EMPIRE & EXPANSIONEMPIRE & EXPANSION

WATERSHED PERIODWATERSHED PERIOD1870 - 19001870 - 1900

ECONOMY

DEMOGRAPHICS

POPULATION

FOREIGN POLICY

Pre-Civil WarPre-Civil War 20th Century20th Century Agricultural Industrial

Rural Urban

Homogenous Heterogeneous

Isolationism Imperialism

EARLY IMPERIALISM

ALASKA Revival of

Manifest Destiny & rids continent of another foreign power

P – Johnson Sec. of State

William Seward 1867, $7.2

million “Seward’s Folly”

HAWAIIHAWAII Primary U.S. interest: sugar– White minority dominate HI government

1875 Reciprocity Treaty– HI sugar duty free to US; HI agrees not to yield

territory to a foreign power; US gets Pearl Harbor as base, 1887

McKinley Tariff Act, 1890– Discontinued reciprocity; hit HI hard

Queen Liliuokalani – “Hawaii for Hawaiians” Movement, 1891

1893 coup by American businessmen (Dole) & Marines– Cleveland refused to annex - “Violation of our

national honesty”– BUT, can’t return Queen to power without

fighting Americans McKinley annexes in July 1898 for naval base

– halfway between U.S. and Philippines

The Spanish-The Spanish-American WarAmerican War

CAUSES OF THE WAR:CAUSES OF THE WAR: MANIFEST DESTINY!!MANIFEST DESTINY!!

Increased population, wealth, & industrial Increased population, wealth, & industrial production gave Americans a sense of powerproduction gave Americans a sense of power

Manufacturers were looking for overseas marketsManufacturers were looking for overseas markets Social Darwinism also justified overseas Social Darwinism also justified overseas expansionexpansion

U.S. as “fittest” needs to improve other U.S. as “fittest” needs to improve other nationsnations

Alfred Thayer Mayan – Alfred Thayer Mayan – “The Influence of Sea “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History”Power Upon History”

Great nations have great navy…. overseas Great nations have great navy…. overseas naval basesnaval bases

HUMANITARIAN REASONSHUMANITARIAN REASONS – –

protection of Cubans:protection of Cubans: Reports published of inhumane Reports published of inhumane treatment of the Cubans by the treatment of the Cubans by the SpanishSpanish

CAUSES OF THE WAR:CAUSES OF THE WAR: YELLOW JOURNALISM!!YELLOW JOURNALISM!!

Rival NY newspapermen Wm. Rival NY newspapermen Wm. Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer tried to Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer tried to scoop each other to sell papersscoop each other to sell papers

misleading pictures like this one misleading pictures like this one commoncommon women were searched by women were searched by other women not menother women not men

de Lde Lômeôme Letter - Feb. 9, 1898 Letter - Feb. 9, 1898 published by Hearst - Spanish published by Hearst - Spanish ambassador insulted McKinleyambassador insulted McKinley

““Remember the Maine!” articles Remember the Maine!” articles on the mysterious explosion in on the mysterious explosion in Feb. 1898Feb. 1898

USS Maine, 15 USS Maine, 15 Feb. 1898Feb. 1898

WAR DECLARED!!WAR DECLARED!! McKinley asks & McKinley asks &

Congress declares Congress declares war – April 25, war – April 25, 18981898

Congress adds Congress adds TELLER TELLER AMENDMENTAMENDMENT to to War Declaration:War Declaration: Promises Promises

freedom to freedom to liberated Cubans liberated Cubans after Spanish after Spanish are defeatedare defeated

War!War! Although it was a war Although it was a war

to liberate the Cuban to liberate the Cuban people, the SAW people, the SAW actually started in the actually started in the Philippines.Philippines.

May 1, 1898 - Dewey’s May 1, 1898 - Dewey’s Battle at Manila BayBattle at Manila Bay, , took all of 6 hours to took all of 6 hours to complete complete just 6 days just 6 days after war was after war was declareddeclared..

How was this possible?How was this possible?““Fire when ready, Gridley.” Fire when ready, Gridley.” Commodore George DeweyCommodore George Dewey

Meanwhile backMeanwhile back in Cuba . . . in Cuba . . .

American forces American forces invaded in Juneinvaded in June

Teddy Roosevelt, Teddy Roosevelt, the “Rough the “Rough Riders” (& black Riders” (& black 1010thth Cavalry) Cavalry) successfully take successfully take San Juan HillSan Juan Hill

Rough Riders: Rough Riders: college athletes, college athletes, miners, cowboys, law miners, cowboys, law officers, etc. formed officers, etc. formed into a cavalry unit by into a cavalry unit by Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt

Charge at San Juan Hill, Frederick Remington

““I should I should welcome welcome almost almost any war any war for I think for I think this this country country needs needs one.”one.”

Theodore Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt

Victory!Victory! Battle at Santiago HarborBattle at Santiago Harbor

Spanish fleet, Admiral Cervera, headed into this harbor and Spanish fleet, Admiral Cervera, headed into this harbor and was promptly blockaded by U.S.was promptly blockaded by U.S.

Eventually tries to break blockade & whole fleet destroyed Eventually tries to break blockade & whole fleet destroyed outside of Santiago harbor on July 3outside of Santiago harbor on July 3

Spanish surrendered July 17, 1898Spanish surrendered July 17, 1898 Armistice Armistice signed on Aug. 12signed on Aug. 12

U.S. troops march into & occupy U.S. troops march into & occupy Puerto Rico, July 1898Puerto Rico, July 1898

Hawaii also annexed at this time. Why?

TREATY OF PARIS, 1898TREATY OF PARIS, 1898 U.S. GETS:U.S. GETS:

PHILIPPINES – AT COST OF $20 PHILIPPINES – AT COST OF $20 MILLIONMILLION

PUERTO RICOPUERTO RICOGUAMGUAM

SPAIN GIVES UP CONTROL OVER CUBASPAIN GIVES UP CONTROL OVER CUBA CUBA IS NOW AN INDEPENDENT NATIONCUBA IS NOW AN INDEPENDENT NATION

5000 U.S. lives lost in this war , 5000 U.S. lives lost in this war , mostly due to ?mostly due to ?

Efficiency of Army & Navy in this warEfficiency of Army & Navy in this war??

““It has been a It has been a splendid little warsplendid little war; ; begun with the begun with the highest motives, highest motives, carried on with carried on with magnificent magnificent intelligence and intelligence and spirit, favored by spirit, favored by that fortune which that fortune which loves the brave.”loves the brave.”

John Hay, US John Hay, US Secretary of StateSecretary of State

EFFECTS OF THE WAREFFECTS OF THE WAR U.S. has moved to a foreign policy of U.S. has moved to a foreign policy of

imperialism.imperialism. U.S. is now seen as a world power to be U.S. is now seen as a world power to be

respected.respected. Naval expansionNaval expansion Large increase in U.S. Hispanic populationLarge increase in U.S. Hispanic population U.S. became a player in the Far EastU.S. became a player in the Far East

this would help involve us in future warsthis would help involve us in future wars Defeating yellow fever ended epidemics in the Defeating yellow fever ended epidemics in the

southeast & made the Panama Canal possiblesoutheast & made the Panama Canal possible Acquisition of HawaiiAcquisition of Hawaii The last “romantic war” - last use of cavalry in The last “romantic war” - last use of cavalry in

warwar German rivals jealous & Latin American German rivals jealous & Latin American

neighbors are suspicious!neighbors are suspicious!

AMERICANAMERICAN IMPERIALISM . . .IMPERIALISM . . .

PUERTPUERTOORICORICO

FORAKER ACTFORAKER ACT gave gave limited self-government limited self-government butbut NOT citizensNOT citizens Tariffs on PR goods into USTariffs on PR goods into US

Legal problem: did US Legal problem: did US laws apply to these newly laws apply to these newly acquired territories? – i.e., acquired territories? – i.e., Did the Constitution Did the Constitution “follow the flag?”“follow the flag?”

Supreme Court said “NO” & Supreme Court said “NO” & gave Congress a free hand in gave Congress a free hand in the matter the matter ((Insular CasesInsular Cases))

By 1917, U.S. granted full By 1917, U.S. granted full citizenship & territorial statuscitizenship & territorial status

CUBACUBA Teller Amendment: U.S. had pledged to Teller Amendment: U.S. had pledged to

withdraw but….withdraw but…. Military rule under Gen. Leonard Wood for 3 Military rule under Gen. Leonard Wood for 3

years:years: Education,, agriculture, & public health Education,, agriculture, & public health

reforms; set up governmentreforms; set up government Greatest success: totally eradicated yellow Greatest success: totally eradicated yellow

fever (Army Dr. Walter Reed)fever (Army Dr. Walter Reed) U.S. withdraws from Cuba in 1902 leaving behind U.S. withdraws from Cuba in 1902 leaving behind

the the Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment:: Governs Cuban/U.S. relations for next 33 yearsGoverns Cuban/U.S. relations for next 33 years Establishes Cuba as a Establishes Cuba as a PROTECTORATEPROTECTORATE of U.S. of U.S.

Platt Amendment:Platt Amendment: TERMS:TERMS:

1.1. Cuba cannot enter into agreements Cuba cannot enter into agreements with foreign nations that would weaken with foreign nations that would weaken its independenceits independence

2.2. Cuba must allow U.S. use of naval basesCuba must allow U.S. use of naval bases GUANTANAMO BAY!GUANTANAMO BAY!

3.3. Cuba must not get into debtCuba must not get into debt4.4. Cuba must allow U.S. to intervene Cuba must allow U.S. to intervene

whenever necessary to protect Cuban whenever necessary to protect Cuban independenceindependence

Seen as true compromise (Cuba Seen as true compromise (Cuba independent but also protected)independent but also protected)

BUT, actually kept U.S. and Cuba from BUT, actually kept U.S. and Cuba from true friendly relations – Why?true friendly relations – Why?

THE THE PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINES

Major issue of Major issue of foreign policy – foreign policy – should the should the Philippines be Philippines be annexed?annexed?

McKinley decides McKinley decides to annex to to annex to “educate, civilize “educate, civilize and Christianize and Christianize the Filipinos”the Filipinos”

Very Difficult to Very Difficult to Govern:Govern: 7,100 islands7,100 islands 7.5 million people7.5 million people 43 ethnic groups; 87 43 ethnic groups; 87

languageslanguages Varying lifestyles: city Varying lifestyles: city

dwellers to tree dwellers to tree dwellersdwellers

FILIPINO RESENTMENT:FILIPINO RESENTMENT: Thought U.S. had come to give Thought U.S. had come to give

independence from Spanish control, independence from Spanish control, not make them part of U.S.not make them part of U.S. Wage war against the U..S. , 1899 - Wage war against the U..S. , 1899 -

19021902 Led by Emilio AguinaldoLed by Emilio Aguinaldo Why is this ironic?Why is this ironic?

Teddy Roosevelt helps Teddy Roosevelt helps to overcome the to overcome the Filipino resentment:Filipino resentment:

Appoints William Howard Appoints William Howard Taft as Governor:Taft as Governor: Teaches self-government Teaches self-government

(encourages Filipino (encourages Filipino representatives in representatives in territorial gov’t)territorial gov’t)

Establishes public Establishes public schoolsschools

Returns property Returns property confiscated by Spanish confiscated by Spanish back into hands of back into hands of rightful Filipino ownersrightful Filipino owners

Take up the White Take up the White Man’s burden-Man’s burden-Send forth the best Send forth the best ye breedye breedGo, bind your sons to Go, bind your sons to exileexileTo serve your To serve your captives needscaptives needsTo wait in heavy To wait in heavy harnessharnessOn fluttered folk and On fluttered folk and wildwildYour new-caught Your new-caught sullen peoples,sullen peoples,Half devil and half Half devil and half childchild

The White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s Burdenby Rudyard Kiplingby Rudyard Kipling

So… what is the White Man’s Burden?So… what is the White Man’s Burden?

INDEPENDENCE!INDEPENDENCE!Finally Finally granted to granted to the the Philippines Philippines in 1946in 1946

Why not Why not before before then?then?

IMPERIALISM in the Caribbean & the Far IMPERIALISM in the Caribbean & the Far EastEast

The Big Stick in the Caribbean SeaRogers, New York Herald (NY: Sun., Inc. 1905)

ELECTION OF 1900ELECTION OF 1900 REPUBLICANS:REPUBLICANS: William McKinley William McKinley

& T. Roosevelt& T. Roosevelt– Why was Why was

Roosevelt the VP Roosevelt the VP nomination?nomination?

Avoid issue of Avoid issue of imperialismimperialism

Campaign on Campaign on issue of good issue of good economy: economy: “Four “Four Years More of the Years More of the Full Dinner Pail”Full Dinner Pail”

WIN decisivelyWIN decisively

DEMOCRATS:DEMOCRATS: William William

Jennings BryanJennings Bryan Campaign on Campaign on

issue of anti- issue of anti- imperialismimperialism

ASSASSINATION!ASSASSINATION! McKinley McKinley

assassinated at assassinated at Buffalo World’s Buffalo World’s Fair in 1901 by Fair in 1901 by deranged deranged anarchist, anarchist, Leon Leon CzolgosvCzolgosv

Teddy Roosevelt Teddy Roosevelt becomes becomes youngest U.S. youngest U.S. President in President in history, age 42history, age 42

The Big Stick in the Caribbean SeaRogers, New York Herald (NY: Sun., Inc. 1905)

Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary (“extension”)(“extension”) Extension of the Monroe Doctrine – occurs as Extension of the Monroe Doctrine – occurs as

result of Venezuelan disputeresult of Venezuelan dispute Same motives for intervention in Caribbean Same motives for intervention in Caribbean

as with Cubaas with Cuba U.S. would intervene in Latin American U.S. would intervene in Latin American

affairs to prevent intervention from affairs to prevent intervention from European nationsEuropean nations– 1902 – German/British arbitration of 1902 – German/British arbitration of

Venezuelan disputeVenezuelan dispute– 1903 – Dominican Republic defaults on 1903 – Dominican Republic defaults on

Euro debts / U.S. collectsEuro debts / U.S. collects– 1911 – Nicaragua defaults on debt / U.S. 1911 – Nicaragua defaults on debt / U.S.

collectscollects Monroe Doctrine requires U.S. to become the Monroe Doctrine requires U.S. to become the

international policeman of Latin Americainternational policeman of Latin America

““SPEAK SOFTLY AND SPEAK SOFTLY AND CARRY A BIG STICK”CARRY A BIG STICK”

Teddy Roosevelt’s Teddy Roosevelt’s philosophy on philosophy on foreign policyforeign policy

““Speak softly”Speak softly” = = negotiationsnegotiations

““Carry a Big Stick”Carry a Big Stick” = use whatever = use whatever force is necessary force is necessary if negotiations failif negotiations fail

Prime examplePrime example is … is …

During the Spanish American War in 1898, the U.S. desired a quicker way of moving ships between the east and west coast of North

America. The voyage around South America could take months.

15,000 MILES

PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 190lHay-Pauncefote Treaty 190l U.S. offered to buy it from U.S. offered to buy it from ColombiaColombia

for $10 million, plus $250,000 for $10 million, plus $250,000 yearly rentyearly rent

Colombia refused the offer so……Colombia refused the offer so…… TR encourages Panamanian revoltTR encourages Panamanian revolt Sends naval cruiser & warships to Sends naval cruiser & warships to

provide support if necessaryprovide support if necessary Panama claims independence.Panama claims independence. U.S. signs treaty for rights to build U.S. signs treaty for rights to build

& operate canal just 2 weeks later.& operate canal just 2 weeks later. Construction starts 1904 – first Construction starts 1904 – first

ships through in 1914.ships through in 1914.

President Roosevelt visits the canal

construction site in 1906.

•Takes 10 years to build•$400 million; 40,000 laborers•Takes 8 hours to go through•Cuts off 8,000 mi. from NY to San Fran•Goes up/down 85 feet through locks

The News Reaches Bogota

TR’s Justification: a mandate from the TR’s Justification: a mandate from the world to promote the interests of world to promote the interests of “collective civilization.”“collective civilization.”

Miraflores is one of three locks on the Panama Canal.Lock gates are 14 stories high

**

The Panama Canal opened August 15, 1914.

NASA shaded relief mapNASA shaded relief map

Costs??? Depends….

• The most expensive regular toll for canal passage to date was charged on May 16, 2008 to the 964-foot (295 m) Disney Magic cruise liner, which paid just over US$331,200.[20] The least expensive toll was 36 cents to American adventurer Richard Halliburton who swam the canal in 1928.[21] The average toll is around US$54,000. The highest fee for priority passage charged through the Transit Slot Auction System was US$220,300, paid on August 24, 2006 by the Panamaxtanker Erikoussa,[22] bypassing a 90-ship queue waiting for the end of maintenance works on the Gatun locks, thus avoiding a 7-day delay. The normal fee would have been just US$13,430.

OPEN DOOR POLICY WITH OPEN DOOR POLICY WITH CHINACHINA

Japan & China at war over Korea in 1894Japan & China at war over Korea in 1894 Japan wins & gets territory in ChinaJapan wins & gets territory in China European nations worried about Japan’s new European nations worried about Japan’s new

power & “divided” China up into power & “divided” China up into spheres of spheres of influenceinfluence controlled by the major European controlled by the major European nationsnations

Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence = = area where a foreign area where a foreign nation controlled economic development & nation controlled economic development & tradetrade

Sec. Of State John Hay supports “Open Door Sec. Of State John Hay supports “Open Door Policy”Policy”

““Open Door Policy” Open Door Policy” sought free trade with sought free trade with China by all countriesChina by all countries

Europe and Japan didn’t think much of this Europe and Japan didn’t think much of this policy – had no real effect early on.policy – had no real effect early on.

THE “OPEN THE “OPEN DOOR” DOOR” POLICYPOLICY

Sec. Of State Sec. Of State John HayJohn Hay

Open Door Open Door Notes, 1899Notes, 1899

22ndnd round of round of Open Door Open Door NotesNotes

A FAIR FIELD AND NO FAVOR! Uncle Sam “US Out For Commerce, Not Conquest!”

THE BOXER REBELLIONTHE BOXER REBELLION

Boxers = Boxers = xenophobicxenophobic; ; secret Chinese society secret Chinese society that wanted to get rid of that wanted to get rid of foreigners & foreign foreigners & foreign control in China.control in China.

Attacked foreign embassies Attacked foreign embassies in Beijingin Beijing

Killed over 200 foreignersKilled over 200 foreigners International force (including International force (including

U.S.) crushed rebellion in U.S.) crushed rebellion in August 1900August 1900

China pays damages for China pays damages for rebellion; China does not get rebellion; China does not get divided by foreign powersdivided by foreign powers

RUSSO-JAPANESE RUSSO-JAPANESE WARWAR

Russia wants KoreaRussia wants Korea(Japan has it)(Japan has it)

Japan wants resources from Japan wants resources from Manchuria – Russia controls this areaManchuria – Russia controls this area

Sneak attack by Japan on Russian Sneak attack by Japan on Russian Fleet, 1905 (much like Pearl Harbor)Fleet, 1905 (much like Pearl Harbor)

Japan is winning but by 1905 both Japan is winning but by 1905 both sides are ready to make peacesides are ready to make peace– Japan is running out of resourcesJapan is running out of resources– Russia has revolutionary problemsRussia has revolutionary problems

TR asked to act as mediatorTR asked to act as mediator Convinces Russia to leave Convinces Russia to leave

ManchuriaManchuria Convinces Japan to accept small Convinces Japan to accept small

amount of land instead of $ it felt amount of land instead of $ it felt Russia owedRussia owed

TR gets TR gets Nobel Peace PrizeNobel Peace Prize Treaty of Portsmouth (NH)Treaty of Portsmouth (NH) Effect of the war:Effect of the war:

– Balance of power in Asia has shifted Balance of power in Asia has shifted from Russia to Japanfrom Russia to Japan

– Japan is now seen as the biggest Japan is now seen as the biggest Eastern threatEastern threat

GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT, GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT, 19071907

SPEAK SOFTLY:SPEAK SOFTLY: is the deal is the deal negotiated:negotiated:– CALIFORNIA: CALIFORNIA: will stop will stop

segregating Japanese segregating Japanese schoolchildrenschoolchildren

– JAPAN: JAPAN: will halt emigration to will halt emigration to U.S.U.S.

CARRY A BIG STICK: TR sends new navy – “Great White

Fleet” on world tour as show of American force –U.S. does NOT fear Japan’s growing military power

TOUR OF THE GREAT WHITE TOUR OF THE GREAT WHITE FLEETFLEET