emperor hammurabi receives a code of laws from the god shamash, patron of justice. the region’s...
TRANSCRIPT
Emperor Hammurabi receives a code of laws from the god Shamash, patron of justice.
The region’s history includes Fertile Crescent and Egyptian civilizations, the birth of three major religions, and the spread of Muslim empires.
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North Africa and Southwest Asia: Place and Times
Physical GeographySECTION 1
Ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent
SECTION 2
Ancient EgyptSECTION 3
Birthplace of Three ReligionsSECTION 4
Muslim EmpiresSECTION 5
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North Africa and Southwest Asia: Place and Times
Section 1
Physical GeographyWater and the lack of it has shaped this region of flooding rivers, little rainfall, and surrounding seas.
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Rivers and Deserts
Water’s Importance• Little rain falls, so water and lack of water
shapes region- in area’s deserts, water is only found in oasis areas
• Annual river flooding makes some areas’ soil fertile—productive- fertile soil has nutrients to help plants grow
Physical Geography1SECTION
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From Hunter-Gatherers to Farmers• Hunter-gatherers hunt, fish, and gather wild
grain, fruit, nuts- humans have been hunter-gatherers 99% of their time on Earth
• Hunter-gatherers eventually settle, raise animals, crops- first areas settled include Nile, Tigris, Euphrates river valleys
• Nile flows from east central Africa through Egypt• Tigris, Euphrates flow from southeast Turkey
into Persian Gulf
Three Rivers
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Continued . . .
How Rivers Enrich the Soil• Rivers allow farming in region’s salty, sandy soil• Melted snow from Ethiopian mountains floods Nile• Melted snow in Turkish highlands floods Tigris,
Euphrates• Floods leave behind fertile soil
continued Three Rivers
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Irrigation• To get water from rivers to farms, farmers develop
irrigation- irrigation—methods of bringing water to dry land
Trade Routes• Mild climate of land around Mediterranean Sea
attracts settlers- early civilizations form on eastern shores
• Red Sea is historically an important trade route for goods, ideas
• Persian Gulf also important trade route- important today because it is in the middle of oil-rich region
Surrounding Waters
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Continued . . .
Energy from an Ancient Sea• Huge sea covered region millions of years ago• Sea creatures’ bodies sank to bottom, were
covered by mud, sand• Over time, heat and pressure turn dead matter
into petroleum, or oil
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continued Surrounding Waters
Turkey• Turkey is cooler then rest of region, gets more
rain• Has grasslands, forest areas
Section 2
Ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile CrescentAncient Mesopotamia’s complex civilization, based on city-states, develops a code of laws and a written language.
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The Mesopotamian City-State
The Fertile Crescent• Hammurabi—ancient Mesopotamian emperor,
ruled 1792–1750 B.C.• Mesopotamia—Greek for “land between the
rivers”• Covers area of Iraq, parts of Syria, Turkey• Region called Fertile Crescent due to shape,
fertile soil
Ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent
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City-States• Sumerians—first inhabitants form city-states
around 3000 B.C.• City-state—city and areas it controls• Three challenges influence development of city-
states:- high walls protect from hostile invaders- irrigation canals provide water to area with little rainfall- allow safe trading of grain, dates, cloth for stones, metals, timber
continued The Mesopotamian City-State
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Continued . . .
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Government by Priests and Kings• Each city-state builds temple to specific guardian
god- temple is built on ziggurat—pyramid-shaped tower
• City-states are first ruled by temple priests, then elected leaders- leaders later become kings
• Kings control politics, military; priests control religion, economy
continued The Mesopotamian City-State
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From Kings to Emperors• Sometimes kings conquer other city-states
- let conquered city-states keep gods, local control• Some kings build empires from conquered lands
- empire—group of countries under one ruler’s control- force conquered people to worship emperor as god
continued The Mesopotamian City-State
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The Three Classes• Mesopotamia has class system—society
divided into social groups- each group, or class, has certain rights, protections
• Top class: kings, priests, rich property owners• Middle class: skilled workers, merchants,
farmers• Bottom class: slave workers
- some captured in wars, others sold into slavery to pay debts
The Class System
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Cuneiform• Cuneiform—one of first systems of writing,
developed by Sumerians- used to write lists, records, histories, religious beliefs, science
• Most Sumerians cannot write; scribes trained to keep records
A Culture Based on Writing
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Educating Scribes• Most scribes are children of rich officials,
priests, merchants• Boys, some girls attend “tablet houses”—scribe
schools• Memorize 600 wedge-shaped characters
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Scribes Played Many Roles• Scribes also write own literary, scientific works
- some women write lullabies, love songs• Traveling scribes share writings from other
countries• Scribes read works out loud to audiences• Stories include tales from The Epic of Gilgamesh
continued A Culture Based on Writing
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Section 3
Ancient EgyptThe civilization of the ancient Egyptians developed in response to both its desert environment and the flooding waters of the Nile River.
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Ancient Egypt and the Nile
The River in the Sand• Greek historian Herodotus calls Egypt “the gift of
the Nile”• Most of Egypt is desert, which discourages
invaders- Nile is called “the river in the sand”
• Egyptians, farmers plan their year around Nile flooding- but cannot predict amount of flooding each year- low floods limit crops; high floods destroy fields, homes
Ancient Egypt
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Taming the Nile• Build canals to carry water from river to dry areas• Strengthen riverbanks to prevent overflow• Use Nile to travel between cities; build boats,
harbors, ports• Nile made trade profitable, removed need for
many roads
continued Ancient Egypt and the Nile
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The Nile’s Gifts• Nile mud used for pottery, bricks• Papyrus—paperlike material from papyrus plant
found in Nile marshes
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The Pyramids• Idea of afterlife important to life, culture• Build huge temples, monuments, pyramids—
four triangular sides• Pyramids built as afterlife palaces for pharaohs
—kings
The Great Builders
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Materials and Labor• Pyramids built with large blocks of stone, capped
with gold• Builders use hieroglyphics—write with
pictographs for words, sounds• All families help with dangerous work, as laborers,
food providers
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Religion in Daily Life• Pharaoh considered to be son of sun god Re,
linked to sky god Horus- Pharoah is Egypt’s main judge, commander, religious figure
• Temples built to honor major gods, local gods, pharaohs- only priests carried out temple rituals
• Most citizens pray, make offerings in other buildings, home shrines
The Pharaoh and the Gods
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Preparing for the Afterlife• Average citizens are not buried in pyramids• Family members bury relatives, tend to their
spirits- preserve bodies from decay by mummifying them- fill tombs with items for dead to use- decorate tombs with art- make regular offerings to honor dead
continued The Pharaoh and the Gods
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Section 4
Birthplace of Three ReligionsSouthwest Asia was the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
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Three Religions
Jerusalem• City has been home for centuries to Jews,
Christians, Muslims• Each group believes in only one god—
monotheism- Sumerians, Egyptians believe in many gods—polytheism
• Each religion was begun by single person, has sacred writings
Birthplace of Three Religions
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Yahweh and Abraham• Hebrews, first monotheists, believe Yahweh spoke to
Abraham- has him leave Mesopotamian Ur, settle in Canaan (now Israel)
• Abraham’s descendants are Jews; religion is Judaism
Abraham and the Origin of Judaism
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How Judaism Adapted over Time• In 586 B.C., Babylonians destroy Jews’ First
Temple in Jerusalem- Jews are exiled to Babylon
• Persians take over Mesopotamia 50 years later- Jews return to Jerusalem, rebuild Temple
• Jerusalem, Temple destroyed when Jews fight Roman rule in A.D. 66
• Most Jews live outside Jerusalem for next 1,800 years
continued Abraham and the Origin of Judaism
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Early Life• Around 8 to 4 B.C., Jewish boy Jesus born in
Bethlehem, Palestine• According to Bible’s Gospels, written decades after
his death:- grew up in Galilee, baptized at age 30 by cousin John the Baptist- for 3 years, preaches love, forgiveness; performs miracles- 12 disciples, other followers believe he is Jewish Messiah—savior- called Christ—Greek for messiah; followers called Christians
Jesus and the Birth of Christianity
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Final Days• Some government, religious leaders feel Jesus,
followers are threat- in Jerusalem, Jesus betrayed by disciple, Judas Iscariot- arrested, tried, crucified; disciples believe he was resurrected
continued Jesus and the Birth of Christianity
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Beginnings of Christianity• Disciples spread Jesus’ teachings and belief he
was Jewish Messiah• Christianity develops from Jewish roots, spreads
around world• Today, few Christians live in Southwest Asia
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The Region’s Third Monotheistic Religion• Muhammad born in Mecca around A.D. 570
- founder of Islam—religion with one god, whose prophet is Muhammad- Muslim—believer in Islam
• Muslims believe that around 610, Muhammad is commanded by a voice
Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam
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Muhammad’s Teachings• Muhammad believes angel Gabriel tells him the will
of God- Gabriel sends him revelations over next 22 years
• Revelations later collected into Qur’an—sacred text of Islam
• Muhammad shares divine messages, criticizes rich of Mecca
• Mecca’s leaders try to kill Muhammad• In 622, Muhammad, followers escape to nearby
Medina
continued Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam
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Section 5
Muslim EmpiresIslamic beliefs and culture spread out Southwest Asia and much of the world
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The Five Pillars of Islam
Religious Duties• Five Pillars of Islam—Muslims’ important
religious duties- these duties unite Muslims around the world
Muslim Empires
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Conquest, Trade, and Learning• After Muhammad’s death, a caliph is chosen to
succeed him• Caliphs form caliphate—empire—as theocracy,
ruled by religious leader• Caliphate’s vast trading system spreads Islamic
ideas, artwork• In early Middle Ages, Muslims save important
books, papers- preserve ancient world’s knowledge, later studied by Europeans
Muslim Empires
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Islam in Europe• Muslims conquer Spain, but stopped in 732 at
Tours by Charles Martel
Suleiman, “The Magnificent”• Muslim Ottoman Empire controls Turkey, other
parts of region- ruled by sultans from capital Constantinople (now Istanbul)
• Sultans tolerate other religions• In 1500s Suleiman I creates code of laws for
system of justice- called “The Magnificent” by Christians, “The Lawgiver” by Muslims
• Under Suleiman I, Empire is richest, most powerful in region, Europe
The Ottoman Empire
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The Janissaries• Many male slaves in Empire are soldiers• Janissaries—special group of soldiers loyal to
sultan- developed in late 1300s out of slave forces
• So powerful by 1660s, sultans feared them• Attacked sultan in 1826
- 6,000 Janissaries are killed; sultan disbands force
Slaves and Soldiers
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Weakening in the 1800s• Empire constantly fights wars, grows weak
- cannot compete with industrialized trade- comes close to bankruptcy in 1800s
• Sultan Mehmed V on losing side of WWI, gives up Arab lands
• By 1924, Ottoman Empire is replaced by modern Turkey
The Decline of the Ottoman Empire
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