elevator design rule

Elevator Design Rules

Prepared 2007-11-26 martinro Reviewed 2007-11-26 blochha Norms Chkd 2007-11-26 plattle ESS Lead Office EB1

Released 2007-12-14 thalmaru Modification 01 02 KA No. 160439 160698 KA Date 18.18.06 14.12.07 Copyright 2007 INVENTIO AG

All rights reserved. INVENTIO AG, Seestrasse 55, CH-6052 Hergiswil, owns and retains all copyrights and other intellectual property rights in this document. It shall only be used by SCHINDLER personnel or authorized SCHINDLER agents for purposes which are in the interest of SCHINDLER. Any reproduction, translation, copying or storing in data processing units in any form or by any means without prior permission of Inventio AG is regarded as infringement and will be prosecuted.

Page 1 - 24

General

K 625254 EN / 02

1-11.000 ELEVATOR SYSTEM DESIGN RULES

CLASSIFICATION: Safety Relevant Reliability Relevant

Summary This document contains the most important elevator system design rules.

The elevator system design rules document embodies the essentials of good practice.

The codes and standards shall be observed but in no case they should obstruct innovation. In case the codes and standards are infringed an EC Type-Examination can be performed.

Note

Deviations from the elevator system design rules and the respective consequences for the elevator program shall be communicated to the responsible organization (PLM) which shall sign an agreement with R&D.

Number Title ESS TM

K 600985 Balancing of Lifts X

K 601480 Radial Force FDR on Traction Sheave X

K 603531 Elevator Wire Ropes, Installation and Maintenance X

K 604535 Compensating Chain TABA/Dispo X

K 604525 Protective Measures for all Traveling Cables TABA/Dispo

X

K 600901 Traveling Cable Hitch Types and Suspension Device Technics

X

K 625013 Service Life of Elevator Traction Media X

K 625263 Recommended Combinations of Suspension Rope and Traction Groove

X

Related Documents

K 625156 Flight Time (door to door) X


Copyright 2007 INVENTIO AG Page 2 - 24

General

K 625254 EN / 02

Contents 1 Car and Counterweight Layout Guideline...................................................3 1-1 Suspension on the Center of Gravity of Car and Counterweight ......3 1-2 Car Weight (GK) and Car Weight / Rated Load Ratio (GK/GQ)........3 1-3 Optimization of Balancing of Load (KG) ............................................4 1-4 Definition of SKU/SKO and HGP/HKP ..............................................4

2 Compensating Chain and Traveling Cable Information..............................7 3 Diverting Pull of Ropes (steel) ....................................................................8

3-1 Diverting Pull to Rope Fixing .............................................................8 3-2 Diverting Pull to Groove Center Line.................................................9

4 Position of Deflection Pulley .....................................................................10 5 Minimum Pulley Distance to Prevent Reverse Bending ...........................10 6 Rules Concerning the DD/DZ Ratio..........................................................11 7 Definition of the Traction Elevator Forces ................................................12

7-1 Vertical Loads..................................................................................12 7-2 Horizontal Loads .............................................................................13

8 Traction Media..........................................................................................13 8-1 Length of Traction Media.................................................................13 8-2 Service Life of Elevator Traction Media...........................................14 8-3 Recommended Suspension Rope and Traction Grooves ...............14 8-4 Traction Media Springs on Rope End .............................................14

9 Important Clearances and Measures according to Standards .................15 9-1 EN 81-1:1998 ..................................................................................15

9-1-1 Top Clearances for Traction Drive Elevators.......................15 9-1-2 Top Counterweight Clearances ...........................................16 9-1-3 Refuge Space on Car Top ...................................................17 9-1-4 Minimum Car and Counterweight Runby.............................17 9-1-5 Pit Clearances .....................................................................17 9-1-6 Balustrade............................................................................18

9-2 ASME A17.1:2004...........................................................................19 9-2-1 Top Car Clearances.............................................................19 9-2-2 Top Counterweight Clearances ...........................................20 9-2-3 Refuge Space on Top of Car Enclosure ..............................21 9-2-4 Minimum Car and Counterweight Runby.............................21 9-2-5 Pit Clearances .....................................................................21 9-2-6 Seismic Clearances .............................................................22

10 Additional Information...............................................................................23 A Abbreviations............................................................................................24



General

K 625254 EN / 02

1 Car and Counterweight Layout Guideline 1-1 Suspension on the Center of Gravity of Car and

Counterweight It is recommended that the car and counterweight are suspended from their

center of gravity. If the car is not suspended from its center of gravity then the forces acting against the guide rails can be high and as a result the hoistway efficiency is reduced.

Counterweight not Suspended from its Center of Gravity

Car not Suspended from its Center of Gravity (view from top)

1-2 Car Weight (GK) and Car Weight / Rated Load Ratio (GK/GQ)

For traditional steel ropes with cast iron sheaves the car weight shall have a

certain value otherwise the traction between the sheave and the ropes may not be sufficient with undercut groove. As a rule of thumb a ratio GK/GQ 1 shall be achieved. For other traction means such as LCE (Load Carrying Element) a ratio of GK/GQ < 1 is possible.

Rule Steel Rope LCE

GQGK GK/GQ shall be 1 GK/GQ < 1 is possible



General

K 625254 EN / 02

1-3 Optimization of Balancing of Load (KG) There are four different aspects for the optimization of the balancing of load KG:

No. Optimization Balancing Value Remark

1 Torque KG = 50 % KG = 50 % means that lowering an empty car requires the same torque as raising a fully loaded car.

2 Traction KG < 50 % KG at the point where tractive capacity with empty car up is equal to full car down.

KG < 50 % may result in a motor and/or converter step up. The torque will be smaller for an empty car but greater with a fully loaded car.

3 Energy (lifetime)

KG < 50 % If the elevator is very rarely used the KG shall be adapted to the average load of the car, for example 30 % (consider traffic statistics).

This will, except on the rare occasions of lifting the rated load, reduce the torque in most cases, and therefore reduce the energy consumption of the motor.

4 Cost KG < 50 % KG < 50 % may result in a motor and/or converter step up. The torque will be smaller for an empty car but greater with a fully loaded car.

1-4 Definition of SKU/SKO and HGP/HKP

Note For HKP, HPH the car is at the bottom floor.

For HGP, HPH the car is at the top floor. SKU/SKO The picture below shows how the SKU value is calculated:

SKU = HPH + HKP = HPH + HGP The overtravel of car above corresponds to the overtravel of car below:

SKO = SKP



General

K 625254 EN / 02

HGP/HKP According to K 603531 the table below can be taken as a general rule for the

definition of HGP/HKP. These values can vary depending on the elevator program. In any case SKEZ (admissible rope elongation) and the operating distance of the final limit switch shall be considered.

X [mm] VKN [m/s] Xmin Xmax 2.0 Xmax - Y 220* > 2.0 250 - Y 250

Y = Height of one

compensation block * = Depends on elevator type

Top Floor

Car

CWT

Compensation BlockX = HGP

Y



General

K 625254 EN / 02

Note

The final limit switch shall not be activated in any case, for example, because of rope elongation during loading of the car.



General

K 625254 EN / 02

2 Compensating Chain and Traveling Cable Information

Note

The lengths of the traction media, compensating means (chain or rope), overspeed governor rope and traveling cable depend on the elevator program (for example, with or without machine room). These lengths shall be calculated individually.

As an example see document J 635606 (Schindler 2400/ 2500/2600). Compensating Chain - Length

This section shows an example of how the compensating chain length can be calculated. For new elevator program the calculation shall be adapted depending on the layout of the installation. Example of calculation for Schindler 2400/2500/2600:

)(4100075.02 mBKHSGHQa +++=

Compensating Chain - General

Technical information concerning the compensating chain can be found in the document K 604535.

Traveling Cable - General

The document K 604525 contains important information concerning the safe installation of the traveling cables, especially in high rise buildings where special conditions have to be taken into consideration. The document K 600901contains information about suspension devices for traveling cables.



General

K 625254 EN / 02

3 Diverting Pull of Ropes (steel)

Note

Avoid diverting pull of rope whenever possible.

3-1 Diverting Pull to Rope Fixing A certain diverting pull shall not be exceeded, in order to avoid overstressing the

rope and rope fixing. The maximum diverting pull occurs when the car or counterweight is in the uppermost position (SKS + HGP + HPH).

Admissible Diverting Pull: adm = 3.4 6%

tan adm = 0.06 Hmin = a / tan adm amax = H * tan adm

Effective Diverting Pull:

tan eff = a / H



General

K 625254 EN / 02

3-2 Diverting Pull to Groove Center Line If ropes do approach the pulley grooves or sheave at a too large of an angle there

is the risk of abnormal wear on the grooves and the ropes. The rim of the groove shall never disturb the rope running freely in the groove; this ensures that the rope will not jump out of the groove. For this reason a defined diversion "b" shall not be exceeded.

Admissible Diverting Pull:

adm = 1.7 3% tan adm = 0.03 Hmin = b / tan adm bmax = H * tan adm

The minimum distance between pulleys and between pulley and fix point is defined as

follows. Recommendation: Minimum distance pulley-pulley or pulley - fix point: a 1.5 m

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000a [mm]

Slip

[mm

]

Recommended Range considering:

adm = 1.7 3%

12

3

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000a [mm]

Slip

[mm

]

Recommended Range considering:

adm = 1.7 3%

12

3

1

2

2

3

3

Pulleys with Symmetrical Crossing

a: Pulley-pulley distance in mm a: Pulley fix point distance in mm



General

K 625254 EN / 02

4 Position of Deflection Pulley Whenever possible the deflection pulley should be placed on the counterweight

side. The method to determine the resulting radial force FDR on the traction sheave can be found in K 601480.

FDR = constant

Ideal Solution To be Avoided

DR1 < DR2 Horizontal force is greater.

5 Minimum Pulley Distance to Prevent Reverse Bending Reverse bending as shown on the picture shall be avoided because of reduced

lifetime of the ropes. If there is no other layout solution the following recommendation shall be considered:

Recommendation: amin = 200 x DZ (steel rope)

with: a = 50 x DZ the lifetime of the rope is reduced by 33 %

a = 20 x DZ the lifetime of the rope is reduced by 60 %

D

FDR1

DR1

FDR2 DR2

a



General

K 625254 EN / 02

6 Rules Concerning the DD/DZ Ratio

Note

The DD/DZ ratio has an important influence on the traction media lifetime. When the ratio increases, so does the lifetime of the traction media.

Current Rules Steel Rope DD/DZ >= 40 Example: 400 mm / 10 mm = 40 Poly-V Belt (30 mm width) DD/DZ >= 50 Example: 87 mm / 1.73 mm = 50 Poly-V Belt (30 mm width,

VKN = 40 Example: 72 mm / 1.73 mm = 40



General

K 625254 EN / 02

7 Definition of the Traction Elevator Forces

Note

Current drawings may not fit with the forces described here. This section gives an overview about the definition of the forces generated by the

elevator system. These definitions shall be used for future elevator layouts.

7-1 Vertical Loads Location Forces Description Remark

F1 Reaction force of machine





Machine


F7 Force at car suspension Suspension

F8 Force at CWT suspension

F9 Force of buffer on hoistway pit, car side Buffer

F10 Force of buffer on hoistway pit, CWT side

F11 Force of guide rail 1 car side

F12 Force of guide rail 2 car side

F13 Force of guide rail 1 CWT side Guide Rail

F14 Force of guide rail 2 CWT side

F15 Force of overspeed governor car side Overspeed Governor F16 Force of overspeed governor CWT side

F20 Building beam

F21 Building beam

F22 Building beam

F23 Building beam

Building beam

Building Beams

F29 Building beam

Additional F30 Additional force



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K 625254 EN / 02

F31 Additional force



Additional force

Forces (depends on elevator program)


7-2 Horizontal Loads Location Forces Description Remark

FF1 Force guide rail car side 1 Forces on Guide Rail Car Side FF2 Force guide rail car side 2

FF1g Force guide rail CWT side 1 Forces on Guide Rail CWT Side FF2g Force guide rail CWT side 2

8 Traction Media 8-1 Length of Traction Media

Note

The lengths of the traction media, compensating means (chain or rope), overspeed governor rope and traveling cable depend on the elevator program (for example, with or without machine room). These lengths shall be calculated individually.

As an example see document J 635606 (Schindler 2400/ 2500/2600). This section gives an overview about how the rope length for Schindler

2400/2500/2600 can be calculated. For new elevator programs the calculation shall be adapted depending on the layout of the installation.

Example for Schindler 2400/2500/2600 with underslung suspension: MRL / MR KZU = 2 KZU = 4

MRL )(5

100042 mBKHKHQLz +++= )(10

1000284 mBKHKHQLz +++=

MR )(5

100042 mBKHSKHQLz +++= )(15

1000284 mBKHSKHQLz +++=



General

K 625254 EN / 02

Note

For KZU = 1 and machine room above the calculation depends also on the layout of the machine (for example, single or double wrap, etc.). The rope length can then be roughly calculated as follows:

Lz = HQ + 2*HSK + HSG

8-2 Service Life of Elevator Traction Media Theoretical consideration about the service life of elevator traction media can be

found in K 625013.

8-3 Recommended Suspension Rope and Traction Grooves

The document K 625263helps the user to select the optimal combination of

suspension rope and traction groove.

8-4 Traction Media Springs on Rope End

Note

The EN81-1:1998 require that springs shall be provided for equalizing the tension of the suspension ropes at least at one of the ends.

The reason for that is to compensate the rope tension. Among other things the rope lifetime depends also on the rope tension. Ropes with high tension have a shorter lifetime and they cause excessive wear of the sheave or pulley grooves.

The table below gives field-proven information where springs are used. Individual

applications may differ, depending on space available, ride quality, experience etc.

Suspension

Elevator Type Traction Medium Car Side CWT Side

Steel wire rope

Traction

Belt End connection without spring

End connection with spring



General

K 625254 EN / 02

9 Important Clearances and Measures according to Standards

9-1 EN 81-1:1998 Summary The codes and standards in general shall be observed but in no case should

they block innovation. In case the codes and standards are infringed an EC Type-Examination can be performed. Clearances and measures have to be provided in several locations in an elevator installation for the safety of passengers, service personnel and of the installation. In some cases clearances and measures are necessary to prevent damage to equipment. An example showing the important clearances and distances can be found under J 632645 (Safety Rules in Pit/Head) The document reference for the relevant EN aspects is EN 81-1:1998.

9-1-1 Top Clearances for Traction Drive Elevators Information The top clearances for traction drive elevators, as required in the following, are

illustrated in Annex K of EN 81-1:1998. Top clearances for traction drive elevators (EN 81-1:1998 5.7.1) gives information about the required clearances as shown in the table below.



General

K 625254 EN / 02

Requirements Condition Remark

5.7.1.1 a Distance for further guided car travel

Minimum: 0.1 m + SKS (SKS = 0.035 * VKN2)

See picture distance D

CWT on fully compressed buffer(s) 5.7.1.1 b Free height above a

specific area of the car roof

For example, distance between ceiling and car roof


See picture distance A

5.7.1.1 c1 Hoistway roof to equipment on car top (except 5.7.1.1.c2)

(for example, balustrade, pulley guard, cross head, door drive)


See picture distance B

5.7.1.1.c2 Hoistway roof to guide shoes, rope attachments


If VKN 4 m/s: SKS = 0.035 * VKN2 / 2 but minimum 0.25 m

See picture distance C

5.7.1.3 With slow down control SKS can be calculated

If VKN > 4 m/s: SKS = 0.035 * VKN2 / 3 but minimum 0.28 m

-

5.7.1.4 If compensation ropes with anti-rebound device is used SKS shall be calculated

SKS = 2xSRU + [1/500 * HQ]

but: [1/500 * HQ]

minimum 0.2 m

-

9-1-2 Top Counterweight Clearances Requirements Condition Remark

5.7.1.2 Top counterweight clearance

Minimum: 0.1 m + SGS

SGS = SKS

Car on fully compressed buffer(s)

-



General

K 625254 EN / 02

9-1-3 Refuge Space on Car Top Requirements Condition Remark

5.7.1.1 (d) Refuge space on car top Rectangular block (0.5x0.6x0.8) m

CWT on fully compressed buffer(s)

-

9-1-4 Minimum Car and Counterweight Runby Information Bottom car/counterweight runby is defined as the distance between the car buffer

striker plate and the striking surface of the car buffer when the car floor is level with the bottom terminal landing.


10.5.1 Final limit switches Minimum runby EN requires the distance between the terminal landing and the buffer plate to be sufficient to allow the final switch to operate.

-

9-1-5 Pit Clearances Information



General

K 625254 EN / 02


5.7.3.3 a Sufficient space for a rectangular block

LxWxH (0.5x0.6x1.0) m

See picture distance G

5.7.3.3 b1 Pit floor and lowest position of car structure (except 5.7.3.3 b2)

Minimum: 0.5 m See picture distance H

5.7.3.3 b2 Pit floor to guide shoes, roller, safety gear blocks, toe guard, car door

Minimum: 0.1 m

See picture distance H/F

5.7.3.3 c Highest parts fixed in the pit and lowest parts of the car

Minimum: 0.3 m

With car on fully compressed buffers

See picture distance E

9-1-6 Balustrade Information The car roof shall be provided with a balustrade where the free distance in a

horizontal plane, beyond and perpendicular to its outer edge exceeds 0.30 m. Requirements Remark

8.13.3 Free distances measurement

The free distances shall be measured to the wall of the hoistway allowing a larger distance in recesses, the width or height of which is less than 0.30 m.

-

8.13.3.1

Balustrade consists of:

It shall consist of a handrail, a toe guard of 0.10 m height and an intermediate bar at half the height of the balustrade.

-

8.13.3.2 Balustrade height Considering the free distance in a horizontal plane beyond the outer edge of the handrail of the balustrade, its height shall be at least:

a) 0.70 m where the free distance is up to 0.85 m

b) 1.10 m where the free distance exceeds 0.85 m

-

8.13.3.3 Horizontal distance between the outer edge of the handrail and any part in the hoistway

The horizontal distance between the outer edge of the handrail and any part in the hoistway (counterweight or balancing weight, switches, rails, brackets, etc.) shall be at least 0.10 m.

-

8.13.3.4 At the access side(s) The balustrade shall provide safe and easy access to the car roof.

-



General

K 625254 EN / 02

Requirements Remark

8.13.3.5 Location The balustrade shall be located within 0.15 m maximum of the edges of the car roof.

-

8.13.4 Warning sign In case of a balustrade, a warning sign or a notice about the danger of leaning over the balustrade shall be fastened to it, where appropriate.

-

9-2 ASME A17.1:2004 Summary An example showing the important clearances/distances as an overview can be

found under J 632640 (Safety Rules in Pit/Head). The document reference for the relevant ASME aspects is A17.1-2004.

9-2-1 Top Car Clearances Information Top car clearances for Counterweighted Elevators (A17.1:2004 2.4.6) gives

information about the required clearances as shown in the table below.



General

K 625254 EN / 02


2.23.8 Guided travel of car

"Up to extreme car travel limit"

Minimum: SKS

(SKS = 0.035 * VKN2)

See picture distance D

CWT on fully compressed buffer(s)

2.4.12.1 Free height above a specific area of the car roof

Minimum: 1.1 m + SKS

(SKS = 0.035 * VKN2)

See picture distance A

2.4.6.2.c Hoistway roof to car cross-head


(SKS = 0.035 * VKN2)

-

2.4.6.2.c Hoistway roof to top edge of pulley


(SKS = 0.035 * VKN2)

See picture distance B

With slow down control SKS can be calculated as following:

SKS = 0.035 * VPAZ2

- 2.4.6.2d1/e

If compensation ropes with anti-rebound device is used SKS shall be calculated as following:

SKS = 2xSRU + [1/500 * HQ]

but:

[1/500 * HQ] minimum 0.2 m

-

9-2-2 Top Counterweight Clearances Requirements Condition Remark

2.4.9 Top counterweight clearance

Minimum: 0.15 m + SGS

SGS = SKS

Car on fully compressed buffer(s)

-



General

K 625254 EN / 02

9-2-3 Refuge Space on Top of Car Enclosure Requirements Condition Remark

2.4.12 Refuge space on top of car enclosure

0.5 m2 0.6 m on any side Minimum height = 1.1 m when the car has reached its maximum upward movement

-

9-2-4 Minimum Car and Counterweight Runby Information Bottom car/counterweight runby is defined as the distance between the car buffer

striker plate and the striking surface of the car buffer when the car floor is level with the bottom terminal landing.


2.4.2.1 2.4.2.2

Minimum car and counterweight runby

0.15 m Depends on type of buffer and motor control

HKP/HGP

2.4.4 Maximum car runby 0.6 m - -

2.4.4 Maximum counterweight runby

0.9 m - -

9-2-5 Pit Clearances Information



General

K 625254 EN / 02


2.4.1.3a/b Sufficient space for a rectangular block

LxWxH (0.5x0.6x1.0) m or (0.45x0.9x1.07) m

See picture distance G

2.4.1.1 Pit floor and lowest position of car structure

Minimum: 0.6 m See picture distance H

2.4.1.5 Pit floor to guide shoes, roller, safety gear blocks, toe guard, car door

> 0 m

See picture distance F

2.4.1.2 Highest parts fixed in the pit and lowest parts of the car

0.6 m, except in restricted area > 0 m

With car on fully compressed buffers

See picture distance E

9-2-6 Seismic Clearances



General

K 625254 EN / 02

10 Additional Information Flight Time Definition

For more information concerning flight time (door to door) see document K 625156.



General

K 625254 EN / 02

A Abbreviations

Abbreviation Definition Units

DD Pitch diameter of traction sheave mm

DZ Diameter of suspension ropes mm

FDR Existing resultant radial force on traction sheave N

FZ1 Force of rope on traction sheave car side N

FZ2 Force of rope on traction sheave counterweight side N

GK Actual car weight kg

GQ Rated load kg

HGP Distance from counterweight to buffer or plinth mm

HKP Distance from buffer plate on car to buffer or plinth, with car at lowest terminal

mm

HPH Buffer stroke mm

KG Balancing of load %

LCE Load Carrying Element -

SKEZ Admissible rope elongation mm

SKO Overtravel of car above mm

SKS Jump distance of car mm

SKU Overtravel of car below mm

SRU Jump distance of tensioning part of compensating rope tension device

mm