emerging and re emerging disease community healty nursing ppt

8/18/2019 Emerging and Re Emerging Disease Community Healty Nursing Ppt

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INTRODUCTION

• Disease burden is colossal

• Cause heavy mortality, disability and

economic loss

• Result in widespread epidemics

• Immense suffering to the man ind

• Disturb International trade and economicdevelopment


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D!"INITION

!merging infectious diseases are #New

diseases$ new problem %New threats&'(

)n emerging infectious disease is a one

that is caused by a newly discovered

infectious agent or by a newly identified

variant of a nown pathogen, which hasemerged and whose incidence in

humans has increased during the last

two decades and is threatening to

increase in the near future(


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Cont*(

• Re+emerging infectious diseases are #old

diseases, new problem( %New threats&'(

• ) re+emerging infectious disease is a one

which was previously controlled but once

again has risen to be a significant health

problem( This term also refers to thatdisease which was formerly confined to one

geographic area, has now spread to other

areas(


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Transmission of communicable

diseases

Agent

of

Vector

Agents Human

I n d i r e c

t

Direct contact

C o n

t a c t

• Number of agents• Caracteristics of agents

• !atogenicit"

• Defense mechanisms

• Immunity

•

ersonalcharacteristics


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-ost Reaction Infectious agents

!nter human host

roduces inapparent infection -ost recovery

.ild disease -ost fights or

with treatment

/evere disease with treatment Disability

Death


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The "actors Responsible

#m$ro$er $%anning of te to&nsi$

!o$u%ation e'$%osion

!oor %i(ing con)itions

*(er cro&)ing

#n)ustria%i+ation

rbani+ation

ac of ea%t care ser(ices

Migration of $o$u%ation

#ntense internationa% tra(e%

/%oba%i+ation


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Cont*• Indiscriminate use of antibiotics and

development of resistance

• Increase in contact with animals

• Insecticide resistance

• )lterations in micro+organisms

• !nvironmental degradation with changingweather pattern(

• Illiteracy and ignorance

• Natural disasters


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redisposing "actors for the

!pidemic• 0efore the on set of

epidemic

– !arth 1uae %2u3arath+4556&

• During the epidemic

– .igration of the people

– !ruption of slums

– Collection of garbage

– /carcity of antibiotics


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!merging Diseases in India and

2lobal

• Diseases due to new agents %!g()ID/&

• Diseases due to new variants of nown pathogens%!g()vian "lu&

• Diseases caused by an infectious agent butresulting in non+communicable diseases(%!g(-ep(C results in liver cancer&


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/%oba% e'am$%es of emerging an)

re-emerging infectious )iseases


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E'am$%es of ne& an) Reemerging

Diseases


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!merging "ood borne water borne

disease

• )ccounts for 78 million cases in the world

annually %T(D( Chugh+7889&

• Incidence is increasing

• -alf of all nown food borne pathogens

discovered during the past 7: years


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Cont*((!ntero hemorrhagic !scherichia coli

– Causes no signs of illness

– ;ow infections dose in humans causes

hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uraemic

syndrome

– Consumption of undercooed beef and

contaminated vegetables, fruits and water for

vegetarians(

– Reported in 4(olata %.inistry of -ealth and ?elfare788@&(

– Detection of potential pathogenic O4:AB-A in river

water %2anges by -amner et al 788A& is alarming(


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Cont*(ibrio cholerae

• Cholera is one of the oldest recorded infectiousdiseases(

• ohn /now demonstrated the spread by infected water

• acini in 49:och in 4996, showed the causative agent (Cholerae(

• Das and 2upta +788: reported the diversity of (Cholerae(

• Narang et al %7889& described the changing patterns of (Cholerae(


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isteria monoc"togenes

;isterosis is an emerging Eoonotic disease

79= deaths due to food borne illnesses in U/)

Organism is robust and survive food+processing and

contaminated refrigerated meat and dairy products(

In India, 0hu3wala et al in 45A8 reported the presence ofthis organism in cervical secretions of 4(6+6= of cases

with very bad obstetrical history(

Thomas et al %4594& in a prospective study of 4688

newborns found the pathogen in 7 cases


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Cam$"%obacter s$$

)re signiFcant Eoonotic poultry pathogens;eading cause of gastro enteritis in the world

)round 7(: million human infections are

reported annually in the United /tates( In developing countries the presence of the

organism was reported in :+78= in child hooddiarrhoea

ain et al %788:& reported isolation of 3e3uni in46(:= of the diarrhoea patients


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Cont*(

/taphylococcus aureus is the #modern 2hengis>han' %Chugh 788A&( the most fre1uently identiFeddrug+resistant pathogen(

/inghal et al %788A&reported ciproHoGacin+resistantmeningococci in an outbrea in Delhi(

Resistance of /almonella typhi and /( paratyphito chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoGaEole iswidespread(

).R in /higella resistance to aEithromycin,ceftriaGon and ciproHoGacin on the increase

Rational use of antibacterial to contain ).R


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.elioidosis• The causative pathogen is 0urholderia

pseudomallei

• It is an environmental saprophyte in rice

paddies, wet soil, mud and pooled surface

water(

• It causes suppurative chronic infection

characteriEed by septicemia and focal

abscesses in liver, spleen and other viscera(


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Cont*(

• -as been documented from Tamilnadu and>arnataa(

•

The association of the disease withdiabetes mellitus is high(

• idyalashmi et al %788A& reviewed thedisease in India

• The first culture proven case in India was achild in .aharashtra in 4558(


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Chronic and Neoplastic Diseases

.icrobe Disease-elicobacter pylori eptic ulcer, gastric

carcinoma

-uman papilloma virus Cervical, anal, vulvarcarcinoma

-epatitis 0C viruses ;iver cirrhosis,hepatocellular carcinoma

!pstein J0ar irus 0+cell lymphoma,nasopharyngeal carcinoma

-uman T lymphotropicvirus type 4

)dult T+cell leuemia


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Cont*(Microbe Disease

-uman herpes virus 9 >aposiKs sarcoma

0orrelia burgdorferi ;yme arthritis

Tropheryma whippelii ?hippleKs disease

Chlamydiapneumoniae

atherosclerosis


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Cont*( • Ramarishna %788@& discussed the high prevalence of

-( pylori infection in India(

• The high prevalence of resistance to metronidaEole,clarithromycin and amoGicillin is the failure to eradicate-( pylori infection(

•The resistance is higher in south than north India(

• -igh rate of re infections in Indian sub3ects %@8=&(

• Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with pathogenesis

of coronary artery disease( %ha et al 788A&(

C t l f ! i d


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Control of !merging and

Re+emerging Diseases

• Controlling the reservoir• Interrupting the transmission

• rotecting the susceptible host

• /trengthening of the disease surveillancesystem

• !ncouraging research initiations fortreatmentregimens and diagnostics

• !ncouraging research for new methods ofcontrol measures

• !stablishment of drug resistance


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Res$onse to H0N1 a(ian inf%uen+a

outbrea in Hong Kong.


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Emerging #nfectious Diseases2

a Researc A$$roac


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Benefits of Emerging Diseases

Researc


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Emerging Diseases 3un)ing 4Nationa%

#nstitute of A%%erg" an) #nfectious Diseases5.


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Role of Nurses in revention

Increase nowledge and sill

!ncourage partnerships with consumers and otherdisciplines to identify needs, set priorities, developstrategies and evaluate progress

/upport health care legislation

Involve in research

!ncourage using multidisciplinary efforts(

Influence local and National economic and political

optionsContinue to advance nursing concern

!ducate the public

0enefits of Community revention


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0enefits of Community revention

rogramme

*$$ortunit" to reac te masses an) effect &i)es$rea)canges in socia% norms

#ncrease) $ub%ic a&areness of an) commitment

#ncrease) cost efficienc" of grou$ inter(ention

Abi%it" of te $rogramme to $romote te )e(e%o$ment of anen(ironment of socia% su$$ort

*$$ortunit" of e(a%uate te effecti(eness of ea%t $romotion$rogramms

Enance) a$$roac to&ar) $romoting ea%t in %arge$o$u%ation

A))itiona% resources for information e'cange an) socia%su$$ort.


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Role of ublic -ealth )uthorities

• Nationa% $rogramme for $re(ention an) contro%of (ector borne )iseases

• egis%ations for e%imination

• Communities a&areness of te )isease

• Minimi+ing transmission of infection2 B"

– Ris communication to te fami%" members

– Minimi+ing (ector $o$u%ation

–Minimi+ing (ector 6 in)i(i)ua% contact

• Re$orting to te nearest $ub%ic ea%t autorit"


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ublic health measures to prevent

infectious diseases• /afe water

• /ewage treatment and disposal

• "ood safety programme

• )nimal control programme

•accination programme

• ublic health organiEation


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Response of the ?-O

• Developing global and regional strategies

•

)ppointing Tas "orce• 2enerous grant from ?-O regular

budget

• /upport the ?orld 0an grant


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Conclusion• The true prevalence of many diseases is not

nown( /ince we live in a global village, weconnot afford to be complacent about thetremendous economic, social and public healthburden of these diseases( !ffective surveillance isthe ey to their early containment(

• There is a need to develop epidemiologyimproved diagnostic facilities, a strong publichealth structure, effective ris communication,epidemic preparedness and rapid response(


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Tae -ome .assage

• Community health is the pivot of 2lobalhealth( ;et us 3oin our hands on creating

an awareness to the individual family andcommunity through effective riscommunication(


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emerging and re emerging disease community healty nursing ppt

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