LESSON 2 STRUCTURE OF THE BODY

CELLULAR STRUCTURE

Cell The basic unit of the body is the cell. The body has many billions of cells each working independently but in cooperation with every cell of the body.

Cell Membrane Enclosing the contents of the cell is the cell membrane.

Cytoplasm Between the cell membrane and the nucleus is the cytoplasm.

Organells Many different organells are contained within the cytoplasm including:

Endoplasmic recticulum - protein and fat synthesisRibosomes - RNA manufacturingGolgi body - protein manufacturingMitochondria - energy production ATPLysosomes - enzyme manufacturingVacuoles - storageCentrosome - cell divisions

Nucleus Controlling much of the cellular activity is the nucleus containing

Chromosomes The genetic code (chromosomes) of both the cell and total body. RNA Chromosomes are formed from the single molecule RNA and theDNA double helix molecule DNA. The nucleus also controls cell divisionMitosis or mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis

Tissue Groups of cells join together to become tissue and perform similar tasks. The four major types of tissue are muscle, nerve, connecting and epithelial.

Muscle tissue - movementNerve tissue - conducts impulses to and from brainConnective tissue - supports and connects body structures (i.e., fat) Epithelial - lining and covering (i.e. skin)

Regions The body is divided into regions for classification purposes. The regions of the body are:

HeadNeckThoraxAbdomenUpper ExtremityLower Extremity

Histology Histology and pathology are the sciences of tissue study. Two orPathology more tissue types combine together to form organs. The organ systems are:

Integumentary (skin)SkeletalMuscularCirculatoryRespiratoryDigestiveUrinaryMale ReproductiveFemale ReproductiveNervousEndocrine

Systems When groups of organs work together to perform complex body functions they are called systems. All of the above-mentioned organ systems are dependent on one another.

Cavities The body has five cavities each containing internal organs. The cavities are:Cranial cavity - brain, sinuses, pharynxSpiral cavity - spinal cord and vertebraeThoracic cavity - lungs, heart, esophagus, bronchi, trachealAbdominal cavity - stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, pancreas,

spleen, uretersPelvic cavity - bladder, reproductive organs, part of larger

intestines and rectum

CANCER TERMSThe use of medical terms in describing the different stages of cancer.

Benign: Good or non-harmfulMalignant: Bad or CancerousMetastized: Beyond control or having spread to other sites.

In medicine, pathologists identify cancers by their stage of progression: I. In the beginning stages II. A little bit advanced, increasing in size III. Cancerous, cells dividing IV. Highly cancerous, spreading to other tissue V. Highly life threatening

They add other letters onto the Roman Numeral to show where they are in each of these stages. Examples would be IIIc, IIId, IVb, etc.

The stages of cancer are identified by how they are written.

Benign (meaning good) tumors are those that are considered to be non-harmful but should be watched carefully for signs of change (like they begin to bleed, develop into abnormal size or shape) and other signs. Blood and biopsy tests usually detect benign tumors as they begin these changes. Benign tumors are named using the Tissue involved and then putting -oma as a suffix.

EXAMPLES ARE: Osteoma, lipoma, pneumoma, chondroma. Meaning: benign bone tumor, benign fat tumor, benign tumor of lung tissue, and benign tumor of cartilage tissue.

Generally speaking, benign tumors have a high predictability of changing into the next stage of cancer, which are malignant tumors (meaning bad or cancerous). Malignant tumors begin to grow at a much faster rate than normal or benign tissue.

FOR EXAMPLE: Skin tissue usually divides every few days, but if it becomes malignant skin tissue, the cell may divide every few hours.

Epithelial tissue divides every few minutes normally, but if it becomes malignant, it divides every few seconds.

Malignant tumors are named using special suffixes. The five most common are:

epithelioma = epithelial tissuesarcoma = fleshy tissue,or connective tissuecarcinoma = multiple types of tissueglioma = nervous tissue

blastoma = developmental tissue

Naming of malignant tumors includes the tissue type or organ site where the tumor is located.EXAMPLES:dermatoepitheliomapneumoepitheliomahepatoepitheliomachondrosarcomaosteosarcomamyosarcomaosteomyocarcinomapneumobronchocarcinomaspondylogliomaneurogliomaencephalogliomaencephalglioblastomamyeloblastomaneuroblastoma

When tumors change to the next stages of cancer, their names change again using two separate terms. These stages of cancerous growth are referred to as metastasized (meaning beyond control) tumors or the cancerous cells have moved into several different sites and tissue types are considered to be beyond control with normal medical treatment. Metastasized tumors generally require systemic cancer controlling drug therapy ( drugs are injected directly into the blood stream) and radiation therapy. Surgical procedures are usually done to remove the larger malignant tumors and then patients are given both radiation therapy and systemic drugs to destroy the cells that could not be surgically removed.

Metastasized tumors are named using two separate parts. The first term showing the exact tissue or organs that have been invaded by the cancer and the second term using one of several general cancer types, like blastoma, sarcoma, carcinoma, glioma, epithelioma, etc.

EXAMPLES:Osteochrondoma Sarcoma = Metastasized tumor of bone tissue and cartilage tissuePneumoadenoma Epithelioma = Metastasized tumor of lung and glandular tissueVentralonervoma Glioma = Metastasized tumor of the ventricles of the brain

including other nervous tissueMyoneuroma Gliosarcoma = Metastasized tumor of the muscles and nervous

system tissue

Osteomyeloma Blastoma = Metastasized tumor of the bone, bone marrow and

developmental tissues.

The more serious the cancer or cancer in the latter stages will include more and more tissue and organs as the cancer spreads into other body parts.

Pronunciation

Correct pronunciation of medical terms is essential so that other health professionals can understand what you are saying. It is a most important component of patient safety and the provision of high quality of patient care.

Throughout this textbook the pronunciation of medical terms will be written out phonetically using modern English forms. The part of the word to be emphasized is written in bold, uppercase letters.

For example, the term pulmonary will be phonetically written PUL-moh-nar-ee. The term pulmonology will be written PUL-moh-NOL-oh-jee. This illustrates that words derived from the same root can have their emphasis placed on different parts of the word, and that the part being emphasized can be from different elements. The syllable of emphasis NOL is derived partly from the combining form pulmon/o- and partly from the suffix -logy.

The CD-ROM that comes with this textbook contains all the medical terms used in the book and you can hear them pronounced correctly. (CD icon here)

Box 1-10. PRACTICAL POINTS (use color to highlight box)

• Some words that are pronounced the same are spelled differently. For example:• Both ilium and ileum are pronounced ILL-ee-um. Ilium is a bone in the

pelvis, ileum is a segment of the small intestine.

• Both mucus and mucous are pronounced MYU-kus. Mucus is a noun and is the name of a fluid secreted by mucous (adjective) membranes that line body cavities.• Some words if incorrectly pronounced sound the same. For example:

• The term prostate, pronounced PROSS-tate, refers to the gland at the base of the male bladder. The term prostrate means to be physically weak or exhausted or to lie flat on the ground.• Train your ear to hear the differences – reflex is not reflux.• Many medical terms form a verb, noun, plural and an adjective and you have to know them all-- for example diagnose, diagnosis, diagnoses, and diagnostic (see Box 1-6).

Plurals

For many words in the English language you can change the word from singular to plural by adding an “s.” For medical terms, this only happens occasionally. The plurals are formed in ways that were logical to Greeks and Romans, but have to be learned by memory in English. The many, different ways of creating plurals of medical terms is shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.2 Singular and Plural FormsSingular Ending

Plural Ending

Examples Singular Ending

Plural Ending

Examples

-a -ae axilla axillae

-on -a ganglionganglia

-ax -aces thorax thoraces

-um -a septumsepta

-en -ina lumenlumina

-us -era viscus viscera

-ex -ices cortex cortices

-us -i villusvilli

-is -es diagnosis diagnoses

-us -ora corpus corpora

-is -ides epididymisepididymides

-x -ges phalanx phalanges

-ix -ices appendix appendices

-y -ies ovary ovaries

-ma -mata carcinoma -yx -ices calyx

carcinomata calices

LESSON 2 - GRAPHICS

TERMS FOR LESSON 2 - BODY STRUCTURE

cyt/o cellneur/o nerveepitheli/o epithelialorgan/o organfibr/o fiberpath/o diseasehist/o tissuesomat/o bodykary/o nucleussystem/o systemlip/o fatviscer/o internal organsmy/o muscleblast/o developmental tissue

ADDITIONAL WORD PARTS

carcin/o cancercancer/o cancereti/o causeonc/o tumor (normally cancerous)

COLOR OF TISSUE

chlor/o greenchrom/o colorcyan/o blueerythr/o redleuk/o whitemelan/o blackxanth/o yellow

PREFIXES

ante- beforebin- twoeu- goodhemi- halfhyper- above, excessivehypo- below, deficientinter- between

intra- withinkary- nucleusmeta- after, change, beyondneo- newper- throughpre- throughpro- beforesub- under, below

SUFFIXES

-cyto cell-gen produces or causes-genesis origin or cause-genic producing, originating, causing-oid resembling-osis abnormal condition, increased-pathy diseased condition-penia decrease in number of cells-plasia growth, development, formation of cells in numbers-plasm growth, substance, formation in size-stasis control of, stopping of

WORD LIST - BODY STRUCTURE

abdominalabdominoplastyabdominothoracicadenocarcinomaadiposeautonomic nervous systemblastomabonebraincartilagecellulitischondrosarcomacytologistcytology

cytometercytometrycytotoxicitycytotoxinepithelomafibromafibrothoraxhyperthyroidhypothyroidhyperthermiahypothermiahistologisthistologyhistolysishistolytickaryomegalykaryoidkaryogeniclipidlipaselipectomylipoidlipogenesislipomamyalgiamyofibromemyofibrosismyogrammyographmyologymyopathymyomaneural

neuralgianeurectomyneuritisneurogenicneurologistneurologyneurolysisneuromaneurosisneurocyteneuropathicneuropathypathologypathologistpelvicsomatogenesisvisceralvisceralgia

PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR LESSON 2STRUCTURE OF THE BODY

MATCHING ---- anti a cell---- cyte b to view---- emia c blood---- lysin d destroy---- oid e resembling---- scope f against

MATCHING

---- phag/o a low numbers---- poly/ b many---- chlor/o c to eat---- macr/o d green---- hyper e excessive---- hypo f production---- poiesis g large

---- penia h deficiencyMATCHING

---- leukocytopenia a decreased red blood cell count---- leukemia b decreased white blood cell count---- leukocytosis c increased red blood cell count---- erythropenia d increased white blood cell count---- erythrocytosis e erythrocytopenia

DEFINEarteriogramaortogramelectrocardiogramarteriogramelectrocardiographyerythrocyte counterythrocytosiserythrocytopeniaangiographyangioplastyangiectomyangiotomyhematocritlymphadenographylymphoplastylymphectomylymphangiographylymphangiogramphonocardiogramangiosonogramangioechogramelectrocoagulationelectrostimulationstethoscopesphygmocardiograph

venogramvenoplastyvenectomyabdominoplastyadiposebonecartilagechondrosarcomacytologisthyperthermiahistologykaryomegalylipidlipectomylipomamyogrammyopathyneuralgianeurolysispathologistpelvic examsomatogenesisvisceral

ASSIGNMENT FOR CHAPTER 2

Medical Terminology, HS 280Structure of the Human Body

TRUE OR FALSE?

---- 1. The basic unit of life is the atom.---- 2. The boundary of the cell is called the cell membrane.---- 3. A group of similar cells is called chromosomes.---- 4. Muscle tissue produces movement.---- 5. Nerve tissue carries hormones.---- 6. The body lining is connective tissue.---- 7. Two or more kinds of tissue working together is called an organ.---- 8. The cranial cavity contains the brain.---- 9. The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord.---- 10. The abdominal cavity contains the pancreas.

MATCHING:

----- 11 cyt/o a flesh---- 12 hist/o b cell---- 13 my/o c internal organs---- 14 sarc/o d tissue---- 15 viscer/o e muscle---- 16 organ/o f system---- 17 system/o g nerve---- 18 neur/o h fat---- 19 lip/o i nucleus---- 20 kary/o j organ

DEFINE:21 chrom/o:22 melan/o:23 cyan/o:24 erythr/o:25 leuk/o:26 hyper:27 hypo:28 meta:29 neo:

Assignment for Lesson 2, Structure of the Human Body, pg. 2

30 gen:31 oid:32 osis:33 pathy:34 stasis:35 oma:

MATCHING:---- 36 neopathy a out of control---- 37 myopathy b incomplete development---- 38 metastasis c study of cause of disease---- 39 hypoplasia d new disease---- 40 etiology e cell substance---- 41 erythrocytosis f cyanosis---- 42 cytoplasm g resembling cell---- 43 cytoid h increased number of RBC---- 44 blue color i muscle disease---- 45 pathologist j study of disease processes---- 46 blastoma k. tumor of developmental tissue