empl_011986

EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGSU.S. Department of LaborBureau of Labor Statistics

January 1986

In this issue:1985 annual averagesRevised seasonally adjusted labor force seriesData on union affiliation

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABORWilliam E. Brock, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSJanet L. Norwood, Commissioner

Employment and Earnings is prepared by the Divi-sion of Data Development and Users' Services andthe Division of Monthly Industry EmploymentStatistics in collaboration with the Division ofSpecial Publications. The data are collected by theBureau of the Census (Department of Commerce)and State employment security agencies, in coopera-tion with the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A briefdescription of the cooperative statistical programs ofthe BLS with these agencies is presented in the Ex-planatory Notes. The Stale agencies are listed on theinside back cover.

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ISSN 0013-6840

Calendar of Features

In addition to the monthly data appearingregularly in Employment and Earningsspecial features appear in most of theissues as shown below:

Household data

Annual averagesUnion affiliation

Revised seasonally adjusted series

Quarterly averages: Seasonally adjusteddata, persons not in labor force, personsof Hispanic origin, Vietnam-era veteransand nonveterans, family relationship data,weekly earnings data

Establishment data

National annual averages:

Industry divisions (preliminary)

Industry detail (final)

Women employees (final)

National data revised to reflect new benchmarks andnew seasonal factors

Revised historical national data

State and area annual averages

Area definitions

State and area labor force data

Annual averages

Jan.Jan.

Jan., Feb.

Jan., Apr.,July, Oct.

Jan.

Mar.

Mar.

June1

Supplement2

May

May

May

1 Issue varies. Latest revised data introduced June 1985.

2 Month of publication varies. The latest supplement was published in June 1985.


Employment and EarningsVol. 33 No. 1 January 1986

Editors: Gloria Peterson Green, Rosalie K. Epstein

Editors' noteIt is the annual practice of the Bureau of Labor Statistics to recalculate the seasonal adjustment factors

for unemployment and other labor force series derived from the Current Population Survey (householdsurvey) to incorporate the experience in the most recent year. As a result of the recalculation of seasonaladjustment factors, seasonally adjusted data for the past 5 years are subject to revision. The data in tablesA-l, 2, 3, and 31-52 have been revised to reflect the updated seasonal adjustment factors. Revised mon-thly data covering the 1981-85 revision period for a broader range of labor force series will appear in nextmonth's issue.

The seasonal adjustment methodology is described in the article beginning on page 9 in this issue. Thearticle also gives the new seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the civilian labor force andother major series for January-June 1986.

Contents

Page

List of statistical tables 2Employment and unemployment developments, December 1985 7Revision of seasonally adjusted labor force series 9

Statistical tables:

Not seasonally adjusted-Household data 15

Quarterly averages 59Establishment data:

Employment 80Hours and earnings 115

State and area labor force data 146

Seasonally adjusted-Household data 42

Quarterly averages 49Establishment data:

Employment 92Hours and earnings 135

Productivity data 143

Annual averages 152

Explanatory notes 220


MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD DATA

Page

Employment Status

A- 1. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1951 to date 12A- 2. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1974 to date 13A- 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1951, to date 14A- 4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race 15A- 5. Employment status of the black-and-other civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age 18A- 6. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age 19A- 7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by

school enrollment, years of school completed, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 20A- 8. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age 22A- 9. Full-and part-time status of the civilian labor force by sex, age, and race 23A-10. Employment status of persons in families by family relationship 24

Characteristics of the Unemployed

A-l 1. Unemployed persons by marital status, race, age, and sex 25A-12. Unemployed persons by occupation and sex 26A-13. Unemployed persons by industry and sex 27A-14. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and race 28A-l5. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment 29A-16. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment 29A-17. Unemployed persons by sex, age, marital status, and duration of unemployment 30A-18. Unemployed persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment 31A-19. Unemployed jobseekers by sex, age, race, and jobsearch methods used 32A-20. Unemployed jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and jobsearch methods used 32

Characteristics of the Employed

A-21. Employed civilians in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age and sex 33A-22. Employed civilians by occupation, sex, and age 34A-23. Employed civilians by occupation, race, and sex 35A-24. Employed civilians by age, sex, and class of worker . 36A-25. Employed civilians by industry and occupation 37A-26. Employed civilians with a job but not at work by reason, sex, and pay status 37A-27. Persons at work by hours of work and type of industry 38A-28. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours, type of industry,

and usual status 38A-29. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class pf worker and full- or part-time

status 39A-30. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, race, marital status, and full-

or part-time status 40A-31. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and full- or part-time status 41

Seasonally Adjusted Employment and Unemployment Data

A-32. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, including Armed Forces stationedin the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted 42

A-33. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age,seasonally adjusted 43

A-34. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age,and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted 44

A-35. Employed civilians by selected social and economic categories, seasonally adjusted 45A-36. Employed civilians by sex and age, seasonally adjusted... 46A-37. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 46A-38. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 47A-39. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted 47A-40. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted 48A-41. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted 48


QUARTERLY HOUSEHOLD DATA

Page

Seasonally Adjusted Employment and Unemployment DataA-42. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, including Armed Forces stationed in the

United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted 49A-43. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted . . . 50A-44. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and Hispanic origin,

seasonally adjusted 51A-45. Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 53A-46. Employed civilians by selected social and economic categories, seasonally adjusted 54A-47. Employed civilians by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 54A-48. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 55A-49. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 55A-50. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted 56A-51. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted 56A-52. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted 57

Persons Not in the Labor Force

A-53. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and race, seasonally adjusted 58A-54. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and age 59A-55. Persons not in the labor force by reason, race, Hispanic origin, age, and sex 60A-56. Persons not in the labor force who desire work but think they cannot get jobs by reason, sex,

age, race, and Hispanic origin 61A-57. Work-seeking intentions of persons not in the labor force and work history of those who intend to

seek work within the next 12 months by sex, age, and race 62

Race and Hispanic Origin Data

A-58. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin , 63A-59. Employment status of persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by sex and age 64A-60. Employed civilians by selected social and economic categories, race, and Hispanic origin 65A-61. Employed civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by selected social and

economic categories 66A-62. Employed civilians by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 67A-63. Unemployment rates by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 67A-64. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 68A-65. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 68

Vietnam-era Veterans and Nonveterans Data

A-66. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age 69A-67. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin . 69

Family Relationship and Weekly Earnings Data

A-68. Unemployment in families by type of family, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employedfamily members 70

A-69. Unemployed persons by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employedfamily members 71

A-70. Employed civilians by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of additionalemployed family members 72

A-71. Median weekly earnings of families by type of family, number of earners, race, and Hispanic origin . . 73A-72. Families with unemployed members and wage and salary workers by type of family and median

weekly earnings 74A-73. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 75A-74. Median weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 76A-75. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and sex 77


MONTHLY ESTABLISHMENT DATAEmploymentNational

B- 1. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls by major industry, 1934 to date 79B- 2. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls by detailed industry 80B- 3. Women employees on nonagricultural payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 91B- 4. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group,

seasonally adjusted 92B- 5. Women employees on nonagricultural payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group,

seasonally adjusted 93B- 6. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by major industry and

manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 94B- 7. Indexes of diffusion: Percent of industries in which employment increased, seasonally adjusted 95

EmploymentStates and Areas

B- 8. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry 96

Hours and EarningsNational

C- 1. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagriculturalpayrolls by major industry, 1964 to date 115

C- 2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagriculturalpayrolls by detailed industry 118

C- 3. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime of production workers on manufacturing payrolls 134C- 4. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private

nonagricultural payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (1977) dollars 134C- 5. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural

payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 135C- 6. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private non-

agricultural payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted 136C- 7. The Hourly Earnings Index and average hourly and weekly earnings of production or

nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, seasonally adjusted 137

Hours and EarningsStates and Areas

C- 8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States andselected areas 138

PRODUCTIVITY DATAC- 9. Hours of wage and salary workers in nonagricultural establishments by major industry,

seasonally adjusted 143C-10. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted 144C-ll. Percent changes from the preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation,

unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted annual rates 145

MONTHLY STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATAD- 1. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas 146


ANNUAL AVERAGES-HOUSEHOLD DATA

Page

Employment Status

1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 1929 to date 1522. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1952 to date . 1533. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race 1544. Employment status of the black-and-other civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age 1575. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age 1586. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school

enrollment, years of school completed, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 1597. Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force by sex, age, and race 1618. Employment status of persons in families by family relationship 162

Characteristics of the Unemployed

9. Unemployed persons by marital status, race, age, and sex 16310. Unemployed persons by occupation and sex 16411. Unemployed persons by industry and sex 16512. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and race 16613. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment 16714. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment 16715. Unemployed persons by sex, age, marital status, and duration of unemployment 16816. Unemployed persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment 16917. Unemployed jobseekers by sex, age, race, and jobsearch methods used 17018. Unemployed jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and jobsearch methods used 171

Characteristics of the Employed

19. Employed civilians in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age and sex 17220. Employed civilians by occupation, sex, and age 17321. Employed civilians by occupation, race, and sex 17422. Employed civilians by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 17523. Employed civilians by age, sex, and class of worker 18024. Employed civilians in nonagricultural industries by sex and class of worker 18125. Employed civilians by industry, sex, and occupation . . 18226. Employed civilians by industry, race, and occupation 18327. Employed civilians in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, and race 18428. Employed civilians by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin . . . 18529. Employed civilians with a job but not at work by reason, sex, and pay status 18930. Persons at work by hours of work and type of industry 18931. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours by reason for working less than 35 hours, type of industry,

and usual status 19032. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and full- or part-time status . . . . 19033. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, race, marital status, and full- or

part-time status 19134. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and full- or part-time status . 192

Persons Not in the Labor Force

35. Persons not in the labor force by reason, sex, and age 19336. Persons not in the labor force by reason, race, Hispanic origin, age, and sex 19437. Persons not in the labor force who desire work but think they cannot get jobs by reason, sex, age, race,

and Hispanic origin 19538. Work-seeking intentions of persons not in the labor force and work history of those who

intend to seek work within the next 12 months by sex, age, and race 196

Race and Hispanic Origin Data

39. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, andHispanic origin 197

40. Employment status of civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by sex and age 19841. Employed civilians by selected social and economic categories, race, and Hispanic origin . 199


ANNUAL AVERAGESHOUSEHOLD DATA

Page

Race and Hispanic Origin DataContinued

42. Employed civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin by selected socialand economic categories 200

43. Employed civilians by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 20144. Unemployment rates by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 20145. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 20246. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 202

Vietnam-era Veterans and Nonveterans Data

47. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age 20348. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age,

race, and Hispanic origin 204

Family Relationship and Weekly Earnings Data

49. Unemployment in families by type of family, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employedfamily members 205

50. Unemployed persons by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of employedfamily members 206

51. Employed civilians by family relationship, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of additionalemployed family members 207

52. Median weekly earnings of families by type of family, number of earners, race, andHispanic origin 208

53. Families with unemployed members and wage and salary workers by type of family and medianweekly earnings 209

54. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 21055. Median weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 21156. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and sex 212

Union-nonunion Membership Data

57. Employed wage and salary workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, full-and part-timestatus, and union affiliation 213

58. Employed wage and salary workers by occupation, industry, and union affiliation 21459. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by age, sex, race,

Hispanic origin, and union affiliation 21560. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, industry,

and union affiliation 216

ANNUAL AVERAGESESTABLISHMENT DATA

EmploymentNational

61. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 21762. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by major industry

and manufacturing group 218

Hours and EarningsNational

63. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagriculturalpayrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 219


Employment and UnemploymentDevelopments, December 1985

Employment rose in December and unemploymentwas little changed. The overall unemployment rate was6.8 percent, and the rate for civilian workers was 6.9percent. While little different from November, bothrates were below those which had prevailed throughoutmost of 1985.

The number of nonagricultural wage and salaryjobsas measured by the monthly survey ofestablishmentsrose by 320,000 in December to 99.1million. Civilian employmentas measured by themonthly survey of householdsedged up by 240,000 to108.2 million. Although both surveys showed substan-tial job growth in 1985, gains were less than wererecorded in the prior 2 years.

UnemploymentThe December unemployment level (8.0 million) and

the civilian worker unemployment rate (6.9 percent)were little different from their November levels, afterseasonal adjustment. Both figures, however, were belowthose prevailing throughout most of 1985. Jobless ratesfor most worker groups were about unchanged inDecember, including those for adult men (5.9 percent),adult women (6.2 percent), teenagers (18.8 percent),whites (5.9 percent), blacks (14.9 percent), andHispanics (10.4 percent). During the course of 1985,jobless rates for adult men, adult women, and whitesdeclined, whereas rates for teenagers, blacks, andHispanics have shown no improvement. (See tablesA-33 and A-34.)

Both measures of average duration of unemploymenthave changed little in recent months. Median durationremained at 6.9 weeks in December, while mean dura-tion was 15.4 weeks. These measures have declined fromlate 1984 levels. The number of job losers was about un-changed over the month but was somewhat below year-earlier levels. (See tables A-40 and A-41.)

Civilian employment and the labor forceCivilian employment edged up to a level of 108.2

million in December. Over the year, the number ofjobholders rose by 2 million, with adult women account-ing for 70 percent of the gain. The proportion of thecivilian population with jobsthe employment-population ratioreached a record high of 60.4 percentin December. Among occupational groups, the largest

gains during the year occurred in managerial and pro-fessional, administrative support, and service jobs.

The civilian labor force, at 116.2 million inDecember, was little changed over the month. Over theyear, the labor force rose by 1.8 million, with adultwomen accounting for an even larger share of the laborforce growth (80 percent) than of employment.

Discouraged workersAt 1.2 million in the fourth quarter, the number of

discouraged workerspersons who report that theywant a job but are not looking for one because theybelieve their search would be futilewas about the sameas the levels in the first 3 quarters of the year. Despite anover-the-year decline in the number of blacks reportingdiscouragement over job prospects, they continued torepresent a disproportionate share of discouragedworkersabout 1 in 3, or three times their share of thelabor force. (See table A-53.)

Industry payroll employmentThe number of employees on nonagricultural payrolls

increased by 320,000 in December to 99.1 million, afterseasonal adjustment. Job gains were widespread, as theBLS diffusion index registered 65 percent. The payrolltotal was 3.0 million above the year-earlier level. (Seetables B-4 and B-7.)

Continuing the pattern of recent growth, the bulk ofthe December employment expansion occurred in theservice-producing sector, which increased by 260,000.The over-the-month expansion was once again paced byservices, which rose by 115,000, with most of this gaintaking place in business and health services. Elsewherein the sector, there were modest increases in wholesaletrade and finance, insurance and real estate. In retailtrade, seasonal hirings in general merchandise storeswere below the expected holiday levels, but there wasgrowth in eating and drinking places, so that the overalljob count in the industry was about unchanged inDecember, after seasonal adjustment.

In the goods-producing sector, employment increasedby 60,000. In contrast to nearly continuous job lossesbetween January and September, manufacturingemployment edged up for the third month in a row. TheDecember gain of 45,000 reflected small but widespreadincreases throughout both the durable and nondurable


goods industries. Manufacturing job growth sinceSeptember totaled 140,000. Construction employmentwas little changed for the second straight month,following serveral months of substantial growth. Thenumber of construction jobs was up 290,000 over theyear. Mining employment was about unchanged inDecember.

Weekly hoursThe average workweek of production or nonsuper-

visory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls edg-ed up in December to 35.1 hours, after seasonal adjust-ment. Weekly hours in manufacturing rose 0.3 hour to41.0 hours, a very high level, and factory overtime rose0.2 hour to 3.6 hours. (See table C-5.)

The index of aggregate weekly hours of production ornonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrollsrose 0.7 percent to 118.3 (1977 = 100), after seasonal ad-justment. Reflecting advances in both weekly hours andthe level of employment, the manufacturing index in-creased by 1.3 percent to 95.2. Since September, themanufacturing index has increased 2 percent. (See table C-6.)

Hourly and weekly earningsAverage hourly earnings rose 0.9 percent in

December, and weekly earnings were up 1.2 percent,seasonally adjusted. Prior to seasonal adjustment,average hourly earnings increased 5 cents to $8.73, whileweekly earnings were up $6.11 to $309.04. Over the pastyear, hourly earnings have risen 27 cents and weeklyearnings $8.71. (See tables C-l and C-7.)

The Hourly Earnings IndexThe Hourly Earnings Index (HEI) was 168.4

(1977 = 100) in December, seasonally adjusted, anincrease of 0.8 percent from November. For the 12months ended in December, the increase was 3.1 per-cent. The HEI excludes the effects of two types ofchanges unrelated to underlying wage ratemovementsfluctuations in manufacturing overtimeand interindustry employment shifts. In dollars of cons-tant purchasing power, the HEI decreased 0.5 percentduring the 12-month period ended in November. (Seetable C-7.)

Improved Population Estimates for the Household Survey

Effective with data for January 1986, two technical changes will be in-troduced in the population estimates used as controls for the householdsurvey. One will reflect an explicit estimate of the number of undocumentedimmigrants, largely Hispanic, since 1980. This change will be offsetsomewhat by an improved estimate of emigration from the United States forthe same time period. The net effect of these adjustments will be to increasethe working age population by roughly 300,000. For the population as awhole, this should have little effect on the data. Because the adjustment forthe Hispanic-origin population will be much larger, BLS will revise the data tothe extent possible back to 1980.

Scheduled Release Dates

Employment and unemployment data are scheduled for initial release onthe following dates:

Reference month

January

February

March

Release date

February 7

March 7

April 4

Reference month

April

May

June

Release date

May 2

June 6

July 3


Revision of SeasonallyAdjusted Labor Force Series

Robert J. Mclntire

As pointed out in the explanatory note on seasonaladjustment published at the back of each issue ofEmployment and Earnings, the purpose of seasonal ad-justment is to eliminate from economic time series theinfluence of seasonal events such as weather, holidays,opening and closing of schools, etc., to make it easier toobserve and analyze the cyclical and other nonseasonalmovements in the series. The seasonality which the ad-justment process endeavors to eliminate is measured byseasonal factors. The seasonal factors used for currentadjustment are estimates of how much the originalunadjusted values can be expected to deviate fromunderlying trend-cycle levels due to annually recurringbehavior as projected from average seasonal patterns inthe recent past. However, even though seasonality in-volves regularly recurring patterns, it does tend tochange over time, creating a need for periodic reestima-tion of factors and revision of recently adjustedestimates. By including more recent data in the estima-tion process, the revision process can provide betterestimates of how much the original, unadjustedestimates actually deviated from underlying trend-cyclelevels during the recent period, thereby improving thehistorical seasonally adjusted data for that period. Inaddition, the new information is incorporated to pro-duce the new projected factors to be used for currentseasonal adjustment.

Therefore, at the end of each calendar year, theBureau of Labor Statistics reestimates the seasonality ofthe unemployment, employment, and other labor forceseries derived from the Current Population Survey byincluding another full year of data in the estimation pro-cess. Based on this annual reestimation, BLS issues theprojected factors for the first 6 months of the new yearas well as revised estimates of historical seasonally ad-justed data for the last 5 years. Each year's data aregenerally subject to five revision cycles before the valuesare considered final. The fifth and final revisions in theearliest of the 5 years are usually quite small, while thefirst-time revisions in the most recent year are generallymuch more substantial, although even these rarely alterthe essential trends observed in the initial majorestimates. (The national unemployment rate to onedecimal place was revised in only 1 month of 1985 by thecurrent revision.) An important consideration in the* Robert J. Mclntire is an economist and Chief of the Data ServicesGroup in the Division of Data Development and Users' Services, Of-fice of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of LaborStatistics.

selection of the methodology for seasonal adjustmenthas been keeping these revisions as small as possible,because current analysis and policymaking must utilizethe initial estimates.

This year's revisions incorporate data throughDecember 1985 and provide revised estimates forJanuary 1981 through December 1985. Several monthsof revised data for many of the major seasonally ad-justed labor force series have already been published inthe news release on the December 1985 employmentsituation, issued January 8 (USDL 86-001). This issue ofEmployment and Earnings contains revised data for thelast 13 months and quarters for most seasonally ad-justed labor force series (including those that appearedin the release). Next month's issue will provide the com-plete 1981-85 revisions for a few hundred of theseasonally adjusted monthly labor force series most indemand. These revisions replace the data published inthe February 1985 issue for 1981-84 and the seasonallyadjusted estimates for 1985 published during the pastyear. Seasonally adjusted data for 1980 and earlier yearswere not revised. Table 1 of this article contains the newprojected seasonal factors that are to be applied duringthe first 6 months of 1986 to the 12 component series usedin the computation of the seasonally adjusted civilianlabor force and unemployment rate (see the section onaggregation procedures later in this article). Projectedfactors for the last 6 months of 1986 will be estimated inearly July, based on data through June 1986, and will bepublished in the July issue of this publication.

Adjustment methods and proceduresThe official seasonal adjustment procedure for the

labor force series is the X-ll ARIMA program, whichwas developed at Statistics Canada during the 1970's asan extension of and improvement to the widely usedX-ll method developed at the U.S. Bureau of the Cen-sus in the 1960's.1 The X-ll ARIMA method improvescurrent estimates for most series by allowing recent

1 The primary documentation for the X-l 1 ARIMA procedure is in The

X-ll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method, by Estela Bee Dagum(Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564 E, January 1983). (ARIMA isan acronym for Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average.) The X-l 1method is described in The X-ll Variant of the Census Method IISeasonal Adjustment Program, by Julius Shiskin, Alan Young, andJohn Musgrave (Technical Paper No. 15, Bureau of the Census, 1967).


Table 1. Current seasonal adjustment factors for the 12 major civilian labor force components, January-June 1986Procedure and series

Multiplicative Adjustment(Divide factor into original value)

Agricultural employment:Men, 20 years and overWomen, 20 years and overMen, 16 to 19 yearsWomen, 16 to 19 years

Nonagricultural employment:Men, 20 years and overWomen, 20 years and over

Unemployment:Men, 20 years and overWomen, 20 years and over

Additive Adjustment(Subtract factor from original value)

Nonagricultural employment:Men, 16 to 19 yearsWomen, 16 to 19 years

Unemployment:Men, 16 to 19 yearsWomen, 16 to 19 years

January

.902

.803

.584

.474

.985

.996

1.1661.046

-293-216

7-82

February

.897

.832

.609

.518

.9851.000

1.1481.008

-365--252

4-78

March

.903

.885

.706

.660

.9911.005

1.097.986

-265-221

-18-59

April

.979

.961

.925

.780

.9941.003

1.035.945

-189-204

-104-81

May

1.0441.0771.177

.931

1.0001.000

.947

.967

- 70-186

-881

June

1.0921.2021.5451.692

1.006.991

.960

.999

488298

229258

observations, especially the last 6 months, to weighmore heavily in the estimates of current and recentseasonal factors than did the X-ll alone. The methodprovides this improvement through the use of ARIMAmodels to extend the data series by 12 months. The X-llalgorithm for seasonal adjustment is then applied to theextended series.

ARIMA projections are based only on the past ex-perience observed in a series itself, ARIMA models haveproved to have good properties for short-term projec-tion or extrapolation of a large class of time series,especially in a seasonal adjustment context, since the ex-trapolations tend to track intra-year movements quitewell. The ARIMA models in the X-ll ARIMA program us-ed to seasonally adjust the labor force series are of theBox-Jenkins type.2 They can generally be described withthe notation:

(P,d,q) (P,D,Q) TRANSFORMATION,Where:

(1) p is the number of regular (nonseasonal)autoregressive parameters

(2) d is the number of regular differences(3) q is the number of regular moving average

parameters(4) P is the number of seasonal autoregressive

parameters2 For a more detailed discussion of ARIMA models, refer to previous-

ly cited Dagum (1983) and to: Box, G.E.P. and Jenkins, G.M., TimeSeries Analysis Forecasting and Control (San Francisco, Holden Day,1970); and Granger, C.W.J. and Newbold, P., Forecasting EconomicTime Series (New York, Academic Press, 1977).

(5) D is the number of seasonal differences(6) Q is the number of seasonal moving average

parameters(7) TRANSFORMATION may be NONE,LOG,

or POWER(n).

While the lettered elements within the parentheses ofthe model specifications can theoretically take on manyvalues, in practice only small values are useful.

For each labor force series which has been extendedbased on an ARIMA model, the model has beenspecifically chosen as well suited to the particular series,based on a set of established criteria. The criteria essen-tially require a model to: (1) fit the series well, (2) havelow average forecasting errors in the last 3 years prior tothe projected year, and (3) produce residuals (the dif-ferences between the observed values and the valuesforecast by the model for the observed period) whichfollow a random pattern. Acceptable ARIMA modelshave been identified and were used for 155 of the 195labor force series which were directly adjusted at the endof 1985, including all 12 major civilian labor force com-ponents, whose ARIMA models are shown in table 2. Themodels for three of those major componentsagriculturalemployment for men 20 years and over and for women16 to 19 and unemployment for women 20 years andoverare different from those used last year. The 40series for which acceptable models have not been iden-tified were simply run through the X-ll part of the pro-gram without any ARIMA extrapolations.

The procedures used for adjusting the labor forceseries within the X-ll part of the process were the same

10


Table 2. ARIMA models for the 12 major civilian labor forcecomponents, 1986

Series

Agricultural employment:Men, 20 years and over. .Women, 20 years and overMen, 16 to 19 years . .Women, 16 to 19 years

Nonagricultural employment:Men, 20 years and over . .Women, 20 years and over .Men, 16 to 19 years . .Women, 16 to 19 years .

Unemployment:Men, 20 years and overWomen, 20 years and overMen, 16 to 19 yearsWomen, 16 to 19 years

Model

(1,0,0) (0,1,1)(0,1,2) (0,1,1)(0,1,2) (0,1,1)(2,1,2) (0,1,1)

(0,1,1X0,1,1)(0,1,1X0,1,1)(0,1,1X0,1,1)(0,1,1X0,1,1)

(2,1,2) (0,1,1)(0,1.1X0,1.1)(o.i.ixo.i.i)(0,1,4) (0,1,1)

Transformation

LOGLOGNONENONE

LOGLOGNONENONE

NONELOGNONENONE

as those followed last year. In keeping with the minorchange introduced 2 years ago, a 10-year time period,including data from January 1975 through December1985, was used for the adjustment of all the labor forceseries.

The X-ll method of seasonal adjustment containedin the X-ll ARIMA procedure assumes that the originalseries, including the 12 extrapolated observations if anARIMA model has been applied, is either the product orthe sum of three components trend-cycle, seasonal,and irregular. The method uses either a ratio-to- ordifference-from-moving-average approach to estimatethe components, depending on whether themultiplicative or additive model is used. The seasonallyadjusted series values are computed by dividing eachmonth's original value by the corresponding seasonalfactor if the multiplicative model is used, or by subtrac-ting the factor if the additive model is used. Of the 12major civilian labor force components, the four teenageunemployment and nonagricultural employment serieswere adjusted using the additive model, and the othereight series were adjusted with the multiplicative model.Of all the 195 directly adjusted series, 37 were adjustedwith the additive model, primarily those involvingteenage employment and unemployment, for which theseasonal component seems to be fairly independent ofthe trend-cycle.

Aggregation proceduresBLS maintains and publishes several hundred

seasonally adjusted labor force series in addition to the195 directly adjusted series discussed above. The addi-tional series are produced by arithmetically combiningor aggregating the directly adjusted series with eachother or, in some cases, with series on population orresident Armed Forces levels, which are not seasonallyadjusted because they are not considered to have anysignificant seasonal variation. For example, theseasonally adjusted levels of total unemployment,civilian employment, and civilian labor force, and theseasonally adjusted civilian unemployment rate are allproduced by aggregation of the seasonally adjustedresults for the 12 major civilian labor force components.The seasonally adjusted level of total unemployment is

the sum of the seasonally adjusted levels of unemploy-ment for the four age-sex groupsmen and women 16to 19, and men and women 20 years and over. Seasonal-ly adjusted civilian employment is the sum of theseasonally adjusted levels of employment for the eightemployment componentsthe same four age-sexgroups as noted above employed, respectively, innonagricultural and agricultural industries. Theseasonally adjusted civilian labor force is the sum of all12 components. The seasonally adjusted civilianunemployment rate is calculated by taking the totalseasonally adjusted unemployment level as a percent ofthe total seasonally adjusted civilian labor force. For theoverall labor force, the resident Armed Forces level isadded to the seasonally adjusted civilian labor force,and the seasonally adjusted overall unemployment rateis, of course, calculated by taking total seasonally ad-justed unemployment as a percent of that labor forcefigure.

The principal reason for producing many of the ma-jor seasonally adjusted estimates for the labor force byaggregation rather than by direct adjustment is that thisapproach ensures that the major seasonally adjustedtotals will be consistent (additively) with at least one ma-jor set of components. If the totals were directly ad-justed along with the components, such consistencywould not, in all likelihood, occur, since the X-l 1 is nota sum-preserving procedure; that is, the sum of theresult for two or more directly adjusted series will notgenerally be the same as the result of directly adjustingthe sum of the unadjusted versions of the same series.The various components tend to have significantly dif-ferent patterns of seasonal variation; for example,teenage unemployment tends to peak in June, whileunemployment of adult men tends to peak in the wintermonths of January and February. It is necessary todirectly adjust the components in order to properlyestimate these varying seasonal patterns. Of course, oneof the implications of producing seasonally adjustedestimates for many major series by aggregation is thatexact factors cannot be projected for those series.However, implicit seasonal factors can be calculatedafter the fact by taking the ratio of the unadjusted ag-gregate to the seasonally adjusted aggregate, or, for ad-ditive implicit factors, the difference between those twoaggregates.

Availability of revised seriesAs indicated above, much of the revised seasonally ad-justed data is being published in this and next month'sissues of Employment and Earnings. Additional datafor any of the several hundred seasonally adjusted laborforce series, as well as the January-June 1986 factors forany of the directly adjusted series beyond the 12 majorcomponents, can be obtained from BLS upon request.Requests for data or inquiries concerning the seasonaladjustment methodology or the availability of machine-readable files of labor force data should be addressed tothe Division of Data Development and Users' Services,Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics,Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212.

11


HOUSEHOLD DATAHISTORICAL

A-1. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1952 to date

(Numbers in thousands)

Yearand

month

Noninsti-tutional

population

Labor force

NumberPercent

ofpopulation

Employed

TotalResidentArmedForces

Civilian

Total Agriculture Nonagriculturalindustries

Unemployed

NumberPercent

oflaborforce

Not inlaborforce

Annual averages

1952 ....19531 ...1954 ....1955 ....1956 ....1957 ....1958 ....1959 ....

I9601 ...1961 ....19621 ...1963 ....1964 ....1965 ....1966 ....1967 ....1968 ....1969 ....

1970 ....1971 ....19721 ...19731 ...1974 ...1975 ...1976 ...1977 ...19781 ..1979 ...

1980 ...1981 ...1982 ...1983 ...1984 ...1985 ...

1984:December

1985:January ....February ...MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctober ....NovemberDecember

107,617109,287110,463111,747112,919114,213115,574117,117

119,106120,671122,214124,422126,503128,459130,180132,092134,281136,573

139,203142,189145,939148,870151,841154,831157,818160,689163,541166,460

169,349171,775173,939175,891178,080179,912

179,004

179,081179,219179,368179,501179,649179,798179,967180,131180,304180,470180,642180,810

64,52465,24665,78567,08768,51768,87769,48670,157

71,48972,35972,67573,83975,10976,40177,89279,56580,99082,972

84,88986,35588,84791,20393,67095,45397,826100,665103,882106,559

108,544110,315111,872113,226115,241117,167

60.059.759.660.060.760.360.159.9

60.060.059.559.359.459.559.860.260.360.8

61.060.760.961.361.761.662.062.663.564.0

64.164.264.364.464.765.1

62,63663,41062,25164,23465,76466,01964,88366,418

67,63967,64668,76369,76871,32373,03475,01776,59078,17380,140

80,79681,34083,96686,83888,51587,52490,42093,67397,679

100,421

100,907102,042101,194102,510106,702108,856

2,3862,2312,1422,0641,9651,9481,8471,788

1,8611,9002,0612,0062,0181,9462,1222,2182,2532,238

2,1181,9731,8131,7741,7211,6781,6681,6561,6311,597

1,6041,6451,6681,6761,6971,706

60,25061,17960,10962,17063,79964,07163,03664,630

65,77865,74666,70267,76269,30571,08872,89574,37275,92077,902

78,67879,36782,15385,06486,79485,84688,75292,01796,04898,824

99,303100,39799,526

100,834105,005107,150

6,5006,2606,2056,4506,2835,9475,5865,565

5,4585,2004,9444,6874,5234,3613,9793,8443,8173,606

3,4633,3943,4843,4703,5153,4083,3313,2833,3873,347

3,3643,3683,4013,3833,3213,179

53,74954,91953,90455,72257,51458,12357,45059,065

60,31860,54661,75963,07664,78266,72668,91570,52772,10374,296

75,21575,97278,66981,59483,27982,43885,42188,73492,66195,477

95,93897,03096,12597,450

101,685103,971

1,8831,8343,5322,8522,7502,8594,6023,740

3,8524,7143,9114,0703,7863,3662,8752,9752,8172,832

4,0935,0164,8824,3655,1567,9297,4066,9916,2026,137

7,6378,273

10,67810,7178,5398,312

Monthly data, seasonally adjusted2

116,202

116,451116,685117,036116,958117,044116,726116,976117,069117,522117,814117,832117,927

64.9

65.065.165.265.265.264.965.065.065.265.365.265.2

107,946

108,012108,290108,652108,574108,644108,303108,575108,936109,251109,513109,671109,904

1,698

1,6971,7031,7011,7021,7051,7021,7041,7261,7321,7001,7021,698

106,248

106,315106,587106,951106,872106,939106,601106,871107,210107,519107,813107,969108,206

3,387

3,3193,3253,3143,3533,2843,1403,1203,0953,0173,0583,0703,151

102,861

102,996103,262103,637103,519103,655103,461103,751104,115104,502104,755104,899105,055

2.92.85.44.34.04.26.65.3

5.46.55.45.55.04.43.73.73.53.4

4.85.85.54.85.58.37.66.96.05.8

7.07.59.59.57.47.1

43,09344,04144,67844,66044,40245,33646,08846,960

47,61748,31249,53950,58351,39452,05852,28852,52753,29153,602

54,31555,83457,09157,66758,17159,37759,99160,02559,65959,900

60,80661,46062,06762,66562,83962,744

8,256

8,4398,3958,3848,3848,4008,4238,4018,1338,2718,3018,1618,023

7.1

7.27.27.27.27.27.27.26.97.07.06.96.8

62,802

62,63062,53462,33262,54362,60563,07262,99163,06262,78262,65662,81062,883

1 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see

"Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of theExplanatory Notes.

2 The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for

seasonal variation.

NOTE: Seasonally adjusted household survey data shown in tables A-1,2,3 and 31-53 have been revised based on the experience throughDecember 1985. Data for 1981-85 are subject to revision. See the articlein this issue for additional information.

12



A-2. Employment status of the noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1975 to date(Numbers in thousands)

Sex, year,and month

Noninsti-tutional

population

Labor force

NumberPercent

ofpopulation

Employed

TotalResidentArmedForces

Civilian

Total Agriculture Nonagriculturalindustries

Unemployed

Number

Percentof

laborforce

Not inlaborforce

Annual averagesMEN

197519761977197811979

198019811982198319841985

1984:December

1985:JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

WOMEN197519761977197811979

198019811982198319841985

1984:December

1985:JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

73,89175,34176,75678,10779,509

80,87782,02383,05284,06485,15686,025

85,62985,69285,76485,82785,89885,97086,05286,13286,21786,29386,37486,459

80,93882,47683,93285,43486,951

88,47289,75190,88791,82792,92493,886

93,397

93,45293,52793,60393,67493,75193,82893,91593,99994,08794,17794,26694,351

57,89958,75659,95961,15162,215

62,93263,48663,97964,58065,38665,967

78.478.078.178.378.2

77.877.477.076.876.876.7

53,45754,72056,29158,01059,096

58,66558,90957,80058,32060,64261,447

1,6001,5821,5631,5311,489

1,4791,5121,5291,5331,5511,556

51,85753,13854,72856,47957,607

57,18657,39756,27156,78759,09159,891

2,8242,7442,6712,7182,686

2,7092,7002,7362,7042,6682,535

49,03250,39452,05753,76154,921

54,47754,69753,53454,08356,42357,356


65,821

65,73765,78265,89865,92966,01265,80865,88465,94566,07466,22766,17666,139

76.876.876.876.876.876.576.676.676.676.776.676.5

61,238

61,16361,20761,38161,37361,49861,17561,27361,51061,62961,65661,73161,793

1,550

1,5491,5541,5531,5531,5561,5521,5541,5741,5801,5511,5521,549

59,688

59,61459,65359,82859,82059,94259,62359,71959,93660,04960,10560,17960,244

2,752

2,6782,6652,6272,6502,6362,5202,4792,4752,4132,4022,4352,506

56,936

56,93656,98857,20157,17057,30657,10357,24057,46157,63657,70357,74457,738

Annual averages

37,55339,06940,70542,73144,343

45,61146,82947,89448,64649,85551,200

46.447.448.550.051.0

51.652.252.753.053.754.5

34,06735,70137,38139,66941,325

42,24143,13343,39544,19046,06147,409

788692100108

124133139143146150

33,98935,61537,28939,56941,217

42,11743,00043,25644,04745,91547,259

584588612669661

656667665680653644

33,40435,02736,67738,90040,556

41,46142,33342,59143,36745,26246,615


50,381

50,71450,90351,13851,02951,03250,91851,09251,12451,44851,58751,65551,788

53.9

54.354.454.654.554.454.354.454.454.754.854.854.9

46,708

46,84947,08347,27147,20147,14647,12847,30247,42647,62247,85747,93948,111

148

148149148149149150150152152149149149

46,560

46,70146,93447,12347,05246,99746,97847,15247,27447,47047,70847,79047,962

635

641660687703648620641620604656635645

45,925

46,06046,27446,43646,34946,34946,35846,51146,65446,86647,05247,15547,317

4,4424,0363,6673,1423,120

4,2674,5776,1796,2604,7444,521

4,583

4,5744,5754,5174,5564,5144,6334,6114,4354,4454,5714,4454,346

3,4863,3693,3243,0613,018

3,3703,6964,4994,4573,7943,791

3,673

3,8653,8203,8673,8283,8863,7903,7903,6983,8263,7303,7163,677

7.76.96.15.15.0

6.87.29.79.77.36.9

7.07.06.96.96.87.07.06.76.76.96.76.6

9.38.68.27.26.8

7.47.99.49.27.67.4

7.3

7.67.57.67.57.67.47.47.27.47.27.27.1

15,99316,58516,79716,95617,293

17,94518,53719,07319,48419,77120,058

19,786

19,89219,91019,86619,89819,88620,16220,16820,18720,14320,06620,19820,320

43,38643,40643,22742,70342,608

42,86142,92242,99343,18143,06842,686

43,016

42,73842,62442,46542,64542,71942,91042,82342,87542,63942,59042,61142,563

1 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical

Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes.2 The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on the experiencethrough December 1985. See the article in this issue for additional information.

13



A-3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1952 to date


Yearand

month

Civiliannoninsti-tutional

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent ofpopulation Employed Unemployed

Unemployment rates

Total Men Women

1952 ..195311954..1955..1956..1957..1958..1959..

I9601 ..1961 ....19621 ..1963....1964....1965....1966....1967....1968....1969....

1970....1971 ....19721 ..19731 ..1974....1975....1976....1977....19781 ..1979....

1980.1981 .1982.1983.1984.1985.

Annual averages

1984:December...

1985:JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptember..OctoberNovember...December...

105,231107,056108,321109,683110,954112,265113,727115,329

117,245118,771120,153122,416124,485126,513128,058129,874132,028134,335

137,085140,216144,126147,096150,120153,153156,150159,033161,910164,863

167,745170,130172,271174,215176,383178,206

177,306

62,13863,01563,64365,02366,55266,92967,63968,369

69,62870,45970,61471,83373,09174,45575,77077,34778,73780,734

82,77184,38287,03489,42991,94993,77596,15899,009102,251104,962

106,940108,670110,204111,550113,544115,461

177,384177,516177,667177,799177,944178,096178,263178,405178,572178,770178,940179,112

114,754114,982115,335115,256115,339115,024115,272115,343115,790116,114116,130116,229

114,504

59.058.958.859.360.059.659.559.3

59.459.358.858.758.758.959.259.659.660.1

60.460.260.460.861.361.261.662.363.263.7

63.863.964.064.064.464.8

60,25061,17960,10962,17063,79964,07163,03664,630

65,77865,74666,70267,76269,30571,08872,89574,37275,92077,902

78,67879,36782,15385,06486,79485,84688,75292,01796,04898,824

99,303100,39799,526

100,834105,005107,150

1,8831,8343,5322,8522,7502,8594,6023,740

3,8524,7143,9114,0703,7863,3662,8752,9752,8172,832

4,0935,0164,8824,3655,1567,9297,4066,9916,2026,137

7,6378,273

10,67810,7178,5398,312

3.02.95.54.44.14.36.85.5

5.56.75.55.75.24.53.83.83.63.5

4.95.95.64.95.68.57.77.16.15.8

7.17.69.79.67.57.2


64.6 106,248

64.764.864.964.864.864.664.764.764.865.064.964.9

106,315106,587106,951106,872106,939106,601106,871107,210107,519107,813107,969108,206

8,256

8,4398,3958,3848,3848,4008,4238,4018,1338,2718,3018,1618,023

7.2

7.47.37.37.37.37.37.37.17.17.17.06.9

2.82.85.34.23.84.16.85.2

5.46.45.25.24.64.03.23.12.92.8

4.45.35.04.24.97.97.16.35.35.1

6.97.49.99.97.47.0

7.1

7.17.17.07.17.07.27.26.96.97.16.96.7

3.63.36.04.94.84.76.85.9

5.97.26.26.56.25.54.85.24.84.7

5.96.96.66.06.79.38.68.27.26.8

7.47.99.49.27.67.4

7.3

7.67.57.67.57.67.57.47.37.57.37.27.1

1 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see

"Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of theExplanatory Notes.

2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised based on theexperience through December 1985. See the article in this issue foradditional information.

14


HOUSEHOLD DATANOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

A-4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race(Numbers in thousands)

Age, sex, and race Civiliannoninsti-tutional

population

179,11214,4747,2947,18019,82095,45140,95721,06419,89331,96817,68214,28622,52411,69710,82822,10311,23710,86627,2669,40517,861

84,9107,2603,7153,5449,600

46,46620,02210,3049,717

15,5568,5916,96410,8885,6725,216

10,3905,3395,051

11,1964,2366,960

94,2027,2143,5793,636

10,22048,98520,93610,76010,17616,4139,0917,32211,6366,0255,61211,7135,8985,815

16,0705,16910,901

Decemb


A-4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and raceContinued(Numbers in thousands)

Age, sex, and race

December 1985

Civiliannoninsti"tutional

population

154,32711,8645,9665,898

16,61481,69134,66617,72716,93827,56215,22712,33519,46210,0839,380

19,5609,8729,688

24,5998,426

16,173

73,6925,9753,0502,9258,123

40,23917,1498,7598,389

13,5717,5046,0669,5194,9504,5699,2374,7094,529

10,1183,8066,312

80,6355,8892,9172,9738,490

41,45217,5178,9688,549

13,9927,7236,2699,9435,1334,811

10,3235,1645,159

14,4814,6209,861


Total

100,0906,3992,5733,826

13,19867,26228,95214,87714,07523,12512,78410,34115,1858,1517,035

10,6026,3624,2402,6291,5781,051

56,1603,2581,3011,9586,907

38,10516,4218,3408,081

12,9447,1705,7748,7394,6574,0836,2913,7782,5121,600

966634

43,9303,1411,2721,8686,292

29,15712,5316,5375,994

10,1815,6144,5676,4453,4942,9524,3112,5841,7281,029

612417

Percentof

population

64.953.943.164.979.482.383.583.983.183.984.083.878.080.875.054.264.443.810.718.76.5

76.254.542.666.985.094.795.895.296.395.495.595.291.894.189.468.180.255.515.825.410.0

54.553.343.662.874.170.371.572.970.172.872.772.964.868.161.441.850.033.5

7.113.34.2

Employed

94,3855,4222,1183,304

12,13064,09227,40814,05713,35122,13112,2199,912

14,5527,8316,720

10,1846,1054,0782,5591,5301,029

52,8682,7001,0461,6546,291

36,28515,5447,8607,684

12,3526,8225,5308,3894,4883,9006,0363,6312,4051,558

938619

41,5172,7221,0721,6505,840

27,80711,8646,1975,6679,7795,3974,3826,1633,3432,8204,1482,4741,6731,001

592410

Unemployed

Number

5,704977455522

1,0683,1711,544

820724994565429633318314418256162704922

3,291559255304616

1,820877480397592348244351168182255147107422815

2,413419200219452

1,351667340327402217185282150132164109542821

7

Percentof

laborforce

5.715.317.713.68.14.75.35.55.14.37.04.14.23.94.53.94.03.82.73.12.1

5.917.119.615.58.94.85.35.84.94.64.94.24.03.64.54.03.94.32.72.82.3

5.513.315.711.77.24.65.35.25.53.93.94.04.44.34.53.84.23.227341.6

Not in labor force

Total

54,2375,4653,3942,0723,415

14,4295,7142,8502,8634,4382,4431,9944,2781,9322,3468,9583,5105,448

21,9706,847

15,122

17,5322,7161,749

9671,2172,134

728419308627334292780293487

2,947930

2,0178,5182,8405,678

36,7052,7491,6441,1042,198

12,2954,9862,4312,5553,8112,1091,7023,4981,6391,8596,0112,5803,431

13,4524,0079,444

Keepinghouse

26,710376

98279

1,32610,8314,3672,1012,2653,3751,8641,5153,0891,4651,6294,8972,2012,6979,2793,0186,262

41722139

13130401524442717461433452025

20753

155

26,294355

84270

1,31310,7014,3272,0862,2413,3311,8391,4923,0431,4491,5944,8532,1812,6729,0722,9656,107

Goingto

school

7,2474,7773,1921,5861,636

80453335318021213479584314155

101468

3,7162,5021,675

82792128222317053513516843624632

3,5312,2751,517

7597165223101831271629963503911936936

Unableto

work

2,15222

61652

6911566393

217104113319120198564301263823158666

1,2561339

414951023964

1557679

23888

15036819916934092

248

8961037

11196542429622834803248

19610294

48466

418

Otherreasons

18,128289

98191401

2,102658333325633340294811306506

3,4821,0042,478

11,8533,6678,187

12,14318057

123242

1,226363196167377196181487187300

2,529710

1,8197,9662,6935,273

5,9841094169

159876295137158257144113325119206953294659

3,887974

2,914

WHITE

16 years and over16 to 19 years

16 to 17 years18 to 19 years


25 to 34 years25 to 29 years30 to 34 years




65 years and over65 to 69 years70 years and over

Men









Women








65 years and over65 to 69 years70 years and over ....

16



A-4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and raceContinued(Numbers in thousands)

Age, sex, and race

December 1985


population


TotalPercent

ofpopulation

Employed

Unemployed

NumberPercent

oflaborforce

Not in labor force

Total KeepinghouseGoingto

school

1,5971,12578034528219013998413517191678

7715634021611228661431819911624

82556237818416010478552316881054

Unableto

work

5174

412194361918642241944351123487518457128

3043

37

142291515421625713041833350692743

2141

1552743226162313104015251153085

Otherreasons

BLACK









Men









Women








65 years and over65 to 69 years70 years and over ...

19,8192,1471,0851,0622,64010,6784,9272,6012,3263,3611,8691,4922,3901,2461,1442,0711,098974

2,284824

1,459

8,8621,054544510

1,2004,7682,2061,1671,0401,494829665

1,068557511930498433911350560

10,9571,093541552

1,4405,9102,7211,4341,2861,8671,040827

1,322689633

1,141600541

1,373474899

12,445814259554

1,8738,4353,9612,0571,9032,7451,5631,1811,730942789

1,091690401232128103

6,229433131302968

4,1401,9421,032910

1,3207505708784774015673542131217150

6,216380128252905

4,2952,0191,025993

1,4248136118524653885243361891105753

62.837.923.952.271.079.080.479.181.881.783.679.272.475.669.052.762.841.210.115.57.1

70.341.224.159.280.786.888.088.587.588.490.585.782.285.678.560.971.049.313.320.39.0

56.734.823.645.762.972.774.271.577.276.378.273.964.567.461.345.956.034.88.012.05.9

10,681469134335

1,4737,4863,3921,7311,6612,4981,4201,0771,597866731

1,03164838422112399

5,28924567178768

3,6291,642866776

1,1896665237984363625313312001156650

5,39222467157705

3,8571,750865885

1,3097545547984303695013161841065749

1,76434512522040094956932724224714310413476586042181065

941188641241995103001661341318447804139362213661

82315761962004392691611081165957543519241944

4

14.242.448.439.621.311.314.415.912.79.09.18.87.78.17.45.56.14.44.54.74.9

15.143.449.041.020.612.315.416.114.79.911.28.39.18.59.86.36.46.35.2

13.241.247.737.922.110.213.315.710.98.17.39.36.37.64.84.65.82.33.7(1)O

7,3751,333826508767

2,242966543423616306310660305355980408572

2,052696

1,356

2,634621413208232628264134130174799519080110363144219789279510

4,741712413299535

1,614702409293442227215470225245617264353

1,263417846

2,920941777292

1,276524286239360185174392181211482220261776279496

108743642143121587135916142371422

2,812871374286

1,234510283227345177167379176202466207259739265474

2,339110298218158026614112515781761577284376140236

1,092361731

1,4484874197355159748597455299435626598167683238445

8916222418422510767406036245829281114269409123286

Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

17



A-5. Employment status of the black-and-other civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex

December 1985


population


TotalPercent

ofpopulation

Employed

Total AgricultureNonagri-cultural

industries

Unemployed

Percentof

laborforce

Not inlaborforce

TOTAL









Men









Women









24,7852,6101,3281,2823,20613,7606,2923,3372,9554,4062,4541,9513,0621,6141,4482,5431,3651,1782,667979

1,688

11,2181,285666619

1,4766,2272,8731,5451,3281,9851,087898

1,369722647

1,152630522

1,078430648

13,5671,325662663

1,7307,5333,4191,7921,6272,4211,3671,0531,693892801

1,391734656

1,589549

1,040

15,690972318654

2,25010,8304,9822,6031,2463,6012,0211,5802,2471,2321,0151,344862482294178115

7,989511161350

1,1695,4442,5171,3461,1721,779990789

1,1496255247124602521539953

7,701460157303

1,0815,3862,4651,2571,2081,8221,031791

1,0986074916334032301417962

63.337.223.951.070.278.779.278.042.281.782.481.073.476.370.152.963.240.911.018.26.8

71.239.824.256.679.287.487.687.188.289.691.187.883.986.681.061.772.948.314.223.18.2

56.834.723.745.762.571.572.170.174.375.375.475.164.968.061.345.554.935.08.914.46.0

13,677600182418

1,8009,7224,3262,2352,0903,3141,8541,4602,0831,141943

1,273809464282172111

6,90730892217941

4,8422,1661,1561,0101,627894733

1,0505774736704312391459353

6,77129290201859

4,8802,1601,0791,0801,687960727

1,0335644706033782251377958

180936

27109462522362412271611231671267

1536

2591371918302010241410201561367

2633

318964642321311

13,498591179413

1,7729,6144,2802,2112,0693,2781,8311,4472,0561,124932

1,250793457270166104

6,75330291

211916

4,7522,1291,137992

1,597874723

1,0265634636494162331338746

6,74428988

201856

4,8622,1511,0741,0771,681957724

1,0305614696013772241377958

2,013372136236451

1,1086573672902871671211649173715318117

1,082203691342286023511901621529656994851422913771

931169671022235063051771281367165654322292554

12.838.242.836.020.010.213.214.123.38.08.37.77.37.47.25.36.23.73.93.97.0

13.539.743.138.119.511.114.014.113.88.59.77.18.67.79.75.96.25.24.86.6

12.136.642.433.620.69.412.414.110.67.46.98.25.97.14.44.66.22.02.94

O

9,0951,6381,010628956

2,9291,309734575805433371815382433

1,199502697

2,373801

1,572

3,2297735052693077823561991572079710922097123441171270925331594

5,866865505360649

2,147953535418598336262595285310758331427

1,448470978

Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.



A-6. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age


Employment status andrace

Total

Dec.1984

Dec.1985

Men, 20 years andover

Dec.1984

Dec.1985

Women, 20 years andover

Dec.1984

Dec.1985

Both sexes, 16 to 19years

Dec.1984

Dec.1985

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional populationCivilian labor force

Percent of populationEmployed

AgricultureNonagricultural industries

UnemployedUnemployment rate

Not in labor force

White





Not in labor force

Black





Not in labor force

177,306114,028

64.3106,049

3,013103,037

7,9787.0

63,278

152,73498,598

64.692,6502,739

89,9125,948

6.054,136

19,51312,183

62.410,424

21810,206

1,75914.4

7,330

179,112115,780

64.6108,063

2,809105,254

7,7176.7

63,332

154,327100,090

64.994,3852,629

91,7565,704

5.754,237

19,81912,445

62.810,681

14510,536

1,76414.2

7,375

76,75359,920

78.156,0902,303

53,7873,831

6.416,833

66,86652,479

78.549,5502,055

47,4952,929

5.614,388

7,6915,738

74.64,977

2014,776

76113.3

1,953

77,65160,379

77.856,7672,115

54,6523,612

6.017,272

67,71852,902

78.150,169

1,96848,2012,733

5.214,816

7,8085,796

74.25,044

1244,921

75213.0

2,012

85,99546,633

54.243,843

51343,330

2,7906.0

39,362

73,87339,593

53.637,569

49637,0722,024

5.134,280

9,6885,67258.5

4,99911

4,98867311.9

4,016

86,98848,030

55.245,274

52144,752

2,7575.7

38,957

74,74540,789

54.638,795

49838,297

1,9944.9

33,956

9,8645,83559.2

5,16914

5,15466711.4

4,029

14,5577,474

51.36,116

1975,9191,35818.2

7,083

11,9946,527

54.45,532

1885,344

99515.2

5,468

2,13477336.2448

6442325

42.01,360

14,4747,370

50.96,022

1725,8501,34918.3

7,103

11,8646,399

53.95,422

1635,258

97715.3

5,465

2,14781437.9469

846134542.4

1,333

19



A-7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, years ofschool completed, sex, race, and Hispanic origin(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, years of schoolcompleted, race, and Hispanic origin

December 1985


population

15,23010,5944,636

7,8647,3666,385

981

7,8035,4092,394

4,1333,6693,211

459

7,4285,1852,243

3,7313,6973,174

523

12,6358,7053,930

6,5036,131

6,3156,3205,499

821

2,0231,510

512

1,0081,015

1,271751627125

1,119825294

580539

713406331

75


Total

7,0764,4322,644

3,0893,9873,116

872

3,5062,1971,310

1,5981,9081,497

411

3,5702,2361,334

1,4912,0791,619

460

6,2383,9352,303

3,0873,151

2,7043,5342,784

750

644393252

329315

313331237

93

430269161

238192

20522515867

Percent ofpopulation

46.541.857.0

39.354.148.888.8

44.940.654.7

38.752.046.689.7

48.143.159.5

40.056.251.088.0

49.445.258.6

47.551.4

42.855.950.691.3

31.826.049.1

32.731.0

24.644.037.974.9

38.432.654.8

41.035.6

28.755.447.789.4

Employed

Total

6,2563,7422,514

2,5113,7452,913

832

3,0391,8001,239

1,2571,7821,384

398

3,2161,9411,275

1,2541,9631,529

434

5,6513,4272,224

2,7382,914

2,2803,3712,646

725

435227207

225210

17426118180

347191156

187159

12821815167

Fulltime1

1,123347111

156968439529

567174393

93474237236

556172384

62494202292

999324675

510489

138861386475

1021885

4756

14894643

842658

4341

17673730

Parttime1

5,1323,3951,737

2,3552,7772,474

303

2,4721,626

846

1,1641,3081,146

162

2,6601,769

891

1,1911,4691,327

142

4,6523,1031,549

2,2282,424

2,1422,5102,260

250

332210122

178154

16017213537

26316598

145118

11215111437

Unemployed

Total

820691130

578243203

40

467396

71

341127113

13

353294

59

2371169026

587508

79

350237

42416313924

21016544

104105

140705713

8378

5

5133

7677

Lookingfor

full-timework

1166253

39774829

634320

273727

9

532033

12402020

764729

4729

30462817

371423

1621

82920

9

2

2

2

2

Lookingfor

part-timework

705628

76

539166155

11

404354

50

3149086

4

301275

26

22576706

511461

50

303208

394117111

7

17215121

8984

1324137

4

8178

3

5031

7477

Percentof

laborforce

11.615.64.9

18.76.16.54.5

13.318.05.4

21.36.67.63.3

9.913.24.4

15.95.65.65.7

9.412.93.4

11.37.5

15.74.65.03.2

32.542.117.6

31.733.4

44.621.123.914.1

19.329.0

3.2

21.217.0

37.33.04.4

(2)

TOTAL ENROLLED

Total, 16 to 24 years16 to 19 years20 to 24 years

High schoolCollege

Full-time studentsPart-time students

Men, 16 to 24 years16 to 19 years20 to 24 years

High schoolCollege


Women, 16 to 24 years16 to 19 years20 to 24 years

High schoolCollege


White


MenWomen

High schoolCollege


Black


MenWomen

High schoolCollege


Hispanic origin


MenWomen

High schoolCollege


See footnotes at end of table.

20



A-7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, years ofschool completed, sex, race, and Hispanic originContinued(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status, years of schoolcompleted, race, and Hispanic origin

December 1985


population


Total Percent ofpopulation

Employed

Total Full Part

Unemployed

Total

Lookingfor

full-timework

Lookingfor

part-timework

Percentof

laborforce

TOTAL NOT ENROLLED


Less than 4 years of high school4 years of high school1 to 3 years of college4 years of college or more

Men, 16 to 24 years16 to 19 years20 to 24 years


Women, 16 to 24 years16 to 19 years20 to 24 years


White


MenWomen


Black


MenWomen


Hispanic origin


MenWomen


19,0633,880

15,184

4,37214,6912,9351,464

9,0561,8507,206

2,2446,8121,288

612

10,0072,0297,978

2,1287,8791,647

852

15,8433,159

12,684

7,5958,248

3,54612,2962,4401,323

2,764637

2,127

1,2461,518

7152,049

42177

1,872409

1,463

977895

908964203

37

15,7432,938

12,805

2,88112,8622,6661,408

8,3391,5736,766

1,8956,4441,238

599

7,4041,3656,039

9866,4181,428

809

13,3592,463

10,896

7,0776,282

2,43310,9262,2471,284

2,042421

1,622

1,072971

3861,656

35169

1,382256

1,126

878504

59978317333

82.675.784.3

65.987.690.996.2

92.185.093.9

84.494.696.197.9

74.067.375.7

46.381.586.895.0

84.378.085.9

93.276.2

68.688.992.197.1

73.966.176.2

86.063.9

54.080.883.590.1

73.862.776.9

89.856.4

66.081.285.1

13,6962,280

11,416

2,16811,5282,4861,361

7,2001,2085,993

1,4745,7271,157

578

6,4951,0735,423

6945,8021,329

784

11,9011,9949,906

6,2535,648

1,89810,0032,1141,253

1,508241

1,266

788719

2281,280

30860

1,194194

762432

505

15431

11,6321,6909,942

1,7099,9232,1881,304

6,445966

5,479

1,2545,1901,046

556

5,187724

4,463

4554,7331,141

749

10,1641,4878,676

5,6494,515

1,5088,6561,8611,200

1,216172

1,044

647569

1671,049

27158

1,060154906

702359

44961113230

2,064591

1,473

4591,605

29857

756242514

22053611022

1,308348960

2391,069

18835

1,737507

1,230

6041,133

3901,347

25353

141150

61230

362

1334093

6173

557822

1

2,047658

1,389

7131,334

18147

1,138365773

4217178121

909293616

29261610026

1,458469

825634

53592313331

535179355

283252

159376

449

18862

126

11673

9594192

1,840574

1,267

6441,196

15743

1,082340742

407675

7520

758234524

2375218223

1,300408891

780519

48581511526

491157334

272219

142349

4010

15744

113

10552

8176172

20784

122

138244

572631

1443

61

1505991

5595183

1596198

44114

50108

185

432221

1132

1727

4

311813

1121

14172

13.022.410.8

24.810.46.83.3

13.723.211.4

22.211.16.53.5

12.321.410.2

29.69.67.03.2

10.919.09.1

11.710.1

22.08.45.92.4

26.242.621.9

26.425.9

41.122.712.5

13.624.311.2

13.214.4

15.812.010.8

1 Employed persons with a job but not at work and persons at work part time are

distributed according to whether they usually work full or part time.2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

NOTE: In the summer months, the educational attainment levels of youth notenrolled in school are increased by the temporary movement of high school and

college students into that group. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origingroups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are notpresented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black populationgroups.

21



A-8. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age, not seasonally adjusted(Numbers in thousands)

Veteran statusand age

Civiliannoninstitutional

population

Dec.1984

Dec.1985


Total

Dec.1984

Dec.1985

Employed

Dec.1984

Dec.1985

Unemployed

Number

Dec.1984

Dec.1985

Percent oflabor force

Dec.1984

Dec.1985

VIETNAM-ERA VETERANS

Total, 30 years and over30 to 44 years


45 years and over

NONVETERANS

Total, 30 to 44 years30 to 34 years35 to 39 years40 to 44 years

7,5486,5081,5313,4031,5741,040

16,6987,6724,8664,160

7,6756,4261,2933,1811,9521,249

17,7078,0635,3034,341

7,0686,2651,4663,2841,515

803

15,8307,3094,5953,926

7,1586,1791,2413,0741,864

979

16,7137,6644,9854,064

6,6965,9281,3413,1421,445

768

14,9906,8644,3773,749

6,7685,8351,1382,9001,797

933

15,8087,2344,7183,856

3723371251427035

840445218177

3903441031746746

905430267208

5.35.48.54.34.64.4

5.36.14.74.5

5.45.68.35.73.64.7

5.45.65.45.1

NOTE: Male Vietnam-era veterans are men who served in theArmed Forces between August 5, 1964 and May 7, 1975. Nonveteransare men who have never served in the Armed Forces; published dataare limited to those 30 to 44 years of age, the group that most closelycorresponds to the bulk of the Vietnam-era veteran population. Data

for 25- to 29-year-old veterans are no longer shown in this tablebecause the group is rapidly disppearing (into the 30-34 age category)and the numbers remaining for some labor force categories are notlarge enough to warrant their continued publication.

22



A-9. Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force by sex, age, and race


Sex, age, and race

December 1985

Full-time labor force

Total

Employed

Full-timeschedules1

Parttime for

economicreasons

Unemployed(looking for

full-time work)

NumberPercent offull-time

labor force

Part-time labor force

Total

Employedon

voluntarypart

time1

Unemployed(looking for

part-time work)

NumberPercent ofpart-time

labor force

TOTAL

Total, 16 years and over ....16 to 19 years



25 to 54 years55 years and over

Men, 16 years and over16 to 19 years20 years and over



Women, 16 years and over16 to 19 years20 years and over



White

Men, 16 years and over16 to 19 years20 years and over






Black

Men, 16 years and over ....16 to 19 years20 years and over




2

empl_011986

Documents

secretary of labor

labor statisticsjanuary

monthly data

data development

latest revised data

annual supplement

employment andearnings

family relationship