elementary counselors challenges often not a focus in elementary schools career discussion often...
TRANSCRIPT
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Career Development in Childhood
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Elementary Counselors Challenges
• Often not a focus in elementary schools• Career discussion often happens in the
classroom for younger children• Often does not get recognized until much later• Developmental approach can work
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Super’s Model of Career Development
Super believes children develop self concept through:
• Planfulness
• Career Decision Making
• Time Perspective
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Curiosity
• Interests are developed from exploration during activities and from impressions of role models.
• Curiosity can be prompted by things like hunger, loneliness, or other stimuli.
• Curiosity can be disruptive. (encouraging curiosity while discouraging disruptive behavior can be a challenge!)
• It is not important that curiosity have a career component at an early age.
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Exploration
• Curiosity is a need; exploration is a behavior• When exploration is thwarted, the child may
experience conflict and have less to do with peers, adults, and school subjects.
• A withdrawn child will have difficulty developing vocational maturity because interests and information about career activities will be missing.
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Information
PiagetSensory motor: respond to objects
Pre-operational: learn basic operationsConcrete operational: seeing things in concrete terms
Formal operational: thinking abstractly
EriksonIndustry vs inferiority stage: sense of achievement and are
organizing and applying information.
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Key Figures
• People who work in areas that children can observe and are interested in are key figures.
• Children will imitate the behaviors of these figures and this is an aspect in the development of self-concept.
Internal vs external controlDeveloping a balance between self control and external control
can be a counseling goal.Self control plays into career planning as it helps their awareness
of their likes and dislikes.
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Development of Interests
• Young children see no barriers• Children see themselves (self concept) by how
they view themselves in relation to their environment.
• Encouraging their interests is important to developing career maturity
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-gQLqv9f4o
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Time Perspective
• It is difficult for young children to develop a sense of the future
• For counselors it may be unrealistic to expect children to begin planning ahead.
• Counselors can continue to discuss jobs, interests, and exploration.
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Self-Concept and Planfulness
• Super ties self-concept to vocational development.
• Interactions with family, friends, and at school are what develops a child’s self-concept.
• Children develop perceptions based on characteristics and comments from key figures, peers, and media.
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Using Super’s Model
• Discussing the child’s exploratory behaviors, experiences at school, and interactions with key figures.
• Respond helpfully in context of the situation!
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Gottfredson’s Theory
• Individuals create themselves as they interact with the environment
• Cognitive development plays in vocational choice
• Genetic factors play a role: intellect, personality, and interests
• Internal Compass: interaction between biological self and experiences in the world
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Circumscription and Compromise
• Circumscription: young people eliminate alternatives they feel won’t work for them.
• Compromise: young people give up alternatives they may like for ones they think may fit them better.
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Cognitive Growth
• Gottfredson uses Bloom’s Taxonomy to describe the learning process
• It can help in understanding the child’s capacity to deal with career issues!
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Self-Creation
• Gottfredson believes we are active participants between our biological selves and the environment.
• Interests are influenced by our world• We develop Traits as we repeat experiences• As children grow, they become more active in
choosing, directing, and understanding the environment.
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Circumscription’s 4 Stages
• Size and Power: Children associate things concretely in relation to occupations. (hammers, bulldozers, trucks, etc.)
• Sex Roles: Children become aware of gender and can determine that some occupations are tolerable or not.
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• Social Valuation: Children become aware of social class and develop tolerable level boundary which affects their pursuit of occupations based on whether family would find it acceptable or not.
• Internal Unique Self: Teenagers begin to see “the bigger picture” and try to determine which careers are most preferred and accessible.
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Compromise
• Learning to let go of some preferred careers
1. Lower aspirations2. Close to decision time3. Following advice from others
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3 areas of difficulty in Compromise!
• Lack of Information!!! hard to find, out of date, I’m to lazy!
• Lack of Background or Information!!! shadow, volunteer, take a course
• Lack of willingness to take risks!!! kids tend to choose based on familiarity, sex type, prestige,
and acceptability.
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Role of Occupational Information
• Counselors can integrate career/work programs and information
• Teachers can show films or do projects about careers and jobs
• Community business and career visits or filed trips