultthe sampling methods used to select the additional housingunits were dependent on the methods used for the nationalsample. This general description of the sampling methodsis designed to illustrate how the two samples f i t together.A detailed description of the CPS design and methodologycan be found in 'The Current Population Survey: Designand Methodology," U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureauof the Census, Technical Paper No. 40. The household datasection of the Explanatory Notes to this publication con-tains details on sample sizes and survey coverage.

* Margaret E. Schooley

National (unexpanded) sample. The national CPS sampleused as a basis for the supplementation was selected in twostages after the 1970 Decennial Census using census listingsand counts. Prior to the first stage of sampling, the U.S.was divided into primary sampling units (PSU's), which aretypically a county or groups of contiguous counties. ThePSU's were then grouped into strata. PSU's with largepopulations constituted strata by themselves and, there-fore, are in the sample with certainty. For strata containingmore than one PSU, three sample PSU's were selected torepresent every two strata. These PSU's, with a fewexceptions, are in the sample until after the 1980 census.The PSU selection was done with probability proportionateto the population in each PSU. The strata were createdwithin the four census regions, but without regard to Statelines; in fact, PSU's could be defined to cross State lines.

The second stage of sampling was the selection ofclusters of housing units, each of which was expected tocontain four units. This was done in such a manner thateach housing unit in the United States would have anequal probability of selection. Sufficient clusters wereselected to allow for rotation of sample units within thePSU's over the decade.

Expanded sample. For each State requiring supple-mentation, new strata were formed from the PSU's in theState not represented by a national sample PSU in theState^ Each national sample PSU represents the portion ofits national stratum within the State, unless the portion ofits national stratum in the State was too large and was,therefore, subdivided. PSU's in subdivided national stratafor which there were no sample PSU's in the State wereincluded in the strata formed within the State. One PSUwas selected to represent each new "State-stratum" withprobability proportionate to the PSU population.

Within the new sample PSU's, national sampling proce-dures were used to select clusters of housing units. Addi-tional clusters were also selected in some national samplePSU's as necessary. The total number of additional samplehousing units selected for a State depended on the samplesize required to achieve the desired reliability and the num-ber of housing units already in the national sample in the

* Margaret E. Schooley is Chief, Basic Surveys Branch,Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce.


State. As in the national sample, enough units wereselected to allow for rotation of the sample for the restof the decade. The procedures for collecting the data andthe rotation pattern were the same in both samples. Thesupplemental State samples were designed so that the ex-pected values of the sample estimates for the national and ex-panded samples would be equal.Estimation procedures

The CPS estimation procedure involved multiplyingthe basic weightsthe inverse of the probability ofselection for a housing unitby factors which adjust forhousehold noninterviewand for differences between sampleproportions and known population proportions in cer-tain residence, age, sex, and race categories. The "Estimat-ing Methods" section in the Explanatory Notes describesthese adjustments and their purposes. Although this sec-tion, as it appears in this month's publication, describesthe estimation procedure for the national sample, thepurposes of the adjustments to the basic weights are thesame for the expanded sample; a revision of this sectionwill appear in Employment and Earnings within the nextfew months. Changes have been made in each step of theestimation procedures, except for the composite estima-tion and seasonal adjustment procedures, in order toincorporate the expanded sample. These changes should nothave a significant effect on the expected value of the sampleestimates. The following table highlights the differences:Reliability of the estimates

Both nonsampling and sampling errors are possible indata from sample surveys (see the section in the Explana-tory Notes on the reliability of the estimates for house-

hold data). In both the national and expanded samples,the extent of nonsampling error is unknown. However,it is expected that the nonsampling error for both shouldbe about the same, since the same questionnaire, datacollection and processing procedures, and rotation schemeare used in the two samples.

The standard errors for household data presented in theExplanatory Notes of this month's publication are pri-marily a measure of the sampling error, but only for thenational sample. They do not reflect the use of theadditional units in the expanded sample. These sets ofstandard errors are changed from the January publication,however, and provide improved estimates of reliabilityfor the national sample.

The magnitude of the sampling error for the expandedsample has not yet been measured, but the standard errorsare not expected to differ from those for the nationalsample by more than 10 percent for most characteristics.Since the size of the standard error is approximatelyinversely proportional to the square root of the sample size,the use of the supplemental sample will cause a reduc-tion in some of the sampling errors. However, since thesample design and estimation techniques affect the stand-ard errors by type of characteristic, the reduction shouldnot be uniform and, for some estimates there may be noreduction in sampling error*

Tables 1 and 2 below illustrate differences betweenestimates from the expanded and national samples. Al-though the reader can observe some patterns (e.g., thedifferences for females are, in general, larger than formales), most of the differences are within sampling error.The major exception is the estimates of black and otherworkers in table 2.

Level of Estimation Unexpanded Sample Expanded Sample

Basic weight

Noninterview adjustment

First-stage ratio estimation

Second-stage ratio estimation

One basic weight used for every sample unit.

Adjustment applied within groups of sample PSU'scontained within census region by race-residence categories.

Adjustment factors calculated within censusregion by race-residence categories.

Adjustment done in 2 steps:1. Factors calculated for persons 14 years andover of black and other minority races only,with breakdowns by black, other races, andage-sex categories.

2. Factors calculated for persons 14 years andover of all races, with breakdowns by white,all other races, and age-sex categories.

Unsupplemented States: One basic weight usedfor every sample unit.

Supplemented States: Basic weights vary byPSU, but all units within a sample PSU usesame basic weights.

Adjustment applied within groups of sample PSU'scontained within State l by same race-residencecategories as for unexpanded sample.2

Adjustment factors calculated w/f/7/7? State by samerace-residence categories as for unexpandedsample.2

Adjustment done in 3 steps:1. Factors calculated for total population 16 yearsand over by State.

2. Same as step 1 for unexpanded sample.3. Same as step 2 for unexpanded sample.

Adjustment steps iterated 6 times.

Includes the District of ColumbiaSome collapsing of categories occurs.


Table 1. Differences between the expanded and unexpanded sample estimates of the employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalpopulation by sex, age, and race-December 1977

(In thousands)

Sex, age, and race

Civilian tabor force

Total

Expandedsample Difference

Employed

Total


Agriculture


Nonagr (culturalindustries


Unemployed


Not in labor force


Total, 16 years and over

Males16-19 years20-24 years25-34 years . . . .35-44 years . . . .45-54 years . . . .55-64 years . . . .65 years and over

Females16-19 years20-24 years . . . .25-34 years . . . .35-44 years . . . .45-54 years55-64 years . . . .65 years and over

Black and other, 16years and over

Males16-19 years20-24 years . . . .25-34 years35-44 years . . . .45-54 years . . . .55-64 years . . . .65 years and over

Females16-19 years20-24 years25-34 years35-44 years45-54 years55-64 years . . . .65 years and over.

98,739

57,7034,7197,812

15,05910,83010,2347,1161,933

41,0364,1866,683

10,2307,4656,8014,5311,139

11,617

6,130520952

1,6571,1781,003

615204

5,488422936

1,5721,088

850473147

+236

+59- 3

+28- 6+11

0+17+14

+176+35+21+19+ 7+ 4+52+38

- 6

- 3- 6+13- 5+ 5- 3- 9+ 6

- 2- 6- 3+ 8

02

- 6+ 7

92,871

54,5734,0237,071

14,33310,5289,9186,8731,826

38.2983,5946,0779,5507,1076,5164,3611,093

10,260

5,474350785

1,5031,120958576182

4,786254730

1,3741,022808456142

+248

+49+13+12- 6+12- 6+19+ 6

+198+24+38+13+20+ 6+59+37

+11

+20+ 3+170

+ 5- 3- 4+ 7

- 8-11

00

+ 2+ 1- 6+ 7

3,044

2,518252262439372442458292

5264750116981027439

295

24916127337423733

46041265127

+130

+81+7+ 6+23+ 6+25+18- 2

+50+ 60

+ 7+11+ 7+10+ 9

+27

89,827

52,0553,7716,80913,89510,1569,4766,4151,534

37,7723,5476,0289,4347,0096,4144,2861,053

9,965

+190

+ 3+ 8+ 5+ 2+ 20

+ 800

+ 3+ 30

+ 1+ 3

5,224334773

1,4301,083917539149

4,740255726

t,3621,015803444135

+ 1+ 3+14- 8

0 5- 6+ 6

-16-10+ 1- 3

0+1

- 6+ 4

+117

-30+ 7+ 6-28+ 6-30+ 2+ 9

+149+18+39+ 7+ 90

+49+28

-15

5,868

3,130696741726302315243107

2,73859260668035828517047

1,358

65617016615458453923

7021692061986641175

-11

-17

-23- 9- 3- 4

00

- 3

+ 6+ 5- 4+ 9- 2+ 100

58,869

+10-16+1600

+ 6- 2+ 8

-21+10-17

6-12

0- 6+ 1

16,8283,4481,469745434904

2,4657,362

42,0414,1083,2686,5364,7145,1486,18012,087

-58+ 4-27+ 7-10

0-16-13

-175-34-20-18- 6- 3-51-37

7,467

2,469692265187114208289712

4,999874559763564572593

1,074

-235

+ 7

+ 4+ 7-12+ 6- 4+ 4+10- 5

+ 3+ 7+ 4- 7+ 1- 1+ 7- 6

NOTE: Data are not seasonally adjusted; differences are (expanded sample)minus (national sample).


Table 2. Differences between the expanded and unexpanded sample estimates of the civilian noninstitutionalpopulation in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas by racefourth quarter 1977

(In thousands)

Race

Total, 16 years and over . . . .

WhiteBlack and other

Total, 16 years and over

WhiteBlack and other

Metropolitan areas

Total

Poverty areas

Expandedsample

11,480

5,9695,511

Difference

-139

+12-151

Nonpoverty areas

Expandedsample

95,047

86,3368,711

Difference

-158

- 1 4-143

Central cities

Expandedsample

45,044

34,81210,232

Difference

-166

+58-223

Suburbs

Expandedsample

61,483

57,4933,990

Difference

-131

- 6 0- 7 1

Non metropolitan areas

Farm

Expandedsample

4,959

4,615344

Difference

+235

+156+79

Nonfarm

Expandedsample

45,913

41,444

4,469

Difference

+62

-154+216

NOTE: See note, table 1.

10


Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Series*by Thomas J. Plewes

As is customary each year, the Bureau of Labor Statistics(BLS) has revised the seasonal adjustment factors for unem-ployment and other labor force series derived from theCurrent Population Survey (household survey) to incorpo-rate the experience of the previous year. The revisions thisyear take into account data through December 1977.

The revised data for many labor force groups were re-leased by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on January 24,1978 (USDL 78-53). This issue of Employment and Earn-ings includes the revised seasonal factors for the 12 com-ponent series comprising the civilian labor force that are tobe used in the computation of the overall unemploymentrate for each month of 1978 (shown on p. 14 ) and theseasonally adjusted series for the period of revision, 1973-77,by month (shown on pp. 132-162).These data replace thosepublished in the February 1977 and subsequent issues ofthis publication, which were based on data seasonally com-puted through December 1976.

Since 1973, the Census Bureau's X-11 method l hasbeen used to seasonally adjust the labor force data. Formost series, seasonality was computed based on the mostrecent 11-year period. (For series with fewer than 11 yearsof observations, the full span of the series is used in thecomputation of seasonality.) In keeping with past practice ,however, revisions of the seasonally adjusted data werelimited exclusively to the last 5 years; thus, only theseasonally adjusted series for the years 1973 forwardhave been revised and are published here. Seasonallyadjusted data for 1972, which are not subject to furtherrevision, may be found in the February 1977 issue ofEmployment and Earnings, and those for the 1967-71period are presented in the February 1976 issue of thispublication.

Pre-1967 data, adjusted by the BLS Seasonal FactorMethod, 2 are also not subject to change. Users of thesedata who have retained the February 1973 issue of thispublication have a permanent source of pre-1967 sea-sonally adjusted data. However, all historical data maybe obtained from the BLS upon request.

Method of adjustmentThe X-11 seasonal adjustment method is an adaptation

of the traditional ratio-to-moving average method andallows for changing seasonal patterns. The original dataare regarded as the combination of components: A trend-

cycle, which represents the long-run trend and cycle move-ments of the series; a seasonal component, which is theannual repetitive pattern that makes certain months con-sistently higher or lower than others; and an irregularcomponent, which is a residual and includes samplingerrors and short-term fluctuations due to unforseeableevents not following any consistent pattern (unusualweather, strikes, etc.).

The X-11 method includes two optional procedures,one procedure, called multiplicative, assumes that theoriginal series is the product of the trend-cycle, seasonal,and irregular components. The other, termed additive,assumes that the original series is the sum of the threecomponents. After a satisfactory decomposition is achieved,the seasonally adjusted series are computed either bydividing each month's original value by the correspondingseasonal factor in the multiplicative procedure or bysubtracting that factor from the original in the additiveprocedure.

A centered 12-month moving average of the originaldata is used as the first estimate of the trend-cycle. Thisis divided into (or subtracted from, in the case of theadditive procedure) the original value to isolate theseasonal-irregular. In the X-11 method, a five-term weightedmoving average of these seasonal-irregulars for the samemonth of successive years provides initial estimates of theseasonal factors. Each seasonal factor divided into (sub-tracted from) the corresponding seasonal-irregular is anestimate of the irregular component, which at this stageincludes some residual trend-cycle. A refined trend-cycleis then computed using 9-, 13-, and 23-term Hendersoncurve weights to construct a moving average of the firstpreliminary seasonally adjusted series; seasonal factorsand irregulars are then computed. A 5-year moving stand-ard deviation (sigma) of the irregular is computed. In-dividual irregulars divided by these sigmas are classifiedby size. The X-11 method assigns graduated weights tothe observations based on these ratios. Small deviations

* Thomas J. Plewes is an economist in the Office of CurrentEmployment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

1 For a detailed description of the X-11 method, see Technical

Paper No. 15, the X-11 Variant of the Census Method II SeasonalAdjustment Program, by Julius Shiskin, Alan Young, and JohnMusgrave (Bureau of the Census, 1967).

2 This method is described in the BLS Handbook of Methods,

Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976), Appendix A.

11


(those between 0 and 1.5 sigma) are accepted; that is,they receive a weight of " 1 " . Deviations exceeding 2.5sigma are rejected and receive zero weights. Intermediatedeviations (those between 1.5 and 2.5 sigma) receiveweights of more than zero and less than one.

The weights are used in two ways. They serve asauxiliary weights in the various moving averages usedin computing seasonal factors, so that the effect of eachaberrant figure is reduced in inverse proportion to itsweight. In addition, they are used in computing modifiedoriginal values, where the amount of modification variesinversely with the weight. These refinements eliminatemost aberrations in the trend-cycle and seasonal com-ponents and, instead, make them part of the irregularcomponents. The modified original series then is aver-aged to obtain a trend-cycle.

Processes similar to those described earlier are used toobtain revised seasonal factors and irregular components.(For these and subsequent estimates of seasonal factors,center-weighted moving averages of up to seven terms areapplied to the seasonal-irregulars.) Revised modified ori-ginal data are once again seasonally adjusted by repeatingthis process to obtain a final set of factors and the seasonallyadjusted data.

Aggregation procedures

After the components of a series are seasonally ad-justed, the values derived are combined to provide sea-sonally adjusted values for many other series. For ex-ample, civlian labor force and unemployment rate statistics,as well as the major employment and unemployment esti-mates, are computed by this method of aggregation. Eachof the three major labor force componentsagriculturalemployment, nonagricultural employment, and unemploy-ment data for four age-sex groups (male and females underand over 20 years of age)are separately adjusted forseasonal variation and are then added to derive seasonallyadjusted total figures. In order to provide seasonally ad-justed total employment and civilian labor force estimates,the appropriate series are aggregated. The unemploymentrate for all civilian workers is obtained by dividing theestimate for total unemployment (the sum of 4 seasonallyadjusted age-sex components) by the civilian labor force(the sum of 12 seasonally adjusted age-sex components).

Revised procedures

In addition to the usual revisions which accompanythe availability of another year's data, this year the Bureauof Labor Statistics has introduced revised procedures forseasonally adjusting a number of seriesincluding 3 ofthe 12 component series which are used in computing theoverall unemployment rate. These revisions culminate anintensive review of seasonal adjustment procedures whichwas undertaken during 1977. During 1975 and 1976, sea-sonality for teenage unemployment was computed using

the additive procedure of the X-11 method. All otherseries were adjusted using the multiplicative option ofX-11.

Two modifications in adjustment procedures are in-troduced this year. Two additional series, teenage non-agricultural employment by sex, will, like teenage unem-ployment, be adjusted by the additive procedure of theX-11 method. Based on the statistical tests applied, theadditive model better portrays the seasonal movementsof these series, hence enabling a more satisfactory adjust-ment than the previously applied multiplicative model.A number of other teenage employment series will alsobe adjusted with the additive option.

The seasonal modification in procedure consists ofapplying the X-11 prior level adjustment option to oneof the 12 component seriesunemployed adult men.Because this is the first time that the BLS has appliedthis optional procedure to a component of a major eco-nomic indicator, it would be useful to review the rationalefor selection of the procedure and to provide an indicationof the impact that the modification will have on the unem-ployment rate.

For the past 3 years, identification of the pattern ofseasonality of the unemployment series has been affectedby the abrupt change in the level of unemployment at theend of 1974. This shift in level was particularly evidentfor adult male unemployment. When shifts in the levelof a series are sudden, large, and sustained, the ratio-to-moving average procedure tends to produce a poor identi-fication of the trend-cycle component of the movementin the original series. In turn, the seasonal-irregular ratiosand the seasonal factor curves are distorted.

To correct for this, the prior weight adjustment optionof the X-11 seasonal adjustment program has been used topre-process the program input for the adult male unemploy-ment series. The prior adjustment procedure applies aconstant factor (in this instance, 1.5) that raises the levelof the period prior to the trend shift (January 1967-October 1974) and thus corrects for the abrupt changeencountered in late 1974. The correction factor wascomputed on the basis of the difference between thepost-October 1974 trend level and the average level forthe period prior to the abrupt level shift. The use of thetrend-level adjustment correction does not affect themonth-to-month changes in the original series and facili-tates a better estimation of the seasonals by reducingthe discontinuity in the trend.

Effect of the revisions

The incorporation of the 1977 data and the modifica-tions introduced in the procedures for computing 3 of the12 components of the unemployment rate have led torevisions in the unemployment rate for 10 months in 1977.Table 1 contains the overall monthly seasonally adjustedunemployment rates for the period December 1976-December 1977 as originally published and as revised.

12


Table 1 . Revised seasonally adjusted unemployment rate,December 1976-77

Month

1976: December

1977: JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

Publishedduring 1977

7.8

7.37.57.37.06.97.16.97.16.97.06.96.4

Revised

7.8

7.47.67.47.17.17.16.97.06.86.86.76.4

It should be noted that the pattern for the year is some-what different using the revised factors in that there is amore steady decline in the unemployment rate during theyear rather than the sharp drop in December as initiallycomputed using last year's factors and procedures.

If no revision had been made in procedures for com-puting seasonality for the three components of the unem-ployment rate, the process of incorporating the additionalyear's data using the previous procedures only would haveproduced a similar perspective of the movement in the unem-

ployment rate for the months of 1977. The rates that wouldhave been produced without modification in procedure,however, would have preserved an apparent overstatementof the December 1976-January 1977 change. The revisedprocedures better control for the influence of the abruptshift in trend.

Revised series

The number of household series published in this volumehas been considerably expanded over previous years. Nearly500 seasonally adjusted seriesboth components and ag-gregatesare included. Series newly introduced this yearinclude median duration of unemployment and employ-ment-population ratios for the major age-sex groups andrace.

A large number of other series, primarily componentsand aggregates of series published in this volume, have notbeen included due to space limitations. These additionalseries may be obtained in printed form from the BLSupon request. All seasonally adjusted series are also avail-able in a one-reel tape file. This file includes approxi-mately 1,800 original and seasonally adjusted monthlyand quarterly seriesas well as recent seasonal factorsfor directly adjusted seriesfrom date of inception of theseries through 1977. Inquiries concerning this file, as wellas any questions regarding these adjustment procedures,should be addressed to the Data Services Group, Office ofCurrent Employment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Washington, D.C. 20212.

13


Table 2. Current seasonal adjustment factors for labor force components

Procedure and series Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June

Multiplicative Adjustment

Agriculture employment:Males, 20 years and overFemales, 20 years and overMales, 16-19 yearsFemales, 16-19 years

Nonagricultural employment:Males, 20 years and overFemales, 20 years and over

Unemployment:Males, 20 years and overFemales, 20 years and over

Additive Adjustment

Nonagricultural employment:Males, 16-19 yearsFemales, 16-19 years

Unemployment:Males, 16-19 yearsFemales, 16-19 years

90.781.462.062.3

98.799.8

117.7108.6

-381-265

55- 1 5

July

Multiplicative Adjustment

Agriculture employment:Males, 20 years and overFemales, 20 years and overMales, 16-19 yearsFemales, 16-19 years

Nonagricultural employment:Males, 20 years and overFemales, 20 years and over

Unemployment:Males, 20 years and overFemales, 20 years and over

Additive Adjustment

Nonagricultural employment:Males, 16-19 yearsFemales, 16-19 years

Unemployment:Males, 16-19 yearsFemales, 16-19 years

107.4129.2159.1212.7

101.097.4

95.3100.1

936640

187157

92.272.366.456.9

98.4100.2

122.0108.5

-383-257

19- 7 1

Aug.

107.1119.8145.7172.0

101.297.8

92.8104.6

751465

- 2 034

93.777.174.362.6

98.8100.7

114.8101.8

-336-224

-24-39

99.188.696.272.4

99.4100.6

102.494.5

-210-202

-111-120

Sept. Oct.

103.7106.7102.1101.9

100.8100.0

86.9106.4

-202-153

-9023

104.3117.494.287.1

100.8101.5

87.899.7

-129-60

-109- 3 1

102.8112.0103.692.4

99.899.9

93.088.5

-112-151

-148-119

Nov.

98.093.083.863.9

100.3101.6

92.098.6

-216- 3 8

- 3 2-49

107.4122.2143.5163.4

100.698.6

96.998.4

487224

338336

Dec.

93.480.369.151.6

100.0101.9

98.990.4

-20419

-67-107

Multiplicative procedure: To derive seasonally adjusted level,divide original value by factor and multiply by 100.

Additive procedure: To derive seasonally adjusted level,subtract factor from original value.

14


CHARTSPage

1. Labor force and employment, 1959-78 152. Major unemployment indicators, 1959-78 163. Civilian labor force participation rates by sex and age, 1959-78 164. Total employment by sex and age, 1959-78 175. Employment-population ratios by sex and age, 1959-78 186. Payroll employment in goods- and service-producing industries, 1959-78 187. Nonagricultural payroll employment by industry, 1959-78 198. Persons at work full and part time in nonagricultural industries, 1959-78 209. Employment in nonfarm occupations, 1959-78 21

10. Unemployment rates by sex and age, 1959-78 2211. Unemployment rates by race, 1959-78 2212. Unemployment rates by major occupational groups, 1959-78 2313. Duration of unemployment, 1959-78 2414. Average weekly hours in nonagricultural industries, 1959-78 2515. Average weekly earnings in nonagricultural industries, 1959-78 2516. Total private gross and spendable weekly earnings, 1959-78 2617. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, 1959-78 26

Chart 1. Labor force and employment(Seasonally adjusted)

THOUSANDS

I 00000

95000

90000

85000

80000

75000

70000

6S000

60000

ssooo

"Toll

-/Civ

lemp

lian labor I

oyment

rce / * "

s

.y

y

To

/

yy

N 1988 1989 1910 1911 191? 1913 1914 1919 1918 1411 1418^ 2 1 5 0

5CALE-TM0U5AN0S RflTJO SCALE300

: V\ 1 \\

-~ T]Mi ling

/If1 l/

J

A/ '

/

850

800

ISO

850

BOO

^5501489 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1988 1988 1981 1988 1989 1910 1811 197? 1913 1914 1918 1918 1911 19'

NOTE: Data for two most recent months are preliminary. SOURCE: Table B-5 .

19


Chart 8. Persons at work full and part timein nonagricultural industries

(Seasonally adjusted)

THOUSANDS70000

61500

65000

62SC0

55000

kA7

/

TUH'\

/

ime

rr

schedules

r, /

of"

J/

7500

65000

62500

60000

55000

50000

i3Sfl \>0 \SC\ 1962 \at* ISS4 1368 1966 IS61 tfl68 1968 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1916 tfliO 1911 191B

THOUSANDS12500

)500

5000

2500

w

\

>rkers

OT

onvo untar

A

Wo

/part

r

time

/

kers on par

a/t-f

tched

time

ime

lies

f

forec

5c/?e

snom

r/i//e

creai

f

ons

w'/ y

V

, /v

7500

5000

2500

USfl 1910 \9%l \%2 193 HI* 19 19U 1911 19B 1869 1910 1911 1912 1013 1914 1916 1316 1411 1018

SOURCE: Table A-42.

20


RATIO

mso

16250

13150

11250

SCALE-THOUSANDS

Chart 9. Employment in nonfarm occupations(Seasonally adjusted)

White-collar workers

6250

3*750

Professional and technical workers\ Drnfa

Cler cal workers.

Mi- Managers and administrators,except farm

RflTJO SCALE18150

16250

13*750

11250

8150

1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1868 t96 1861 1868 I86fl 1910 I flit 1812 18*13 1814 1815 1S1 18*11 18'

Blue-collar workersRATIO SCALE-THOUSANDS13000

Cra t and kindred worki

Operatives, except transport

Nonfarm laborers

Transport equipment operatives '^^f\r"Ss^^'^s/^y^^'

RATIO SCALE13000

14S8 180 18

PERCENT2 2 . S |

Chart 10. Unemployment rates by sex and age(Seasonally adjusted)

\J" \Females, 20 years and over

Males, 20 years and over . . . . . . . -

SOURCE: Table A-36.

PERCENT20.0

Chart 11. Unemployment rates by race(Seasonally adjusted)

IS53

, /

, - '

Bla

Vck an

Wh

d oth

te

er

..IM>I..\r\\

\ -

V

7

\9T4

RflTJO3.00

\M%$ 1S0 I3i\

Ratio of black-to-white unemployment rate

2 . 5 0

si t an \a-\iI .SO

SOURCE: Table A-35.

2 2


Chart 12. Unemployment rates by major occupational groups(Seasonally adjusted)

PERCENT1 0 . 0 |

White-collar workers

\3iS I S 1361 1362 1 S \36* 1365 136 \3T t3 1363 tSHO 1311

Transport equipment operatives

"'""'""J 0 . 0

Craft and kindred work.

PERCENT1 0 . 0

136i 136S 1366 1361 1368 1393 1310 1911 191? 1913 1314 131S 1S1 19T

X

'-* >

1359

Farri

136Q

n work

v y

ers\

\,kvw V

%

A

\

e

ji

K

lervic/

? am

> work

V

//arj

ers

I, i\lW y *

>r/re

\ / \A,. A.

/

* it

Yir,ii

y \

O.Q

SOURCE: Table A-36.

2 3


Chart 13. Duration of unemployment(Seasonally adjusted)

RflTJO SCflLE-rM0U5flND510250

Number of workers unemployedRflTJO SCflLE

10250

^ 5 0

5250

S \S1 t36 250

PERCENTt o o

Percent of civilian labor force

/

15 weeks and ov

\

r ^

.,.!.....

T to 14 weeks'"'""IVl a Jo >\^

/

/

r

ks

\o \*\ \an i m is4

Average duration of unemployment

\ /V

///

V1 5 . 012.S

SOURCE: Table A-37.

24


Chart 14. Average weekly hours in nonagricultural industries(Seasonally adjusted)

HOURS

4 0 . 0

3*7.5

35 .0

JyvTon Iprivi

s / W

teest ablish ment

/lanuf icturi

y \

U M tMO t l i t tt 1M3 l4 tfllf 1H< t i l l t tSCS tfliO t1t t*7Z t13 1S14 1ST8 ISIS 111 1818

HOURSOvertime hours in manufacturing

2.5

r

6.0

tao tut ma ti3 iai4 tati t i taci te tas taio iii tsi? tsis ti4 tsis tn tm t*

1 Annual averages prior to 1964.

NOTE: Data for two most recent months are preliminary. SOURCE: Table C-7.

DOLLARS250.00

225.00

200 00

115-00

150.00

125.00

i nn nn

15.00

50.00

Chart 15. Average weekly earnings in nonagricultural industries

taia l t d tan tat ta9

h

tai4

anufa

t au

(

cturin

taf

Seast

tan

mall\

\

tais

adiu

Total

taa

sted)

S^

jrivat

taio

testa

tait

)lishrr

s

tents

1813

/

4

1814

/

y

1818 181

r/

t an taia1 Annual averages prior to 1964.

NOTE: Data for two most recent months are preliminary. SOURCE: Tables C-7 and C-8

250.00

225-00

200 .00

115.00

150.00

125.00

100 00

15.00

50.00

25


DOLLARS225.00

Chart 16. Total private gross and spendable weekly earnings(Seasonally adjusted

200.00

H5.00

125.00

100.00

IS.00

Spendable earn ngs in current do lars

Spendable earningsin 1967 dollars1

225.00

ns.oo

150.00

125.00

t o o . o o

J5.00

1JS9 190 1911 1962 1963 1964 1966 1966 191 1968 199 \91O1 Worker with three dependents.

NOTE: Data prior to 1964 are annual averages. Data for current month are preliminary,

1912 1913 1914 1918 1916 111*) 1918

SOURCE: Table C-8.

PER1 5

5.0

2.5

o.o

PER4 0

a.o

2.0

1 .0

Chart 17. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing(Seasonally adjusted)

tOO EMPLOYEES

" '

* " .

/ - .

Accc ssion

~'\v

i

Ne N hire s \

1JS9 19fO 19C1 196 193 V84 1966 196 191 1968 1969 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914

tOO EHPL0YEE5

i

sA

V 'v-A,

/v

L

-Qui

"V""'

\rrayoffs

\

1359 1960 1911 1962 1963 t964 1969 '966 1961 1968 1969 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914

NOTE: Data for current month are prelim nary.

r-"'

191S 1916 1911 1918

\

1915 1916 1911 1916

SOURCE: Table D-3

S.O

2 . 5

0 .0

i n

a.o

2.0

t .0

26


HOUSEHOLD DATAHISTORICAL

A-1. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 16 years and over,1947 to date[Numbers in thousands]

Year and month

TOTAL

19471948194919501951

19521953 1195419551956

1957195819591960 *1961

1962 l1963196419651966

19671968196919701971

1972 *19731974197519761977

Totalnoninsti-tutionalpopula-

tion

103,418104,527105,611106,645107,721

108,823110,601111,671112,732113,811

115,065116,363117,881119,759121,343

122,981125,154127,224129,236131,180

133,319135,562137,841140,182142,596

145,775148,263150,827153,449156,048158,559

Total labor force

Number

60,94162,08062,90363,85865,117

65,73066,56066,99368,07269,409

69,72970,27570,92172,14273,031

73,44274,57175,83077,17878,893

80,79382,27284,24085,90386,929

88,99191,04093,24094,79396,91799,534

Percentof

popula-tion

58.959.459.659.960.4

60.460.260.060.461.0

60.660.460.260.260.2

59.759.659.659.760.1

60.660.761.161.361.0

61.061.461.861.862.162.8

Total

59,35060,62161,28662,20862,017

62,13863,01563,64365,02366,552

66,92967,63968,36969,62870,459

70,61471,83373,09174,45575,770

77,34778,73780,73482,71584,113

86,54288,71491,01192,61394,77397,401

Civilian a bor force

Employed

Total

Annua

57,03858,34357,65158,91859,961

60,25061,17960,10962,17063,799

64,07163,03664,63065,77865,746

66,70267,76269,30571,08872,895

74,37275,92077,90278,62779,120

81,70284,40985,93584,78387,48590,546

Agri-culture

averages

7,8907,6297,6587,1606,726

6,5006,2606,2056,4506,283

5,9475,5865,5655,4585,200

4,9444,6874,5234,3613,979

3,8443,8173,6063,4623,387

3,4723,4523,4923,3803,2973,244

Nonagri-culturalindus-tries

49,14850,71449,99351,75853,235

53,74954,91953,90455,72257,514

58,12357,45059,06560,31860,546

61,75963,07664,78266,72668,915

70,52772,10374,29675,16575,732

78,23080,95782,44381,40384,18887,302

Unemployed

Number

2,3112,2763,6373,2882,055

1,8831,8343,5322,8522,750

2,8594,6023,7403,8524,714

3,9114,0703,7863,3662,875

2,9752,8172,8324,0884,993

4,8404,3045,0767,8307,2886,855

Percentof

laborforce

3 . 93.85.95 . 33 . 3

3.02.95.54.44 . 1

4.36.85.55.56.7

5 .55.75 .24.53.8

3 . 83.63.54.95.9

5.64.95.68.57.77 .0

Not inlaborforce

42,47742,44742,70842,78742,604

43,09344,04144,67844,66044,402

45,33646,08846,96047,61748,312

49,53950,58351,39452,05852,288

52,52753,29153,60254,28055,666

56,78557,22257,58758,65559,13059,025

Monthly data, seasonally adjusted2

1977:

January..February.March....April....MayJuneJulyAugust...SeptemberOctober..November.December.

1978:

January1.

157,381157,584157,782157,986158,228158,456158,682158,899159,114159,334159,522159,736

159,937

979898989999999999100101101

,852,457,761,878,289,681,442,751,887,205,009,048

101,228

62.262.562.662.662.862.962.762.862.862.963.363.3

63.3

95,71996,32096,62396,74697,16197,55297,30797,61497,75698,07198,87798,919

99,107

88,65389,04789,47889,87790,26790,64890,58890,79391,08891,38392,21492,609

92,881

3,1213,1643,1793,2563,3353,3303,2063,2243,1993,2433,3573,323

3,354

85,53285,88386,29986,62186,93287,31887,38287,56987,88988,14088,85789,286

&9,527

7,0667,2737,1456,8696,8946,9046,7196,8216,6686,6886,6636,310

6,226

7.47.67.47.17.17.16.97.06.86.86.76.4

6.3

59,53059,12759,02159,10858,93958,77559,24159,14759,22759,13058,51258,688

58,709

Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "HistoricComparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes.

2 Because seasonality, by definition, does not exist in population figures, data for

"total noninstitutional population" are not seasonally adjusted.

27


HOUSEHOLD DATAHISTORICALA-2. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1967 to date[Numbers in thousands] _ _ ^ _

Year, month, and sex

Totalnoninsti-tutionalpopula-

tion

Total labor force

Percentof

popula-tion

Civilian labor force

Employed

TotalAgri-

culture

Nonagri-cultural

indus-tries

Unemployed

Number

Percentof

laborforce

Not inlaborforce

MALES

1967196819691970197119721

19731

1974197519761977

1977:

JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJune (D(l)(D4.9(1)(D(D

1.33.54.32.32.3

57.72.0

32.5

40.96.6

67.721.8

1.835.0

3.2

12.62.31.8

25.43.9

10.3

14.97.65.1

14.62.71.7

94.92.7

12.212.4

4.95.79. 1

29.24.82.91.2

24.39.5

179.09.4.

16.1.8.

26.166.105.78.64.

2.10.

1.8.3,

12,

102.63.2

13.814.4

1.84.15.32.62.6

75.12.1

39.9

44.47.3

78.123.52.0

37.03.4

(*)(*)(*)

27.24.2

11.1

18.79.56.5

18.63.32.4

108.33.9

12.316.6

5,06.49.5

3 0.95.72.91.5

29.711.8

190.510.9

4.819.0

1.89.9

28.6176.9109.380.76 5 .4

3.411.6

1.610.73.9

13.1

105.03.2

15.015.2

(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)

66.72.0

38.0

43.77.2

69.922.42.1

33.43.2

(*)(*)(*)

24.43.7

10.5

18.49.36.5

18.03.02.3

105.13.6

11.815.6

4.96.49.9

29.85.42.81.4

28.911.7

178.99.94.1

17.01.69.1

27.6()

105.978.364.4

3.110.6

1.59.83.4

11.8

104.03.1

14.814.8

15.434.541.121.733.7

318.07.7

206. 1

219.918.1

426.3113.6

8.9245.9

18.2

24.23.71.7

91.313.635.3

13.45.35.7

96.017.921.1

749.38.3

64.6105.171.921.379.4

238.464.437.718.4

30.616.1

1,441.62.39.

143.11.

128.145,

1,323.764.619.539.

28.148.

14.55.30.64.

768.020.280.5

137.5

15.935.643.822.537.4

334.47.2

217.2

231.018.1

443.5120.9

9.4248.4

18.2

(*)(*)(*)

90.814.236.0

14.05.45.9

103.219.522.1

773.48.3

68.4107.075.323.484.9

243.965.038.718.9

32.116.7

1,465.862.040.6

143.411.6

127.3149.6

1,351.5776,6627.0544.629.3

148.814.759.130.566.4

802.620.183.8

141.1

()(*)(*)(*)()

334.77.3

218.1

230.418.2

441.3120.4

9.4245.6

17.9

(*)(*)(*)

92.14,35.

14.15.55.9

103.019.522.0

766.27.9

68.6105.273.223.384.9

242.763.838.619.2

32.016.6

,453.561.840.9

142.811.4

127.0149.2

(*)765.2616.0533.829.4

147.314.659.030.566.4

805.120.583.9

141.6I

82


ESTABLISHMENT DATASTATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT

B-8. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls for States and selected areas, by industry divisionContinued

(In thousands)Transportation and

public utilities

DEC.1976

4 . 43 . 34 . 23 . 03 . 9

92.26 . 2

58.9

35.07 . 6

125.549.6

2 . 862.9

5 . 6

19.33 . 01 .9

41.05 . 8

21.5

18.210.0

6 . 0

12.23 . 91 .8

177.93 . 3

14.817.830.2

5 . 417. 164.47. 15 . 23. 1

23.88 . 6

431.015. 1

4 . 227.5

1.310.035.2

456.2319.7284.5263.5

2 . 912.6

3 . 413.8

3 . 916.9

96.53 . 4

25.9' 19.7

MOV.1977

4. 43 . 54 . 43 . 04. 1

94,36 . 2

59.3

36.67 . 9

130.55 1 . 1

2 . 665.8

5 . 7

(* )(* )( * )

42.26 . 0

22.5

18.810.4

6 . 3

12.64. 11 .8

178.83 . 6

14.716.93 0.0

5 . 616.962.6

6. 85 . 02 . 9

25. 29 . 4

42 4. 414.4

4 . 227.2

1 .39 . 6

34.9444. 131 1.7276.8255.9

2 . 912.3

3 . 714.1

3 . 816.6

100.33 . 5

26.720.3

EEC.1977P

( * )( * )( * )( * )( * )

94. 15 . 9

59.3

36.07 . 9

130.950.9

2 . 665.9

5 . 7

( * )( * )( * )

41.95 . 9

22.3

18.810.4

6 . 3

12. 54 . 11 .8

183.93 . 6

14.716.930.0

5 . 717.165.1

6 . 95 . 12 . 9

25.59 . 4

424.614.4

4 . 227.2

1 .39 . 6

35.2( * )

212.4277.2256.3

2 . 912.2

3 . 714.0

3 . 816.6

100.33 . 5

26.620.4

Wholesale and retail trade

DEC.1976

9 . 919.833.010,917.5

400.215.6

240.7

150.028.7

434.8150.2

8 . 9213.7

20.5

64.414.3

8 . 5

158.519.860.9

59.232.319.1

70. 015.3

9 . 4

648.216.182.4

108.244.136.055.4

172.941.924.1

8 . 2

95.642.6

1,456.862.519.5

113.88 . 4

63.0222.5

1,388.2965.8743.2648.8

14.979.415.854.721.275.9

416.313.069.271.4

1977

10.019.834.111.218.3

414.015.0

248.0

154.529.1

432.8150.6

9 . 1211.3

21.5

(*)(*)(*)

156.721.260.6

63.634.5

- 20.4

77.318.110.1

652.617.082.6

110.943.836.655.9

170.041.723.6

8 . 4

99.444.2

1 r429.362.120.9

114.68 . 4

61.9221.1

1,363.9942.8721.8627.2

14.678.715.856.821.276.0

417.813.2

DEC.1977P

( * )( * )( * )( * )( * )

420.015.3

252.1

159.329.8

436.9153.4

9 . 3214.5

21.7

( * )

ESTABLISHMENT DATASTATE A N D AREA EMPLOYMENT

B-8. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls for States and selected areas, by industry divisionContinued(In thousands)

State and area

Total

DEC.1976

NOV.1977

DEC.1977P

Mining

DEC.1976

NOV.1977

DEC,1977P

Contract construction

DC.1976

NOV.1977

DEC.1977P

Manufacturing

DEC.1976

NOV.1977

DEC.1977P

NORTH CAROLINAContinuedRaleigh-Durham

2(NORTH DAKOTA .Fargo-Moorhead

4JOHIOAkron . . .Canton . .CincinnatiClevelandColumbus

13 OKLAHOMA

15

16OREGON

21 PENNSYLVANIA

29

37

DaytonToledoYou ngstown Warren

Oklahoma CityTulsa

EugeneSpringfield .Jackson CountyPortlandSalem

AllentownBethlehemEastonAltoonaDelaware Valley ' . ' . . . .ErieHarrisburgJohnstownLancasterNortheast PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia SMSAPhiladelphia City I 2 . . . .PittsburghReadingScranton I 3 . .Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton '.4

WilliamsportYork

38 RHODE ISLAND .Provide nce-Warwick-Pawtucket

40 SOUTH CAROLINACharlestonNorth CharlestonColumbiaGreenville-Spartanburg

44.SOUTH DAKOTARapid City .s.Sioux Fal lss .

47 TENNESSEE . .48; Chattanooga

KnoxvilleMemphisNashville-Davidson

AmarilloAustin . .

52 T E X A S .535455565758596061

Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange . . .Corpus ChristiDallas-Fort WorthEl PasoGalveston-Texas CityHoustonLubbockSan Antonio

2 2 3 . 1

2 1 8 . 857.8

4,171.4254.2148.4547.5875.5466.7339.0285.2205.7

960.2324.6249.1

899.088.5

469.272.0

4,515.8257.351.2

1,513.9110.3204.289.6

135.3228.4

1,810.5810.5901.5132.282.1

121.444.8

139.6

377.3389.9

1,060.6124.1152.6233.9

220.725.448.3

1,614.1162.0181.0333.1323.9

4,785.167.3

176.6138.0103.4

1,144.7135.368.0

1,118.282.0

331.9

230.3

229.660.6

4,279258152559.890478348301209

1,001.2351.2257.1

956.998.9

490.278.9

4,579.258,

52.1,517.

113.205,

88,141,232,

1,819.8049 07.133,

82,123.

46,143,

381.9394.9

1,092.6128.8162.6235.3

229.027.350.1

1,686.3165.0187.2341.0330.7

4,935.469.0

186.2137.9104.3

1,181.8137.472.9

1,189.286.8

336.5

230.9

226.360.0

4,271.6259.6152.4559.3891.9479.5349.7301.0208.7

1,009.0355.1257.8

951.297.4

492.875.7

4 ,521.0257.752.9

1,516.3112.7205.779.7

140.6230.2

1,821.7801.6897.6134.582.4

121.845.9

143.8

385.7398.3

1,097.0130.0163.9236.0

227.226.950.3

1,694.2165.8187.5341.5333.6

4,969.169.6

187.7137.4104.7

1, 187.6138.072.5

1,193.485.7

339.5

(1)2.6(3)

28.7.3.8.4

1.4.7.4.6.3

47.010.316.2

1.5(1)(1)(1)

49.0(1)(1)d)(1)d)9.5()1.1(1)(1)

11.8(D(D1.0d)(D(D

(1)(D8.9CD1.3(D(D

11.8(Dd)1.2(D(Dd)d)1.8d)(1)(1)2.7(3)(3)9.31.01.7

.2(1)

157.3(D(D(D3.8

13.3(1)(D

48.8(D1.8

(1)3.0(3)

17.1.3.8.4

1.4.7.4.6.3

52.311.817.0

1.6(D(D(1)

20.4(1)(DO)(1)(D1.5(D1.3(D(1)5.0d)(1)1.1d)(D(1)(D1.8(DP)(1)2 .7(3)(3)9.11.01.7.2

(1)158.2

d)(DCD3.8

13.4(1)(1)

49. 1d)1.8

10. 7

15.13.7

151.66.75.6

22.129. 117.311.411.36.3

44.415.015.9

38.73.6

19.63.7

173. 08.82.0

48.02.88.93.16.9

12.660.216.440.3

4.12.68.91.26.0

12.512.8

61.39.66.9

12.5

10.62. 12.6

77.86.3

10.015.817.4

317.34.28.6

14.010.850.36.47.5

113.64.6

18.1

11.6

19.04.7

163.77.15.9

23.13 0.518.311.712.46.4

47.72 2.315.9

43.95. 1

19.74.3

195.29.62.4

52.23.48.24.56.8

14. 16 4.516.847.2

4.82.99.91.76.5

13.313.8

61.210.87.2

12.8

13.42.72.9

8 5.86.8

12.616.917.6

331.34.89.1

14.311.050.36.89.8

125.94.7

19.7

11.3

15.53.9

150.56.55.6

21.628.516.910.711.55.9

47.422.215.9

41.34.6

19.04.0

172,9.2.

49.3.7.4.G.

11.6 1 .15.4 1 .

4.2.7.1.6.

36.415.95.1

1,311.082.955.1

158.3268.995.0

106.886.380.1

160.342.653.4

194.418.97.2

95.510.6

1,321.010612.

380.42.39.21.53.67.

445.160.242.

5 1 .25.37.17.58.

12.412.9

61.211.07.3

12.8

12.12.62.8

81.46.7

12.316.317.5

327.24.89.2

13.311.049.5

6.89.6

125. 14.4

20.0

127.7142.7

373.617.722.8

101.4

23.02.36.9

494.755.650.458.178.8

868.18.9

18.241.612.4

248.928.711.8

187.412.141. 1

37.4

15.35.0

1,350.183.856.3

161.8275.0

98.6110.088.982.3

167.447.354.2

210.720.47.9

100.514.3

1,334.7107.713.0

379.644.339.719.257.069.9

448.1160.2239.552.026.339.217.860.3

129.4144.7

380.118.224.0

100.2

23.62.67.1

522.757.051.760.780.4

905.68.6

20.041.712.2

258.829.311.7

193.114.743.2

37.3

14.94.8

1,350.483,956.3

162.2274.5

98.0110.588.882.3

167,547.754.0

206.620.27.3

101.811.7

1,331.6107.713.2

379.244.039.818.756.870.5

447.8160.2239.652.526.939. 117.260.2

130.7146.1

379.218.223.7

100.1

23.52.57.2

524.756.652.060.780.9

910.58.7

20.141.612.3

259.629.511.6

193.114.343.3

See footnotes at end of table.

84





public utilities

DEC.1976

9 . 8

13.23 . 6

215.013.9

7 . 031.046.922.612.318.8

9 . 6

57.719.718.6

52.0

32.22 . 5

256.913.18 . 1

82.85 . 3

14.95 . 75 . 8

11.697.656.658.0

6 . 54 . 35 . 92 . 06 . 3

13.913.7

44.07 . 18 . 39 . 2

12.21 .64 . 1

7U.96 . 37 . 4

22.216.7

294.16 . 45 . 5

10.25 . 5

76.09 . 65 . 6

79.74 . 7

14.4

NOV.1977

10. 1

13.73 . 6

217.814. 4

7 . 431.345.923.012.719.8

9 . 6

59.320.419.5

54.84 . 9

33.32 . 6

255.213.4

8 . 081.8

5 . 314.6

5 . 76 . 3

11.596.555.057.8

6. 44 . 05 . 92 . 06 . 0

13.413. 3

46.46 . 98 . 59 . 5

12.41 . 74 . 1

76.66 . 27 . 5

22.517.6

304.46 . 75 . 99 . 95 . 8

79. 09. 06 . 0

84.34. 9

14. 8

DEC.1977P

10.1

13.83 . 6

218.614.3

7 . 331.446.123.312.819.9

9 . 6

59.420.519.5

54.54 . 9

33.22 . 6

253.313.5

8 . 082.7

5 . 314.6

5 . 76 . 3

11.497.455.757.5

6 . 54 . 05 . 92 . 05 . 9

13.413.2

47.37 . 48 . 79 . 4

12.31 . 74 . 1

76.16 . 27 . 5

22.617.4

305-16 . 85 . 99 . 85 . 8

79.19 . 06. 1

84.84 . 9

14.8


DEC.1976

44.5

63.218.2

932.457.732.4

129.4204.3115.273.067.745.1

234.783.060.1

220.922.6

121.215.4

949.046.611.9

321.121.942.317.129.549.8

403.5158.9205.724.818.826.4

9 . 029.0

77.880.1

199.226.732.543.1

61.47 . 4

15.7

357.331.338.99 0 . A72.6

1,205.920.736.228.826.8

320.834.412.0

282.125.183.4

NOV.1977

45.0

66.419.2

938.758.332.8

131.9206.2118.173.368.745.6

240.886.760.2

231.824.5

126.416.4

948.645.612.4

318.821.441.516.730.548.9

401.3156.7205.024.618.525.9

9 . 129.8

78.079.9

207.027.035.842.8

62.97 . 7

15.4

363.531.139.290.674.8

1,207.020.838.328.126.5

327.434.812.9

301.626.182.0

DEC.1977P

46.5

67.119.5

957.059.733.4

134.1210.1120.874.869.846.5

245.889.060.6

233.624.6

128.316.4

955.245.812.7

323.221.542.116.730.548.9

408.0157.8206.8

25.118.426.0

9 . 330.6

80.682.1

212.627.536.843.6

63. 17 . 6

15.5

373.631.939.691.877.2

1,235.421.339.328.826.7

332.935.413.1

305.526.384.7

Finance, insurance,and real estate

DEC.1976

13.3

9 . 33 . 3

177.58 . 65 . 2

28.644.330.811.2

9 . 36 . 6

4 7.420.313.1

53.54 . 2

34.54 . 2

211.87 . 71 .4

96.94 . 4

11. 13 . 74 . 28 . 8

110.865.041.3

5 . 23 . 14 . 91 .83 . 3

18.318.2

40.14 . 9

11.78 . 1

9 . 71.32 . 6

71.78 . 26 . 8

18.420.1

259.93 . 29 . 84 . 94 . 8

82.76. 14 . 3

63.33 . 7

21.5

FOV.1977

13.8

9 . 93 . 5

182.28 . 95 . 5

28.945.532.011.6

9 . 56 . 6

49.722.213.4

58.54 . 7

37.54 . 6

218.47 . 91 . 4

97.94 . 6

11.44 . 04 . 49 . 1

112.064.341.8

5 . 43 . 25 . 11 .93 . 6

18.818.7

41.04 . 9

12.88. 1

10.01.22 . 8

72.78 . 07 . 0

18.419.9

270.03 . 39 . 95 . 25 . 3

88.46 . 54 . 6

66.13 . 9

22.9

DEC.1977P

13.8

10.03 . 6

183.29 . 05 . 6

29.045,732.211.7

9 . 56 . 7

50. 022.413.5

58.84 . 7

37.54 . 6

218.87 . 81 .4

97.74 . 6

11.54 . 04 . 49 . 4

111.964.441.9

5 . 43 . 25 . 21 .93 . 6

19. 119.0

41.45 . 0

12.88 . 1

10. 01 . 22 . 8

72.97 . 97 . 0

18.420.0

270.63 . 3

10.15 . 25 . 3

88.46 . 64 . 6

66.73 . 9

22.9

Services

DEC.1976

46.3

41.712.0

713.142. 125.199.9

162.085.261.252.532.9

157.453.745.9

153.414.9

91.311.5

842.138.4

7 . 9342.2

18.632.914.621.339.0

395.0200.8180.221.116.117.0

7 . 719.9

69.968.5

132.718.522.531.8

44.65 . 2

10.2

242.624.726.863.863. 1

830.612.629.120.416.6

198.721.610.3

214.914.861.6

NOV.1977

48.5

42.912.5

7 47.044.525.6

103.9167.7

89.964.455.833.8

165.757.048.6

165.217.6

95.511.9

866.939.2

8 . 0349.5

18.834.915.121.839.6

403.8204.0181.5

21.616.316.9

8 . 020.6

72.070.5

140.019.923.332.7

47.95 . 9

11.4

252.325.327.666.062.5

876.512.731.320.217.1

207.322.910.7

232.115.262.9

DEC.1977P

48.2

42.912,4

741.544. 125.4

103.4166.789.063.955.832.2

166.257.448.7

165.416.8

95.812.0

861.239.1

8 . 0348.6

18.834.715.121.639.2

403.1202.6181.621.316.116.7

8 . 020.6

71.870.2

139.320.023.332.7

47.25 . 9

11.3

250.725.427.565. 562.4

876.412.731.820.217.2

207. 122.610.1

231.714.762.7

Government

DEC.197 b

62. 1

57.811.9

642. 142.017.277.9

118. 599.962.738.724.8

211. 380.025.9

184.619.8

74.924. 1

713. 035.8

7 . 3242.0

15.255. 114. 113.937.8

298.0152.7121.419.311.519.7

5 . 817. 1

57.253.9

207. 939.647.927.8

56.75 . 56 . 2

285.928.539. 064.655.2

866.711.369.218. 122.8

154.628.516. 5

131.417.090. 1

NOV.1977

63.9

59.412. 1

650.541.317.978.1

118.498.264.545.525.1

218.983.728.4

190.221.7

77.324.8

712.334.7

7 . 5237.6

15.355.214.014.637.7

292.8147.3123.019.111.419.5

6 . 116.8

57.054.0

215. 14 1 . 151.029.2

56.15 . 56 . 4

303.429.639.965.757.9

883.312.171.318.522.6

157.328.117.2

137.317.389.2

DEC.1977P

63.7

59.112.2

653.341.918.077.3

118.898.765.045.125.4

220.484.128.6

189.421.6

77.224.4

707.634.6

7 . 4235.7

15.555.414.014.438.0

29 2.5145.2123.618.911.419.9

6 . 016.7

57.754.8

214.240.951.329.3

56.35 . 46 . 6

305.730.139.966.058.2

885.712.071,318.522.6

157.628.117.2

137.417.289.3

1

23

456789

101112

131415

1617

181920

2122232425262728293031323334353637

3839

40414243

444546

4748495051

525354555657585960

12

85




(In thousands)

State and areaD E C .1976

61.a46.2

477.5341.1

172.24 5. 212.5

1,893.124.963.3

132.5256.3370.4

44.5291.698.8

1,298.7608.0109.8120.9

605.5103.998.352.564.1

1,758.8108.969.139.037.2

148.5619.6

64.4

157.128.023.9

Total

NOV.1977

63.547.7

(*)( )

179.047. 713.3

1,954.425.164.7

136.4260.9381.3

44.83 03.3

99.9

1,357.9629.9114.9126.5

623.8103.795.951.964.9

1,835.2110.871.540.838.7

154.9634.5

66.7

172.630.424.8

DEC.1977P

63.748.0

( )( * )

180.6

13.6

1,951.125.464.7

136.7262.0383.745.0

304.098.8

1,374.2651.7114.4126.8

560.498.994.851.757.8

1,832.3110.871.841. 138.6

154.1635.166.8

172.730.625.0

Mining

DEC.1976

(1)2 .2

14.66.8

.7

-

22.2(D(D(Dd)

. 3(1 )

. 3

. 2

2 . 1(1 )(1 )(1 )

70.56. 1

. 8

. 48 . 4

2 . 2CD(D( 1 )(D


B-8. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls for States and selected areas, by industry division-Continued


public utilities

DEC.1 9 7 6

3 . 02 . 2

28.322.4

8 . 32 . 0

. 7

106.4 "1 .02 . 74 . 3

17.726.0

1.418. 110.1

75.943.1

7 . 35 . 8

39.38 . 49 . 32 . 33 . 7

83.54 . 14 . 51 .52 . 15 . 4

31.02 . 3

12.72 . 13 . 2

NOV.1977

3 . 02 . 3

(* )( )

8 . 42 . 0

. 8

07.7. 9

2 . 54 . 7

17.026.4

1 . 318.3

9 . 9

78. 545.0

7 . 65 . 9

41.18 . 59 . 42 . 43 . 7

86.54. 04 . 51 . 62 . 25 . 4

32.52 . 4

13.32 . 23 . 6

DEC.197 7P

3 . 02 . 3

(* )( * )8 . 52 . 1

. 8

08 .4. 9

2 , 54 . 6

17.926.5

1 .318.3

9 . 4

78.545.0

7 . 56 . 0

37.98 . 08 . 32 . 23 . 6

86.74 . 04 . 41 . 52 . 25 . 4

33.02 . 4

13.22 . 23 . 7


DEC.1976

14.411.9

119.989.1

36.510.0

2 . 0

411.86 . 4

10.725.363.991.9

8 . 269.724.9

321.2154.131.429.8

123.323.820.311.714.0

410.123.216.5

8 . 310.033.3

139.912.5

35.27 . 25 . 6

NOV.1977

14.811.9

(*)(*)

37.610.2

2 . 1

412.86 . 2

10.924.764.792.4

8 . 270.624.0

333.3159.4

31.629.5

123.923.820.211.713.7

425.123.016.4

8 . 210.434.6

139.213.0

38.57 . 86 . 1

DEC.1977P

15. 112.1

( * )( * )

38.210.3

2 . 1

422.36 . 3

11.025.265.594.9

8 . 471.624.3

338.2162.832.330.3

126.324.220.411.813.8

428.623.216.7

8 . 410.535.1

140.413.1

38.97 . 96 . 2

Finance, insurance,and real estate

DEC.1976

3 . 52 . 0

21.217.5

6 . 8-

-

87.8. 8

2 . 74 . 2

13.121.7

1 .122.2

5 . 4

69.441.7

6 . 95 . 7

18.34 . 43 . 31.72 . 4

78.34 . 32. 1

. 8

. 99 . 5

33.41 .7

5 . 41.21.3

NOV.1977

3 . 62 . 1

(* )7 . 1

-

-

91.3. 8

2 . 84 . 3

12.923.9

1 . 123.1

5 . 5

75.545.3

7 . 66 . 0

18.94 . 53 . 41 .82 . 5

80.84 . 42 . 4

. 81 . 0

10.433.5

1 .9

6 . 01.41 .3

)EC.977F

3 . 62 . 1

(* )( )7. 1

-

-

91.6. 8

2 . 84 . 3

12.92 4.0

1 . 123.1

5 . 5

75.845.7

7 . 66 . 0

18.94 . 53. 41 . 82 . 5

81.24 . 42 . 4

. 81 . 0

10.433.6

1 .9

6 . 01 .41 .3

Services

DEC.1976

12.86 . 8

79.253.1

39.39 . 72 . 4

314.93 . 08 . 4

23.343.884.4

5 . 048.917.8

233.1112. 124.224.7

84.917.113.3

8 . 012.2

315.817.213.0

7 . 17 . 8

25.4120.810.3

21.74 . 04 . 2

EOV.1977

13.36 . 9

(*)

39.110. 12 . 5

327.63 . 18 . 7

24.144.888.2

5 . 250.717.6

248.2120.125.526.0

87.417.213.07 . 8

12.3

328.717.413.37.28 . 2

26.2126.2

10.8

23.34 . 34 . 1

DEC.1977P

13.26 . 9

( * )( * )

41.510.2

2 . 8

327.03 . 18 . 7

24.044.888.3

5 . 250.417. 5

248.9120.425.426. 1

86.417.213.0

7 . 912.3

329.417.413.4

7 . 48 . 2

26.1125.4

10.8

23.44 . 44 . 1

Government

DEC.1976

10.710.9

113.784.6

32.0-

-

444. 74 . 28 . 4

36. 875.8

108.413.764. 814.1

278. 3109.319.929.4

109. 118.316.99. 17 . 6

293.215.1

9 . 96. 06 . 0

51.876.7

8 . 8

36. 74 . 66 . 7

NOV.1977

10.810.9

( * )( * )

32.6-

-

467.54 . 68 . 3

37.577.9

110.214.068.615.6

285.8111.320.531.6

112.618.517.0

9 . 87 . 6

297.214.710.1

5 . 96 . 3

53.476.4

9 . 1

39.44 . 86 . 6

DEC.1977P

10.911. 1

( * )

ESTABLISHMENT DATAHISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS

C-1. Gross hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 onprivate nonagricultural payrolls, by industry division, 1955 to date

Year andmonth

AverageWeeklyearnings

Weekly Hourlyearnings

Total private1

Weeklyearnings

Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Mining

Weeklyearnings

Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Contract construction

Weeklyearnings

Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Hourly earningsexcl. overtime

Manufacturing

19551956195719581959.21960196119621963 ,19641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977P....,Jan .. .. ,FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDecp....

1978:JanP

1955. .1956..1957..1958..1959.2.I960..1961..1962..1963..1964..1965..1966..1967..1968..1969..197(5..1971..1972..1973..1974..1975..1976..1977P.

Jan .Feb .Mar.Apr .May.JuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct .Nov.DecP

1978:JanP

$67.7270.7473.3375.0878.7880.6782.6085.9188.4691.3395.0698.82

101.84107.73114.61119.46127.28136.16145.43154.45162.89176.29189. 16179.48182.73183.96185.40187.36190.01191.63191.99194.03195.48195.30196.38

193.09

39.639.338.838.539. 038.638.638.738.838.738.838.638. 037.837.737. 137.037. 137. 136.636.136.236. 135.435.936.036.036.136.436.536.536.236.236.136.3

35.3

$1. 711.801.891.952.022.092. 142. 222.282.362.452.562.682.853. 043.223.443.673.924.224.544. 87

5.225.255.265.365.405.415.41

5.47

$89.5495.0698.6596.08103.68105.44106.92110.43114.40117.7412

empl_021978

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