em -i lab 2008 reg
TRANSCRIPT
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
II Year/IV Semester – BE (EEE)
EE2259 - ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY – I
Manual cum Observation
(As per Anna University)
2008 Regulation
Academic year 2009 - 2010
1
SYLLABUS
EE2259 - ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY - I
List of Experiments
1. Open circuit and load characteristics of separately and self excited DC
shunt generators.
2. Load characteristics of DC compound generator with differential and
cumulative connection.
3. Load characteristics of DC shunt and compound motor.
4. Load characteristics of DC series motor.
5. Swinburne’s test and speed control of DC shunt motor.
6. Hopkinson’s test on DC motor – generator set.
7. Load test on single-phase transformer and three phase transformer
connections.
8. Open circuit and short circuit tests on single phase transformer.
9. Sumpner’s test on transformers.
10. Separation of no-load losses in single phase transformer.
2
CONTENTS
S.No. Name of the experiment Page No.
1 Load test on dc shunt motor 6
2 Load test on dc series motor 10
3Open circuit and load characteristics of separately excited dc generator 15
4Open circuit and load characteristics of self-excited shunt generator 22
5 Speed control of dc shunt motor 28
6 Load test on single phase transformer 32
7Open circuit and short circuit test onA single phase transformer 36
8 Swinburne’s test 44
9 Load test on dc compound motor 50
10 Load test on dc compound generator 55
11 Hopkinson’s test 59
12 Three phase transformer connections 65
13 Viva voce questions-DC machines 71
14 Viva voce questions-transformers 79
3
INDEX
S.No.
Date Name of the experimentMark
sStaffInitial
Remarks
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Model Graph:
Ex. No: Date:
5
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To perform load test on the given D.C shunt motor and to obtain the
following performance characteristics.
1. Torque Vs armature current
2. Speed Vs armature current
3. Speed Vs Torque
4. %Efficiency Vs Power output
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
2. Ammeter mc (0-20) A 1
3. Rheostat Variable 350/1.6A 1
4. Tachometer Analog - 1
5. Connecting wires - - As required
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. S=S1 – S2 in Kg.
S =spring balance (Weight in Kg)
S1, S2 = spring balance reading
2. T=S*R*9.81 Nm
S= spring force in Kg.
R=Radius of the brake drum in meter.
T=Torque in Nm.
Tabulation: Radius of the brake drum =
6
S.N
Input voltage
Vin
Input curre
nt
Iin
Spring balance Reading
Speed
N Torque
T
Input power
Pin
Output
power
Pout
Efficiency
S1 S2S1 – S2
volts Amps Kg Kg Kg Rpm Nm Watts Watts %
Model Calculation:
3. Pin =Vin * Iin in watts.
7
Vin = Voltage input in volts.
Iin =Input current in Amps.
Pin =Input power in watts.
4. Pout = (2NT) /60 in watts.
Pout = output power in watts.
N= Speed in rpm.
T=Torque in Nm.
5. Percentage Efficiency = Pout/Pin *100
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. By closing the MCB, 230v Dc supply is given to the circuit.
3. The motor is started by using three point starters.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor so as to make the motor run at rated speed.
5. Vary the load up to the rated current.
6. Pour some water on brake drum.
7. For each load setting on brake drum, the input voltage input current,
spring balance readings are noted down and tabulated.
8. From the recorded value, calculate input power, output power and
Efficiency and Characteristics curves were drawn.
RESULT:
The load test on the given D.C shunt motor was conducted and its
performance characteristics were drawn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
8
Load test on DC series motor
Ex.No: Date:
9
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR
AIM:
To perform load test on the given D.C series motor and to obtain the
following performance characteristics.
1. Torque Vs armature current 2.Speed Vs armature current
3. Speed Vs Torque 4.Efficiency Vs Power output
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
2. Ammeter mc (0-20) A 1
3. Tachometer Analog - 1
4 Connecting wires As required
FORMULAE USED:
1. S=S1 – S2 in Kg. S =spring balance (Weight in Kg)
S1, S2 = spring balance reading
2. T=S*R*9.81 Nm
S=spring force in Kg.
R=Radius of the brake drum in meter.
T=Torque in Nm.
3. Pin =Vin * Iin in watts.
Vin = Voltage input in volts.
Iin =Input current in Amps.
Pin =Input power in watts.
Tabulation: Radius of the brake drum =
10
S.
NO
Input voltag
e
Vin
Input current
Iin
Spring balance
ReadingSpeed
N
Torque
T
Input power
Pin
Output power
Pout
%
EffficiencyS1 S2
S1 – S2
volts Amps Kg Kg Kg Rpm Nm Watts Watts %
MODEL CALCULATION:
4. Pout = (2NT) /60 in watts.
11
Pout = output power in watts.
N= Speed in rpm.
T=Torque in Nm.
5. Percentage Efficiency % = Pout/Pin *100
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor should be started with some load.
2. Brake drum should be cooled throughout the experiment.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Check whether the initial load is set up in the brake drum.
3. By closing the MCB 230v Dc supply is given to the circuit.
4. The motor is get started by using two point starter.
5. Pour some water to the brake drum and vary the load up to the
rated current and for each load setting on brake drum, the input voltage,
input current, spring balance readings are noted down and tabulated.
6. From the recorded value, calculate input power, output power and
efficiency and readings are noted down and tabulated.
7. After taking all the observation reduce the load up to 40% of the
rated current and switch off the MCB.
12
13
RESULT:
The load test on the given D.C series motor was conducted and its
performance characteristics were drawn.
14
15
Ex.No: Date:
OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPERATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct no load and load test on the given separately excited DC shunt generator to plot the following characteristic curves,
i) Open circuit characteristic
ii) Internal characteristics
iii) External characteristics
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARTUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
2. Ammeter
mc (0-20) A 1
mc (0-2) A 1
mc (0-10)A 1
3. Rheostatvariable 350/1.1A 1
variable 530/0.8A 1
4. Tachometer Analog - 1
5.Variable rheostat load
- - 1
6. DPSTS - - 1
7. SPSTS - - 1
5. Connecting wires - - As required
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. Eg = V + Ia Ra in volts.
Eg = Generated voltage in volts, V = Terminal voltage in volts.
Ia =Armature current in Amps. Ra= Armature resistance in ohms.
16
TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
S.NO.Field current
Output voltage at no load
Amps volts
LOAD TEST:
S.NO
Load voltage Va
Load current IL
Field current IF
Ia=IL Eg = V + Ia Ra
Volts Amps Amps Amps Volts
17
2. Armature current Ia = IL in Amps.
Where,
IL= Line current in Amps.
Ish = Shunt field current in Amps.
3. Input power = Vin * Iin in watts.
Where,
Vin = Input voltage in volts.
Iin = Input current in Amps.
4. % of Efficiency =Pout/ Pin * 100
Where,
Pin = Input power in watts.
Pout = Output power in watts.
Precautions:
There should be no load at the time of starting.
Auto transformer must be kept at minimum position
PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST:
The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
Verify whether field rheostats of the generator are kept at maximum
position and field rheostat of motor at minimum position.
Give 230V DC supply to the connected circuit by closing MCB.
Adjusting the excitation of field rheostat of the motor so as to make
the motor to run at rated speed.
The ammeter and voltmeter reading of the generator are noted
when SPSTS switch is open.
Then SPSTS switch is closed and excitation of the generator varied
up to its rated value and the corresponding field current, induced
emf are noted.
18
To Find Ra:
TO FIND Ra:
S.NO
Voltage
(Va)
Current
(Ia)Ra=Va/Ia
Volts Amps Ohms
19
LOAD TEST:
Fix the armature voltage of the generator to the rated voltage by
adjusting the field rheostat of the generator.
Close the DPSTS at the load side of the generator by step by step
note down the corresponding readings of terminal voltage, load
current, and shunt field current up to its rated current.
After the reading are noted the load to its initial position and the
switch of the motor.
TO FIND Ra:
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
Gradually vary the rectifier unit knob for the corresponding settings
note down the voltmeter, ammeter readings.
From the tabulated value calculate the armature resistance for each
settings.
RESULT:
Thus the no load and load test on the given separately excited DC
shunt generator were conducted to plot the following characteristic
curves,
i) Open circuit characteristic
ii) Internal characteristics
iii) External characteristics
20
OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-EXCITED SHUNT GENERATOR
CIRCUIT DIAGARM
21
Ex.No: Date:
OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF
EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct no load and load test on the given self excited DC shunt generator to plot the following characteristic curves
i) Open circuit characteristic ii) Internal characteristics
iii) External characteristics
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
2. Ammeter
mc (0-20) A 1
mc (0-2) A 1
mc (0-10)A 1
3. Rheostatvariable 350/1.1A 1
variable 530/0.8A 1
4. Tachometer Analog - 1
5.Variable rheostatic load
variable 5 KW 1
6. DPSTS - - 1
7. SPSTS - - 1
5. Connecting wires - - As required
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. Eg = V + IaRa in volts.
Eg = Generated voltage in volts. V = Terminal voltage in volts.
Ia =Armature current in Amps. Ra= Armature resistance in ohms.
22
TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
S.NO. Field currentOutput voltage at
no load
Amps volts
LOAD TEST:
S.NO
Load voltage
V
Load current IL
Field current Ish
Ia=IL+IshEg=Va+IaR
a
Volts Amps Amps Amps Volts
23
2. Armature current Ia = IL + Ish in Amps.
Where,
IL= Line current in Amps.
Ish = Shunt field current in Amps.
3. Input power = Vin * Iin in watts.
Where,
Vin = Input voltage in volts.
Iin = Input current in Amps.
4. % of Efficiency =Pout/ Pin * 100
Where,
Pin = Input power in watts.
Pout = Output power in watts.
PRECAUTIONS:
There should be no load at the time of starting.
Auto transformer must be kept at minimum position
PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST:
The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. Verify whether field rheostats of the generator are kept at maximum
position and field rheostat of motor at minimum position. Give 230V DC supply to the connected circuit by closing MCB. Adjusting the excitation of field rheostat of the motor so as to make
the motor to run at rated speed. The ammeter and voltmeter reading of the generator are noted
when SPSTS switch is open. Then SPSTS switch is closed and excitation of the generator varied
up to its rated value and the corresponding field current, induced emf are noted.
24
To Find Ra:
TO FIND Ra:
S.NO
Voltage
(Va)
Current
(Ia)Ra=Va/Ia
Volts Amps Ohms
25
LOAD TEST:
Fix the armature voltage of the generator to the rated voltage by
adjusting the field rheostat of the generator.
Close the DPSTS at the load side of the generator by step by step
note down the corresponding readings of terminal voltage, load
current, and shunt field current up to its rated current.
After the reading are noted the load to its initial position and the
switch off the motor.
TO FIND Ra:
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
Gradually vary the loading rheostat knob for the corresponding
settings note down the voltmeter, ammeter readings.
From the tabulated value calculate the armature resistance for each
setting.
RESULT:
Thus the no load and load test on the given self excited DC shunt
generator were conducted to plot the following characteristic curves,
i) Open circuit characteristic
ii) Internal characteristics
iii) External characteristics
26
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
NAME PLATE DETAILS
MODEL GRAPH:
27
Ex.No: Date:
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To control the speed of the given DC shunt motor by,
1. Armature control method
2. Field control method
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
2. Ammeter mc (0-2) A 1
3. Ammeter mc (0-5) A 1
3. Rheostat variable350/1.1A 1
50/5A 1
4. Tachometer Analog - 1
5. Connecting wires - - As required
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the 230V DC supply by closing the MCB.
3. Using three-point starter, start the motor.
Armature control method (Below rated speed)
1. Keep the field current constant by adjusting the field rheostat
connected in field Circuit.
2. Vary the rheostat connected in armature circuit for each setting.
Note the corresponding armature voltage, armature current and
tabulate it.
3. From the recorded voltage values draw the graph between speed
and armature voltage.
28
TABULATION:
FIELD CONTROL METHOD:
S.
NO
Va1 = volts Va2 = volts
If (A) N (rpm) If (A) N (rpm)
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:
S.
NO
If1 = amps If2 = amps
Va (v) N (rpm) Va (v) N (rpm)
29
Field control method:
1. For field control method, keep the armature voltage constant by
adjusting the rheostat connected in armature circuit.
2. Vary the rheostat connected in the field circuit and for each
settings note the corresponding field current and speed and
tabulate it.
3. From the recorded value draw the graph between speed and field
current.
RESULT:
Thus the speed of the given DC shunt motor was achieved by,
1. Armature control method
2. Field control method
30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Load test on Single phase transformer
Model Graph:
31
Ex. No: Date:
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To conduct the load test on single-phase transformer and to draw the
characteristics curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
APPARATUS RANGE TYPEQUANTIT
Y
1. Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 2
2. Ammeter (0-5) A MI 2
3. Wattmeter 300V/5A UPF 2
4. Transformer 1KVA/230V - 1
5. Connecting wires - -As
required
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
Percentage efficiency = (Output power/Input power) *100
Percentage Regulation =(V02 –V2)/ V02 * 100
Where,
V02 =Secondary voltage on no load.
V2 = Secondary voltage on load.
Precautions:
Auto transformer must be kept at minimum potential point
There should be no load at the time of starting the experiment
PROCEDURE:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. By closing MCB, 230v single phase, 50Hz ac supply is given to the transformer.
32
3. Note the readings from all meters on no load.
TABULATION:
S.
NO
Primary
Voltage
Primary
current
Secondary Voltage
Secondary
current
Input power
Output power
% Efficiency
%
Regulation
Volts Amps Volts Amps Watts Watts % %
MODEL CALCULATION:
33
4. Now load is applied to the transformer in step by step, up to the rated
primary current and the corresponding readings are noted.
5. From the recorded values calculate the percentage efficiency and
percentage regulation and draw the required graph.
RESULT:
Thus the load test on single-phase transformer was conducted and
characteristics curves were drawn.
34
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Open circuit test on Single phase transformer
TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
S.NO.
Open circuit primary Voltage
(V0)
No load current
(I0)
No load power
(W0)
volts Amps Watts
35
Ex.No: Date:
OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON
A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:
1. To calculate the equivalent circuit parameter by
conducting open circuit and short circuit test on single-phase
transformer.
2. To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of the
given transformer from equivalent circuit parameter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
ITEM TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. Voltmeter MI(0-150)V 1
(0-300)V 1
2. Ammeter MI(0-2)A 1
(0-5)A 1
3. WattmeterUPF 300v/5A 1
LPF 75v/5A 1
4.Auto transformer
-2.7kva,10A,240
V1
5.Connecting wires
- - As required
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
Open circuit test:
1. W0 = I0 V0 cos 0 watts.
Where, cos 0 = (W0 / I0 V0 )
W0 = Real power consumed
V0 = Primary no load voltage in volts
I0 =No load primary current 0 =Phase angle at no load
36
Short circuit test on Single phase transformer
TABULATION:
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
S.NO.
Short circuit voltage
Vsc
Short circuit current
Isc
Short circuit power
Wsc
Volts Amps Watts
37
2. Magnetizing current Im = I0 sin0
Loss compensating current Iw = I0cos 0
3. No load reactance X0 = V1/ Im
4. No load resistance R0 = V1/Iw
Short circuit test:
1. Z01=Vsc/Isc , R01=Wsc/Isc2 X01=Z01
2-R012
2. R02=k*R01 ; X02=k2X01; Z02=k2Z01
Where, Vsc =Short-circuiting voltage in volts.
Isc =Short circuit current in Amps.
Efficiency:
1. Efficiency = Output power/input power
=Output power/(Output power + total losses)
2. Output power =(x *kva* cos)
3. Total loss = copper loss + iron loss
X - Assumed fraction of load
Kva-Rating of the transformer
cos - Assumed power factor
Wsc=Short circuit wattmeter reading (cu loss)
W0=Open circuit wattmeter reading (Iron loss)
Regulation:
% Regulation = xIsc(R02 cos + X02sin)/V20
Where, V20 = Open circuit voltage at secondary
+ = for lagging load ; - = for leading load
38
TABULATION FOR PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:
S.NO.
Iron loss
Cu loss
Load
x
Total loss =
W0+x2Wsc
Output power
Input power % Efficiency
UPF 0.8PF UPF 0.8PF UPF 0.8PF
WattsWatt
s% Watts
Watts
WattsWatt
sWatts % %
39
PRECAUTIONS:
Auto transformer must be kept at minimum potential point.
PROCEDURE:
Open circuit test:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To conduct open circuit test, HV winding must be open circuited and LV
winding must be supplied with its rated voltage by using single-phase
Transformer.
3. By closing the DPSTS the rated voltage at normal frequency is
impressed across the primary winding.
4. The ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted and
tabulated.
Short circuit test:
1. To conduct the short circuit test, the HV winding must be shorted and
the rated current must be allowed to flow in the primary winding using
single- phase auto transformer.
2. By closing MCB, the supply is given to the transformer and the rated
current is applied to the primary winding.
40
TABULATION FOR PERCENTAGE REGULATION:
S. NO.
Power
Factor
cos
125% of load
x =1.25
100% of load
x = 1.00
50% of load
x = 0.5
25% of load
x = 0.25
Lagging
Leading
Lagging
Leading
Lagging
Leading
Lagging
Leading
41
RESULT:
Thus the equivalent circuit parameter was calculated by conducting
open circuit and short circuit test on single-phase transformer. And also
the efficiency and regulation of the given transformer from equivalent
circuit parameter was predetermined.
42
SWINBURNE’S TEST
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
43
Ex. No: Date:
SWINBURNE’S TEST
AIM:
To conduct Swinburne’s test on dc shunt motor and to
predetermine efficiency while machine is running as a motor and
generator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. Voltmeter MC (0-300) V 1
2. AmmeterMC (0-2) A 1
MC (0-15) A 1
3. RheostatWire
wound350Ώ/1.1A 1
4. Tachometer Digital - 1
5. Connecting wires - - As required
FORMULA TO BE USED:
FOR MOTOR:
Input Power, Pi = VLIL (watts)
Armature current,Ia = IL – IF (amps)
Copper loss, Wcu = Ia2Ra (watts)
Total losses, PL = Wc + Wcu (watts)
Constant losses, Wc = ILVL - Ia2Ra (watts)
Output Power, Po = Pin – PL (watts)
% Efficiency = output power (Po)/ Input power (Pi)*100
44
TABULATION TO FIND OUT CONSTANT LOSS (Wco)
S.NO
No-load
current
(Io)
Field Current
(If)
Terminal Voltage
(V)
No load Armature current
(Iao)
Constant Loss
Wco=VIo- Iao2
Amps Amps Volts Volts Watts
TABULATION TO FIND OUT THE EFFICIENCY RUNNING AS MOTOR
Armature Resistance (Ra) = Rated current (Ir)=
Constant loss (Wco) = Field current (If)=
Terminal Voltage (V) =
S.NO
Fraction of load
(x)
Load curren
t
IL= x*Ir
Armature current
Ia =IL+If
Armature loss
Wcu=Ia2Ra
Total loss
Wt
Input power
Wi=VIL
Output power
Wo=Wi-Wt
Efficiency
η = Wo/Wi
Amps Amps AmpsWatt
sWatts Watts %
45
FOR GENERATOR:
Input Power, PO = VLIL (watts)
Armature current,Ia = IL + IF (amps)
Copper loss, Wcu = Ia2Ra (watts)
Total losses, PL = Wc + Wcu (watts)
Constant losses, Wc = ILVL - Ia2Ra (watts)
Input Power, Pi = Po + PL (watts)
% Efficiency = output power (Po)/ Input power (Pi)*100
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. By using three-point starter the motor is started to run at the
rated speed.
3. The motor is switched off using the DPST switch
4. After that the armature resistance test is conducted as per the
circuit diagram and the voltage and current are noted for
various resistive loads.
5. After the observation of reading the load is released gradually.
46
RUNNING AS GENERATOR
Armature Resistance (Ra) = Rated current (Ir)=
Constant loss (Wco) = Field current (If)=
Terminal Voltage (V) =
S.NO
Fraction of load
(x)
Load curren
t
IL= x*Ir
Armature current
Ia =IL+If
Armature loss
Wcu=Ia2Ra
Total loss
Wt
Output power
Wo=VIL
Input power
Wi=Wo+Wt
Efficiency
η = Wo/Wi
Amps Amps AmpsWatt
sWatts Watts %
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance
position.
2. The motor should be run in anti clockwise direction.
3. The motor should be at no load condition throughout the experiment.
47
RESULT:
Thus the efficiency on DC shunt motor was predetermined by
conducting Swinburne’s test while machine is running as a motor
and generator.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Load test on DC compound motor
48
MODEL GRAPH
Ex. No: Date:
LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR
AIM:
49
To conduct the load test on the given DC Compound motor and to
draw the following characteristics curves,
1.Torque Vs armature current
2.Speed Vs armature current
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
2. Ammeter mc (0-20) A 1
3. Rheostat variable 350/1.1A 1
4. Tachometer Analog - 1
5. Connecting wires - - Few
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. S=S1 – S2 in Kg.
S =spring balance (Weight in Kg)
S1, S2 = spring balance reading
2. T=S*R*9.81 Nm
S=spring force in Kg.
R=Radius of the brake drum in meter.
T=Torque in Nm.
Tabulation: Radius of the brake drum =
50
S.No
Input voltage
Vin
Input curre
nt
Iin
Spring balance
ReadingSpeed
N
Torque
T
Input power
Pin
Output
power
Pout
Efficiency
S1
S2S1 – S2
volts Amps Kg Kg Kg Rpm Nm Watts Watts %
M0del Calculation:
3. Pin =Vin * Iin in watts.
Vin = Voltage input in volts.
51
Iin =Input current in Amps.
Pin =Input power in watts.
4. Pout = (2NT) /60 in watts.
Pout = output power in watts.
N= Speed in rpm.
T=Torque in Nm.
5. Percentage Efficiency % = (Pout/Pin) *100
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. By closing the MCB 230v Dc supply is given to the circuit.
3. The motor is started by using four point starters.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor so as to make the motor run at
rated speed.
5. Vary the load up to the rated current.
6. Pour some water on break drum.
7. For each load setting on brake drum, the input voltage, input current,
spring balance readings are noted down and tabulated.
8. Repeat the same procedure for differential mode.
9. From the recorded value, calculate input power, output power and
efficiency and characteristics curves were drawn.
PRECAUTIONS:
52
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance
position.
2. At the time of starting, the motor should be in no load condition.
RESULT:
The load test on the given D.C compound motor was conducted and
its performance characteristics were drawn.
53
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Load test on DC compound generator
MODEL GRAPH:
54
Ex. No: Date:
LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct the load test on a given DC compound generator and to
draw the characteristics curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NOName of the apparatus
Type Range Quantity
1. Ammeter mc (0-20A) 1
2. Voltmeter mc (0-300)V 1
3 Rheostat Wire wound 300,1.7A 1
.4. Rheostat Wire wound 500,1.2A 1
5. Tachometer Digital - 1
6.Variable Resistive Load
- 5kw 1
55
PRECAUTION:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum position.
2. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum position.
3. At the time of starting, the generator should be in no load condition.
4. The machine should be run at its rated speed throughout the experiment.
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The prime mover is started with the help of the three-point starter and
it is made to run at rated speed when the generator is disconnected from
the load by DPST switch.
TABULATION:
S.no
Differential compound Cumulative compound
Load voltage
(volts)
Load current
(amps)
Load voltage
(volts)
Load current
(amps)
56
3. By varying the generator field rheostat gradually, the rated voltage
(Eg) is obtained.
4. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are tabulated at no load
condition.
5. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are observed for different loads
up to the rated current by closing the DPST switch.
6. After tabulating all the readings, the load is brought in its initial
position.
7. The prime mover is switched off using the DPST Switch after bringing all
the rheostat to initial position.
GRAPH:
The graph is drawn between load voltage Vs load current.
57
RESULT:
Thus the load test on a DC compound generator was conducted and
its characteristics curves were drawn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Hopkinson’s Test
58
NAME PLATE DETAILS
Ex.No : Date:
HOPKINSON’S TEST
AIM:
59
To conduct Hopkinson’s test to find stray losses and hence to
calculate the efficiency of the machines as a motor and generator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1 Ammeter (0-10A) MC 3
2 Ammeter (0-1A) MC 2
3 Voltmeter (0-300V) MC 2
4 Rheostat 270Ω/0.8A variable 1
5 Rheostat 770Ω/0.6A variable 1
6 Tachometer - Digital 1
7 Connecting wires -As
required
FORMULAE USED;
For stray loss
1. Total input power = VL . IL
Where,
VL - Line voltage in volts
IL – Line current in Amps
2. Total losses for motor and generator is
= Ia2
g.Ra +Ifg.VL+Ia
2m.Ra +Ifm.VL +Stray loss
TABULATION:
S.NoVL IL Iag Ifg Iam Ifm
Volts Amps Amps Amps Amps Amps
60
Calculation of stray loss:
S.NoIL PL Pag Pam VL.Ifg VL.Ifm Ws
Amps Watts Watts Watts Watts Watts Watts
Where,
Ia2g.Ra - Generator armature Cu loss
Ifg. VL – Generator field current loss
61
Ia2m.Ra - Motor armature Cu loss
Ifm. VL – Motor field current loss
3. Stray loss of each machine
= (VL . IL - Ia2
g.Ra -Ifg.VL-Ia
2m.Ra -Ifm.VL) / 2
For efficiency as a motor
1. Input power to motor = VL(IL+Ifm+Iag)
Ifm – Motor field current
Iag _ Generator armature current
2. Total losses = (Iag + Ifm)2.Ra + VL.Ifm +Wc
For efficiency as a generator
1. Output power of generator = VL.Iag = Pout
2. Generator field current loss = Ifg. VL
3. Generator armature Cu loss = Ia2g.Ra
4. Input power = Output power + Total losses = Pin
5. % Efficiency = (Pout / Pin) * 100
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. With SPST switch is open condition supply is given by closing DPST
switch.
3. Motor is started using four point starter and speed is brought rated
value by adjusting motor field rheostat.
4. The SPSTS is closed when voltmeter connected across reads zero.
The voltmeter reads double the rated value when polarity of motor
and generator are inter changed.
Determination of Efficiency as a motor:
S.NoPinm Ws Pcu Pfm Pom % η
watts watts watts watts watts %
62
Determination of Efficiency as a Generator:
S.NoIa Ws Pog Pcu Pfg Ping % η
amps watts watts watts watts watts %
5. Now the field excitation of the generator is varied and all the meter
readings are noted.
6. From the observed readings, the losses of each machine is
calculated and tabulated.
63
RESULT:
Thus Hopkinson’s test on given DC machines were conducted and
efficiency are predetermined and the characteristics were drawn for
generator and motor.
64
65
Ex. No: Date:
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
AIM:
To study about the different three phase connections of three phase transformers.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 3
2. Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 2
3 Auto Transformer 3 phase 415/0-470 V 1
4. SPST Switch - - 1
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. Star connection:
Line Current= Phase current
Line voltage = Phase Voltage * 3
2. Delta Connection:
Line Current= Phase current * 3
Line voltage = Phase Voltage
3. Transformation Ratio K= V2 / V1
66
67
68
69
TABULATION:
S.No
Type of connection
Primary voltage Secondary voltage Transformatiom
ratio(K) = V2/V1Primar
ySecondar
y
Vph
Volts
Vline
Volts
Voltage ratio(V
1)Vph/ Vline
Vph
Volts
Vline
Volts
Voltage ratio(V
2)Vph/ Vline
1
2
3
4
MODEL CALCULATION:
70
PRECAUTION:
1. Three ideal single phase transformers should be used for this study
purpose if a single unit of three phase transformer is not available.
2. High voltage and low voltage sides of the transformer should be
properly used.
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The auto transformer is adjusted to apply the rated primary voltage
of the transformer.
3. The phase voltage, phase current, line voltage and line current are
noted down for both the sides of transformer.
4. For Delta connections and star connected circuits their constraints
are verified respectively.
RESULT:
Thus the different three phase connections of three phase
transformers were studied.
71
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
DC MACHINES
1. What are all the types of electrical machines?Electrical machines are classified as AC machines and DC machines.
Types of DC machines
1. DC Generator
2. DC Motor
Types of AC machines
1. Transformers
(a) Single phase (b) three phase
2. Alternators
3. Synchronous motor
4. Induction motor
(a) Single phase (b) three phase
2. Mention the different parts of a d.c generator.The different parts of dc generator are
a. Magnetic frame (or) yoke.b. pole core and pole shoesc. pole coil or field coils d. armature windings or conductorse. armature coilsf. commutatorg. Brushes and bearing.
3. State the principle of operation of dc motor?
An electric motor is a machine which converts electric energy into mechanical energy. The motor action is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force whose direction is given by Fleming’s left hand rule and the magnitude is given by
F= BIL Newton.
72
4. Mention the two types of armature winding. What is the number of parallel Paths in each case?
Type of winding
lap winding wave winding
No of parallel paths
A= P for lap winding
A= 2 for wave winding
5. What is back emf?
If the voltage is applied and current is passing in the armature, the motor starts rotating. At that time armature conductors also rotates and hence cuts the flux. Due to that an emf is induced in the armature and the direction is found to be opposite to that of the supply this is known as back emf.
6. Write the emf equation of DC generator explaining all terms?
Generator emf, Eg = volts
Where - is the flux per pole in wb
Z- is the total number of armature conductors
N- is the speed of armature is rpm
P- is the no of poles
A- is the number of parallel paths
7. Obtain an expression for armature torque?
Let Ta be the torque developed by the armature of a motor running at N rpm. If Ta is in N-m, the power developed
P = Ta 2 N watts 1.
The electrical energy is converted into mechanical power in the armature
P= EbIa watts 2.
Equation 1) and 2) we get
T a = 0.159 Z Ia (P/A) N-m ;Where, Eb = ZN (P/A) volts.
73
8. What is armature reaction? What are its effects?
Armature reaction is the effect of magnetic field set up by armature current on the distribution of flux under main poles of a generator
The armature magnetic field has two effects
i) it demagnetizes or weakens the main flux andii) it cross magnetizes or distorts the main field flux.
9. What is commutation?
The process by which current in the short circuits is reversed while it crosses the MNA is called commutation. The brief period during which coil remains short circuited is known as commutation period Tc
10. What are the use of inter poles in a DC machines?
The uses of inter poles in a DC machines are
i) The commutating or reversing emf generated in the interpoles neutralizes the reactance emf and there by making commutation sparkles
ii) It neutralizes the cross-magnetizing effect of armature reaction. Hence brushes are not to be shifted from the original position.
11. Mention the methods of improved commutation?
The methods of improving commutation are
i) Resistance commutation ii) EMF commutation iii) Interpoles or compoles
12. What is meant by excitation of a dc machines and what are the methods of excitation?
Excitation means giving supply to the field winding to establish flux in the poles and to help the generator to produce an emf in the armature conductors
The field winding may be excited in the following two methods
i) separately excitedii) self excited
74
13. Give the types of compound generators?
The three types of compound generator
i) under compoundii) flat compoundiii) Over compounded.
14. What are the characteristics of DC generator?
The characteristics of DC generator are
i) no load or saturation characteristics( Ea/ If)ii) internal characteristics(E/If)
iii) external characteristics( V/If)15. On what operating factor does the speed of a DC motor depend?
Speed volts.
Where Eb is back emf and ф is flux per pole.
16. What are the different methods of speed control in a dc motor?
1. Field Control Methods
2. Armature control Methods
3. Variable voltage Method
17. How do you reverse the direction of a dc motor?
Either the direction of the main field or the direction of current through the armature conductors is to be reversed to reverse the direction of a dc motor
18. How are armature windings classified based on the placement of the coil inside the armature slots?
Single layer winding and Double layer winding
75
19. Draw the Speed versus armature current curves for the dc shunt and series motors?
20. Sketch the speed –torque characteristics of dc shunt, series motors and compound motors.
21. A 250V, dc shunt motor takes a line current of 20A. Resistance of shunt field winding is 200Ω and resistance of the armature is 0.3 Ω. Find the armature current and the back e.m.f?
22. Why is commutator employed in d.c machines?
• Conduct electricity between armature and fixed brushes
• Converts altenating emf into unidirectional emf and vice versa
76
23. Distinguish between shunt and series field coil constructions.
Shunt field coils are wound with wires of small cross section and have more number of turns. Series field coils are wound with wires of larger cross section and have less number of turns.
24. How does a d.c motor differ from d.c generator in construction?
Generators are normally placed in closed room , accessible only to skilled operators. Therefore on ventilation point of view they may be constructed with large opening in the frame. Motors on the other hand , have to be installed right in the place of use which may have dust, dampness,inflammable gases, chemical fumes etc . To protect the motors against these elements , the motor frames are made either partly closed or totally closed or flame proof etc.
25. What is the function of a no-voltage release coil provided in a dc motor starter?
As long as the supply voltage is on healthy condition the current through the NVR coil produce enough magnetic force of attraction and retain the starter handle in the ON position against spring force. When the supply voltage fails or becomes lower than a prescribed value the electromagnet may not have enough force and the handle will come back to OFF position due to spring force automatically. Thus a no-voltage or under voltage protections given to the motor.
26. Enumerate the factors on which the speed of a dc motor depends.
N = (V-IaRa)/
The speed of dc motor depends on three factors. Flux in the air gap Resistance of the armature circuit Voltage applied to the armature
27. How can one differentiate between long shunt compound generator and short shunt compound generator?
In a short shunt compound generator the shunt field circuit is shorter i.e. across the armature terminals. In a long shunt compound generator the shunt field circuit is connected across the load terminals.
77
28. Why is the emf not zero when the field current is reduced to zero in a dc generator ?
Even after the field current/magnetizing force is reduced to zero the machine is left out with some flux as residue. Emf due to this residual flux is available when field current is zero.
29. What are the conditions to be fulfilled for a dc shunt generator to build up emf?
The generator should have residual flux The field winding should be connected in such a manner that the
flux set up by the field winding should be in the same direction as that of residual flux
The field circuit resistance should be less than critical field resistance
Load circuit resistance should be above its critical load resistance
.30. What is the basic difference between dc generator and dc motor
Generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. But there is no constructional difference between the two.
31. What are the types of induced emf’s?
1. Dynamically induced emf
2. Statically induced emf
32 Name the different types of dc generators?
1. Separately excited2. Self excited
Self excited generator are further classified as
1. dc shunt generator2. dc series generator3. dc compound generator
33. What are the necessary conditions for the generator to be self excited?
1. Some residual magnetism in the field system in proper direction2. The residual flux and flux produced by the shunt field winding must
aid each other.3. For a series generator, the resistance of external circuit should be
less than the critical resistance.
78
34. Why a dc series motor should always be started with load?
When load is heavy, Ia is large and Ф is high. Hence speed is low.
(N ά 1/ Ф). But when a load current falls and hence Ia falls to a small value. Speed becomes dangerously high. Hence a series motor should never be without some mechanical load on it.
35. Why a starter is necessary for a dc motor?
We know Ia=V-Eb/Ra when the motor is at rest, there is no back emf (Eb=0) developed in the armature. If now full supply voltage is applied across the stationary armature, It will draw a very large current because armature resistance is very small (Ia=V/Ra). This excessive current will damage the commentator and brushes. To reduce this high starting current starter is necessary. The main function of starter is to limit the starting current drawn by the motor.
36. What are the merits and demerits of swimburnes test to predetermine the efficiency of a dc machine?
Merits:
1. It is convenient and econ because power required to test a large machine is small ie., only no load input power.
2. The efficiency can be predetermine at any load because constant losses are known.
Demerits:
1. In this motor, the iron losses are assumed to be constant, which is not true case as they change from no load to full load.
2. Due to armature reaction at full load there will be distribution in flux which increase the iron loss.
79
TRANSFORMERS
1. What is meant by a transformer?
The transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which electrical power is transformed from one alternating current circuit to another with desired change in voltage and current, without any change in the frequency. It works on the principle of mutual induction.
2. What are the advantages of a transformer?
i) Less I2R loss in the transmission line
ii) Less voltage drop in the line
iii) Efficiency of the transmission line is increased
iv) Volume of the conductor required is less.
3. What are the properties of ideal transformer?
i) It has no loss
ii) Its windings have zero resistance.
iii) Leakage flux is zero i.e 100% flux produced by primary links with the secondary
iv) Permeability of core is so high that negligible current is required to establish the flues is it.
4. What are the important parts of a transformer?
Transformer consists of two winding and laminated magnetic core. This core is square or rectangle in shape. It consists of limb and yoke .This core was laminated to reduce the eddy current losses. The two windings are i)primary winding ii)secondary winding
5. Define voltage transformation ratio?
The ratio of secondary induced emf to primary induced emf is called as voltage transformation ratio denoted as K.
E2 N2
= = K
E1 N1
80
6. Define leakage flux.
The entire flux produced by the primary of the transformer does not link with the secondary winding. A part of the primary flux as well as secondary flux complete the path through air and links with the respective flux only. Such a flux is called leakage flux.
7. Why the transformer is called as the constant flux machine?
For any load condition from no load to full load the flux in the core is practically constant, because the load component current always neutralizes the changes in the load. Hence core loss is also constant for all loads and the transformer is called constant flux machine.
8. Write the expression for equivalent resistance and reactance of transformer referred to primary.
Equivalent resistance Ro1 = R1 + R21 = R1 + R2/K2
Equivalent reactance Xo1 = X1 + X11 = X1 + X2/K2
9. Define voltage regulation of a transformer. Give the expression for the same.
The decrease in secondary terminal voltage expressed as a fraction of the no load secondary terminal voltage is called voltage regulation of a transformer.
% voltage regulation=
Where E2 = secondary terminal voltage on no load
V2= secondary terminal voltage on given load
10. What are the losses occurring in a transformer?
i) Core or iron losses or constant losses
ii) Copper losses or variable losses
11. What is meant by core or iron losses?
Core or iron losses are caused as the core gets subjected to an alternating flux.
81
12. What is meant by hysteresis losses?
Due to alternating flux set up in the magnetic core of the transformer, it undergoes a cycle of magnetization and demagnetization. Due to hysteresis effect there is loss of energy in this process which is called hysteresis loss.
13. What is meant by eddy current loss?
The induced emf in the core set up,eddy currents in the core and hence the power loss due to the flow of this eddy current is known as eddy current loss
14. What are the methods to reduce the iron losses in a transformer?
The iron losses are minimized by using high grade core material like silicon steel having very low hysteresis loop and by manufacturing the core in the form of laminations.
15. What is meant by copper loss?
The copper losses are the power wasted in the form of I2R due to the ohmic resistances of the primary and secondary windings. The copper loss is found from the short circuit test.
16. What is meant by active or working or iron loss component and magnetizing component?
An active component is the one, which supplied total losses under no load condition. It is also called power component of no load current.
The magnetizing component of no load current is the one, which is required to produce the flux. It is also called wattless component.
17. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer also Define all day efficiency?
The condition to achieve maximum efficiency is
Copper loss = iron loss i. e Pcu = Pi
All day efficiency is the ratio energy (in kwh) delivered in a 24 hours period to the energy (in kwh) input for the same length of time.
All day efficiency = (for 24 hrs)
82
18. Why the OC and SC tests are to be performed in transformer?
The equivalent circuit parameters of a transformer can be determined by conducting the open circuit test (OC) and short circuit (SC) test. The parameters thus determined are effective in determining the regulation and efficiency of a transformer at any load and power factor condition, without actually loading the transformer.
19. What are the advantages of transformer test?
1. The test can be performed and results obtained without much power loss.
2. The parameter can be obtained without actually loading the transformer.
20. what is meant by equivalent circuit and exciting circuit?
Equivalent circuit: The term equivalent circuit of a transformer means the combination of fixed and variable resistance and reactance, which exactly simulates performance and working of the transformer.
Exciting circuit: The equivalent circuit of a transformer on no load consisting of R0&X0 in parallel. This parallel combination is called as exciting circuit.
21. Define efficiency of a transformer?
The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of the output power(kw) to the input power(kw).
=
22. Why the transformer rating in KVA?
The copper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss on voltage. Hence, total transformer loss depends on volt-ampere (VA) and not on phase angle between voltage and current i.e. it is independent of power factor. So that the rating of transformer is in KVA.
23. What are the two main components of primary current (Io)?
i) Active or core loss component or wattful component (Ic)
ii) Reactive or magnetizing component or wattless component (Im)
83